151
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Iida K, Nakamura T, Yoshida W, Tera M, Nakabayashi K, Hata K, Ikebukuro K, Nagasawa K. Fluorescent-ligand-mediated screening of G-quadruplex structures using a DNA microarray. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12052-5. [PMID: 24150845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Iida
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei city, 184-8588 Tokyo (Japan)
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152
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Iida K, Nakamura T, Yoshida W, Tera M, Nakabayashi K, Hata K, Ikebukuro K, Nagasawa K. Fluorescent-Ligand-Mediated Screening of G-Quadruplex Structures Using a DNA Microarray. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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153
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Xu CX, Zheng YX, Zheng XH, Hu Q, Zhao Y, Ji LN, Mao ZW. V-shaped dinuclear Pt(II) complexes: selective interaction with human telomeric G-quadruplex and significant inhibition towards telomerase. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2060. [PMID: 23792883 PMCID: PMC3690394 DOI: 10.1038/srep02060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A quaternized trigeminal ligand, 4-[4,6-di(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-(2-triazinyl)]-1-methylpyridine-1-ium hexafluorophosphate (dptmp·PF6), and two derivative V-shaped dinuclear Pt(II) complexes, {[Pt(dien)]₂(dptmp)}(PF₆)₅ (1) and {[Pt(dpa)]₂(dptmp)}(PF₆)₅ (2), were synthesized, characterized and applied to a series of biochemical studies. FRET and SPR analyses showed these compounds, especially Pt(II) complexes, bound more strongly to human telomeric (hTel) G-quadruplex than to promoters (such as c-myc and bcl2) or to the duplex DNA. PCR-stop assays revealed that the Pt(II) complexes could bind to and stabilize G-quadruplex far more effectively than corresponding ligand. CD analyses further indicated the three compounds likely stabilized the formation of mixed-type parallel/antiparallel G-quadruplex structures. Their efficacy as telomerase inhibitors and potential anticancer drugs was explored via TRAP. The IC₅₀ value was determined to be 0.113 ± 0.019 μM for 1, indicating that it is one of the strongest known telomerase inhibitors. These results confirm that both V-shaped dinuclear Pt(II) complexes act as selective G-quadruplex binders and significant telomerase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Xia Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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154
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Shalaby T, Fiaschetti G, Nagasawa K, Shin-ya K, Baumgartner M, Grotzer M. G-quadruplexes as potential therapeutic targets for embryonal tumors. Molecules 2013; 18:12500-37. [PMID: 24152672 PMCID: PMC6269990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonal tumors include a heterogeneous group of highly malignant neoplasms that primarily affect infants and children and are characterized by a high rate of mortality and treatment-related morbidity, hence improved therapies are clearly needed. G-quadruplexes are special secondary structures adopted in guanine (G)-rich DNA sequences that are often present in biologically important regions, e.g. at the end of telomeres and in the regulatory regions of oncogenes such as MYC. Owing to the significant roles that both telomeres and MYC play in cancer cell biology, G-quadruplexes have been viewed as emerging therapeutic targets in oncology and as tools for novel anticancer drug design. Several compounds that target these structures have shown promising anticancer activity in tumor xenograft models and some of them have entered Phase II clinical trials. In this review we examine approaches to DNA targeted cancer therapy, summarize the recent developments of G-quadruplex ligands as anticancer drugs and speculate on the future direction of such structures as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for embryonal tumors of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Shalaby
- Division of Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich 8032, Switzerland.
