151
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Miyazawa M, Tokuhashi T, Horibata A, Nakamura T, Onozaki Y, Kurono N, Senboku H, Tokuda M, Ohkuma T, Orito K. Synthesis of 8-Oxoberbines and Related Benzolactams by Pd(OAc)2-Catalyzed Direct Aromatic Carbonylation. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8628; Japan
| | - Takashi Tokuhashi
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8628; Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Horibata
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8628; Japan
| | - Takatoshi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8628; Japan
| | - Yu Onozaki
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8628; Japan
| | - Nobuhito Kurono
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Division of Chemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8628; Japan
| | - Hisanori Senboku
- Laboratory of Organic Reaction, Division of Chemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8628; Japan
| | - Masao Tokuda
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8628; Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohkuma
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Division of Chemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8628; Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Orito
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8628; Japan
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152
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Yu X, Park EJ, Kondratyuk TP, Pezzuto JM, Sun D. Synthesis of 2-arylindole derivatives and evaluation as nitric oxide synthase and NFκB inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 10:8835-47. [PMID: 23044819 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26456k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of small molecule drug-like inhibitors blocking both nitric oxide synthase and NFκB could offer a synergistic therapeutic approach in the prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer. During the course of evaluating the biological potential of a commercial compound library, 2-phenylindole (1) displayed inhibitory activity against nitrite production and NFκB with IC(50) values of 38.1 ± 1.8 and 25.4 ± 2.1 μM, respectively. Based on this lead, synthesis and systematic optimization have been undertaken in an effort to find novel and more potent nitric oxide synthase and NFκB inhibitors with antiinflammatory and cancer preventive potential. First, chemical derivatizations of 1 and 2-phenylindole-3-carboxaldehyde (4) were performed to generate a panel of N-alkylated indoles and 3-oxime derivatives 2–7. Second, a series of diversified 2-arylindole derivatives (10) were synthesized from an array of substituted 2-iodoanilines (8) and terminal alkynes (9) by applying a one-pot palladium catalyzed Sonogashira-type alkynylation and base-assisted cycloaddition. Subsequent biological evaluations revealed 3-carboxaldehyde oxime and cyano substituted 2-phenylindoles 5 and 7 exhibited the strongest nitrite inhibitory activities (IC(50) = 4.4 ± 0.5 and 4.8 ± 0.4 μM, respectively); as well as NFκB inhibition (IC(50) = 6.9 ± 0.8 and 8.5 ± 2.0 μM, respectively). In addition, the 6′-MeO-naphthalen-2′-yl indole derivative 10at displayed excellent inhibitory activity against NFκB with an IC(50) value of 0.6 ± 0.2 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufen Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI, USA
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153
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Liu H, Sun Q, Zhou Z, Liu J, Yang J, Wang C. One-pot synthesis of polysubstituted 2-piperidinones from aromatic aldehydes, nitromethane, ammonium acetate, and dialkyl malonates. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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154
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Egart B, Lentz D, Czekelius C. Diastereoselective Bromocyclization of O-Allyl-N-tosyl-hydroxylamines. J Org Chem 2013; 78:2490-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3026725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Egart
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195
Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Lentz
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195
Berlin, Germany
| | - Constantin Czekelius
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195
Berlin, Germany
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155
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Synthesis and antifungal activity of 3-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-indoles and 3-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl-indoles. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:22-32. [PMID: 23454531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the principle of combination of active structural moieties, a modified and efficient synthetic method for three series of novel indole-based 1,3,4-oxadiazoles is described. Bioassays conducted at Syngenta showed that several of the synthesized compounds exhibit higher antifungal activity than pimprinine, the natural product which inspired this synthesis. Two main structural alterations were found to broaden the spectrum of biological activity in most cases. Compounds 3g, 6c, 6e, 6h, 9d, 9e, 9h and 9m (Fig. 1) were identified as the most active on the biological assays, and will be studied further.
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156
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Rajapaksa NS, McGowan MA, Rienzo M, Jacobsen EN. Enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-reserpine. Org Lett 2013; 15:706-9. [PMID: 23331099 DOI: 10.1021/ol400046n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic, enantioselective synthesis of (+)-reserpine is reported. The route features a highly diastereoselective, chiral catalyst-controlled formal aza-Diels-Alder reaction between a 6-methoxytryptamine-derived dihydro-β-carboline and an enantioenriched α-substituted enone to form a key tetracyclic intermediate. This approach addresses the challenge of setting the C3 stereogenic center by using catalyst control. Elaboration of the tetracycle to (+)-reserpine includes an intramolecular aldol cyclization and a highly diastereoselective hydrogenation of a sterically hindered enoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi S Rajapaksa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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157
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Amara Z, Caron J, Joseph D. Recent contributions from the asymmetric aza-Michael reaction to alkaloids total synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:1211-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np20121j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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158
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Lebold TP, Wood JL, Deitch J, Lodewyk MW, Tantillo DJ, Sarpong R. A divergent approach to the synthesis of the yohimbinoid alkaloids venenatine and alstovenine. Nat Chem 2012; 5:126-31. [PMID: 23344433 PMCID: PMC3556932 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The yohimbinoid alkaloids continue to receive considerable attention from the synthetic community because of their interesting chemical structures and varied biological activity. Although there are several elegant syntheses of certain members of this group of alkaloids, a truly unified approach has yet to be developed. In short, general approaches to this compound class are hampered by a lack of complete control in setting the C(3) stereocentre at a late stage. Herein, we report that a functionalized hydrindanone enables a divergent strategy that builds on existing precedent to address this long-standing challenge. Utilizing an aminonitrile intermediate, the stereochemistry at C(3) of the yohimbinoid skeleton can be controlled effectively in a Pictet-Spengler reaction. We applied this approach to the first total syntheses of the C(3) epimeric natural products venenatine and alstovenine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry P Lebold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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159
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Barcan GA, Patel A, Houk KN, Kwon O. A torquoselective 6π electrocyclization approach to reserpine alkaloids. Org Lett 2012; 14:5388-91. [PMID: 23039026 PMCID: PMC3488149 DOI: 10.1021/ol302265z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A highly torquoselective thermal triene 6π electrocyclization controls the relative stereochemistry between the C3 and C18 stereocenters of the dodecahydroindolo[2,3-a]benzo[g]quinolizine skeleton of reserpine-type alkaloids. Employing a tandem cross-coupling/electrocyclization protocol allowed us to form the requisite triene and ensure its subsequent cyclization. A novel low-temperature dibromoketene acetal Claisen rearrangement established the requisite exocyclic dienylbromide precursor for the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg A. Barcan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Ashay Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
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160
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Abstract
Indoles are common building blocks of new pharmacologically active chemical entities in drug discovery and development. Due to their poor ionization in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is the method of choice for LC-MS analysis of simple indoles. Three types of ions, including [M − 1]+, , and [M + H]+, can be observed in APCI but the relative intensities of these ions may vary depending upon the structural properties of the indoles and the mass spectral source conditions. We report in this paper the observation of [M − 1]+ ions for methylindoles in an Agilent multimode ion source and the investigation into their formation. By means of tandem mass spectrometric experiments performed on a Thermo Fisher Scientific LTQ ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with an APCI source, it was found that [M − 1]+ ions can be generated from ions upon-collision induced dissociation. This suggests that the [M − 1]+ ions might be the in-source fragmentation product of ions. It was proposed that both [M − 1]+ and ions are probably generated through a charge transfer mechanism while [M + H]+ ions are the product of proton transfer. The basicity of the analytes might play an important role in dictating which ionization mechanism is operative. For 3-methylindole, the charge transfer process appears to be more dominant than for 2-methylindole since the former is less basic. As expected, substituting electron withdrawing groups on 3-methylindole, such as fluorine, promotes charge transfer and vice versa. Therefore, it is expected that formation of the [M − 1]+ ions is more pronounced for less basic methylindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Q. Liu
- Analytical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, UW2940, P.O. Box 1539, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Mingjiang Sun
- Analytical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, UW2940, P.O. Box 1539, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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161
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Pan S, Ryu N, Shibata T. Ir(I)-Catalyzed C–H Bond Alkylation of C2-Position of Indole with Alkenes: Selective Synthesis of Linear or Branched 2-Alkylindoles. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:17474-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja308742x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiguang Pan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of
Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Naoto Ryu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of
Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Shibata
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of
Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
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162
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale
Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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163
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Karchava AV, Melkonyan FS, Yurovskaya MA. New strategies for the synthesis of N-alkylated indoles (Review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-012-1006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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164
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Jakubec P, Cockfield DM, Helliwell M, Raftery J, Dixon DJ. Stereoselective, nitro-Mannich/lactamisation cascades for the direct synthesis of heavily decorated 5-nitropiperidin-2-ones and related heterocycles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:567-78. [PMID: 22563355 PMCID: PMC3343283 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A versatile nitro-Mannich/lactamisation cascade for the direct stereoselective synthesis of heavily decorated 5-nitropiperidin-2-ones and related heterocycles has been developed. A highly enantioenriched substituted 5-nitropiperidin-2-one was synthesised in a four component one-pot reaction combining an enantioselective organocatalytic Michael addition with the diastereoselective nitro-Mannich/lactamisation cascade. Protodenitration and chemoselective reductive manipulation of the heterocycles was used to install contiguous and fully substituted stereocentres in the synthesis of substituted piperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Jakubec
- The Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Dane M Cockfield
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Madeleine Helliwell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - James Raftery
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Darren J Dixon
- The Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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165
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Yar M, Arshad M, Akhtar MN, Shahzad SA, Khan IU, Khan ZA, Ullah N, Ninomiya I. Studies towards the synthesis of (±)-reserpine: Photocyclization mediated a novel and efficient synthesis of 11,18-dimethoxy-(20α)-18,19-didehydro-yohimban-17-one. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.3.1.26-31.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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166
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Parmar NJ, Patel RA, Teraiya SB, Sharma D, Gupta VK. Catalyst-and solvent-free one-pot synthesis of some novel polyheterocycles from aryldiazenyl salicylaldehyde derivatives. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00930g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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167
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Lebrasseur N, Larrosa I. Recent Advances in the C2 and C3 Regioselective Direct Arylation of Indoles. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396530-1.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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168
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Ascic E, Hansen CL, Le Quement ST, Nielsen TE. Synthesis of tetrahydro-β-carbolines via isomerization of N-allyltryptamines: a metal-catalyzed variation on the Pictet–Spengler theme. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:3345-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17704h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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169
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Rixson JE, Chaloner T, Heath CH, Tietze LF, Stewart SG. The Development of Domino Reactions Incorporating the Heck Reaction: The Formation of N-Heterocycles. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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170
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Wu J, Li X, Wu F, Wan B. A New Type of Bis(sulfonamide)-Diamine Ligand for a Cu(OTf)2-Catalyzed Asymmetric Friedel–Crafts Alkylation Reaction of Indoles with Nitroalkenes. Org Lett 2011; 13:4834-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol201914r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xincheng Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Boshun Wan
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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171
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Lundy BJ, Jansone-Popova S, May JA. Enantioselective conjugate addition of alkenylboronic acids to indole-appended enones. Org Lett 2011; 13:4958-61. [PMID: 21846131 DOI: 10.1021/ol2020847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective addition of alkenylboronic acids and alkynylboronic esters to unprotected indole-appended enones is reported. This transformation proceeds with high enantioselectivity and high product yields via the use of catalytic amounts of 3,3'-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-BINOL and Mg(Ot-Bu)(2). A range of α-branched indole derivatives are available from the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Lundy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
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172
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Belen’kii L, Gramenitskaya V, Evdokimenkova Y. The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part X, 2005–2007. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385464-3.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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173
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Bakthadoss M, Murugan G. Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Tricyclic Chromenoisoxazolidines by Intramolecular 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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174
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Mothersill C, Saroya R, Smith RW, Singh H, Seymour CB. Serum serotonin levels determine the magnitude and type of bystander effects in medium transfer experiments. Radiat Res 2010; 174:119-23. [PMID: 20681806 DOI: 10.1667/rr2036.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin has been shown to be involved in the production of bystander signals by irradiated cells. In this study we examined the levels of serotonin in 10 different batches of commercially available fetal calf serum and correlated the serotonin levels with the toxicity of medium harvested from irradiated cells (ICCM) using a standard medium transfer colony-forming assay. The serotonin levels in the serum varied widely between batches, and the levels correlated directly with the toxicity of the harvested ICCM. Three serum samples had levels of serotonin below 25 ng/ml, and these did not show medium transfer bystander effects. Exposure of serum samples to normal daylight reduced serotonin levels significantly. We suggest that serum batch variability may underlie much of the observed interlaboratory variation in the ability to produce bystander effects and further suggest that serum batches should be protected from light and prescreened for their ability to produce a bystander effect using a positive control cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Science Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4K1.
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175
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Lohoff FW. Genetic variants in the vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1/SLC18A1) and neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 637:165-80. [PMID: 20419435 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-700-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) are involved in the presynaptic packaging of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into storage granules. Upon an action potential, vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis. Since insufficient or excess release of neurotransmitter might alter neurochemical function and neurotransmission, VMATs are an important target for biological research in neuropsychiatric disorders. Two structurally related but pharmacologically distinct VMATs have been identified, encoded by separate genes, VMAT1 (SLC18A1) and VMAT2 (SLC18A2). Although it was reported initially that only VMAT2 is expressed in brain, recent studies indicate that VMAT1 is also expressed in brain, thus making both transporters plausible candidate genes for neuropsychiatric disorders. The gene encoding VMAT1 is located on chromosome 8p21, a region implicated in linkage studies of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and anxiety-related phenotypes. Furthermore, several recent genetic case-control studies have documented an association between common missense variations in the VMAT1 gene and susceptibility to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Variations in the VMAT1 gene might affect transporter function and might be involved in the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. This chapter describes methods for genotyping three missense polymorphisms implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders (Thr4Pro, Thr98Ser, Thr136Ile) using TaqMan-based PCR and standard PCR approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk W Lohoff
- Translational Research Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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176
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Teichert J, Feringa B. Phosphoramidite: privilegierte Liganden in der asymmetrischen Katalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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177
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Bandini M, Eichholzer A. Catalytic Functionalization of Indoles in a New Dimension. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:9608-44. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1147] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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178
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Bandini M, Eichholzer A. Katalytische Funktionalisierung von Indolen in einer neuen Dimension. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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179
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Bakthadoss M, Sivakumar G, Kannan D. Solid-State Melt Reaction for the Domino Process: Highly Efficient Synthesis of Fused Tetracyclic Chromenopyran Pyrimidinediones Using Baylis−Hillman Derivatives. Org Lett 2009; 11:4466-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol901228j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Bakthadoss
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Govindan Sivakumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Damodharan Kannan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, Tamilnadu, India
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180
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Jakubec P, Helliwell M, Dixon DJ. Cyclic imine nitro-Mannich/lactamization cascades: a direct stereoselective synthesis of multicyclic piperidinone derivatives. Org Lett 2008; 10:4267-70. [PMID: 18763784 DOI: 10.1021/ol801666w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient nitro-Mannich/lactamization cascade of gamma-nitro esters with cyclic imines for the preparation of architecturally complex multicyclic piperidinone ring-containing structures has been developed. The reaction is broad in scope and stereoselective and may be coupled to an enantioselective nitroolefin Michael addition reaction as part of a highly enantio- and diastereoselective multicomponent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Jakubec
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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181
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Banerjee S, Barnea E, Odom AL. Titanium-Catalyzed Hydrohydrazination with Monosubstituted Hydrazines: Catalyst Design, Synthesis, and Reactivity. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om700852v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Eyal Barnea
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Aaron L. Odom
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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182
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Huang J, Chen FE. An Efficient Synthesis of a Potential (−)-Reserpine Intermediate from (−)-Shikimic Acid of the Chiral Pool. Helv Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200790138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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183
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Schulz SR, Blechert S. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Cycloheptane-1,4-diones by an Asymmetric Ring-Expanding Allylation (AREA). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:3966-70. [PMID: 17443751 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina R Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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184
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Schulz S, Blechert S. Palladiumkatalysierte Synthese von substituierten Cycloheptan-1,4-dionen durch asymmetrische, ringerweiternde Allylierung (AREA). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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185
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Fabbri D, Dettori MA, Delogu G, Forni A, Casalone G, Palmieri G, Pisano M, Rozzo C. 2,2′-Dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-5,5′-dimethyl-6,6′-dibromo-1,1′-biphenyl: preparation, resolution, structure and biological activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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186
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Synthesis of trans-perhydroisoquinolines by 6-endo-trig radical cyclization of amino-tethered vinyl bromides and cyclohexenes. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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187
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Abbiati G, Canevari V, Facoetti D, Rossi E. Diels–Alder Reactions of 2-Vinylindoles with Open-Chain C=C Dienophiles. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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188
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Higuchi K, Kawasaki T. Simple indole alkaloids and those with a nonrearranged monoterpenoid unit. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:843-68. [PMID: 17653362 DOI: 10.1039/b516351j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the literature on simple indole alkaloids and those with a nonrearranged monoterpenoid unit. Newly isolated alkaloids, structure determinations, total syntheses and biological activities are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Higuchi
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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