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155
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Liu Z, Budiharjo A, Wang P, Shi H, Fang J, Borriss R, Zhang K, Huang X. The highly modified microcin peptide plantazolicin is associated with nematicidal activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:10081-90. [PMID: 24085393 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 has been shown to stimulate plant growth and to suppress the growth of plant pathogenic organisms including nematodes. However, the mechanism underlying its effect against nematodes remains unknown. In this study, we screened a random mutant library of B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 generated by the mariner transposon TnYLB-1 and identified a mutant strain F5 with attenuated nematicidal activity. Reversible polymerase chain reaction revealed that three candidate genes RAMB_007470, yhdY, and prkA that were disrupted by the transposon in strain F5 potentially contributed to its decreased nematicidal activity. Bioassay of mutants impaired in the three candidate genes demonstrated that directed deletion of gene RBAM_007470 resulted in loss of nematicidal activity comparable with that of the F5 triple mutant. RBAM_007470 has been reported as being involved in biosynthesis of plantazolicin, a thiazole/oxazole-modified microcin with hitherto unknown function. Electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) analyses of surface extracts revealed that plantazolicin bearing a molecular weight of 1,354 Da was present in wild-type B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42, but absent in the ΔRABM_007470 mutant. Furthermore, bioassay of the organic extract containing plantazolicin also showed a moderate nematicidal activity. We conclude that a novel gene RBAM_007470 and its related metabolite are involved in the antagonistic effect exerted by B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 against nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhong Liu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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156
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Blankson G, Rzuczek SG, Bishop C, Pilch DS, Liu A, Liu L, Lavoie EJ, Rice JE. Macrocyclic pyridyl polyoxazoles: structure-activity studies of the aminoalkyl side-chain on G-quadruplex stabilization and cytotoxic activity. Molecules 2013; 18:11938-63. [PMID: 24077174 PMCID: PMC3949622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181011938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridyl polyoxazoles are 24-membered macrocyclic lactams comprised of a pyridine, four oxazoles and a phenyl ring. A derivative having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl chain attached to the 5-position of the phenyl ring was recently identified as a selective G-quadruplex stabilizer with excellent cytotoxic activity, and good in vivo anticancer activity against a human breast cancer xenograft in mice. Here we detail the synthesis of eight new dimethylamino-substituted pyridyl polyoxazoles in which the point of attachment to the macrocycle, as well as the distance between the amine and the macrocycle are varied. Each compound was evaluated for selective G-quadruplex stabilization and cytotoxic activity. The more active analogs have the amine either directly attached to, or separated from the phenyl ring by two methylene groups. There is a correlation between those macrocycles that are effective ligands for the stabilization of G-quadruplex DNA (DT(tran) 15.5-24.6 °C) and cytotoxicity as observed in the human tumor cell lines, RPMI 8402 (IC₅₀ 0.06-0.50 μM) and KB3-1 (IC₅₀ 0.03-0.07 μM). These are highly selective G-quadruplex stabilizers, which should prove especially useful for evaluating both in vitro and in vivo mechanism(s) of biological activity associated with G-quaqdruplex ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gifty Blankson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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157
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Shan C, Tan JH, Ou TM, Huang ZS. Natural products and their derivatives as G-quadruplex binding ligands. Sci China Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-013-4920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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158
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Chung WJ, Heddi B, Tera M, Iida K, Nagasawa K, Phan AT. Solution Structure of an Intramolecular (3 + 1) Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex Bound to a Telomestatin Derivative. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13495-501. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405843r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Jun Chung
- School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Brahim Heddi
- School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Masayuki Tera
- Department
of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Science, Japan
| | - Keisuke Iida
- Department
of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department
of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | - Anh Tuân Phan
- School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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159
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Roh JI, Sung YH, Lee HW. Clinical implications of antitelomeric drugs with respect to the nontelomeric functions of telomerase in cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1161-6. [PMID: 24009427 PMCID: PMC3762763 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s50918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is responsible for maintaining the length of telomeres at the ends of chromosomes. Although most somatic cells do not exhibit telomerase activity, it is reactivated in approximately 85% of cancers. This simple and attractive phenomenon steers the development of anticancer drugs targeting telomeres and telomerase. Recent studies have been revealing extratelomeric roles of telomerase in normal tissues, affecting processes that are critical for survival and aging of organisms. In this review, we will discuss the current therapeutic strategies targeting telomeres and telomerase and evaluate their potential advantages and risks with respect to nontelomeric functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Il Roh
- Mouse Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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160
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Yan Y, Tan J, Ou T, Huang Z, Gu L. DNA G-quadruplex binders: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1495-509. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.833187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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161
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Bharti SK, Sommers JA, George F, Kuper J, Hamon F, Shin-ya K, Teulade-Fichou MP, Kisker C, Brosh RM. Specialization among iron-sulfur cluster helicases to resolve G-quadruplex DNA structures that threaten genomic stability. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28217-29. [PMID: 23935105 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.496463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplex (G4) DNA, an alternate structure formed by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds between guanines in G-rich sequences, threatens genomic stability by perturbing normal DNA transactions including replication, repair, and transcription. A variety of G4 topologies (intra- and intermolecular) can form in vitro, but the molecular architecture and cellular factors influencing G4 landscape in vivo are not clear. Helicases that unwind structured DNA molecules are emerging as an important class of G4-resolving enzymes. The BRCA1-associated FANCJ helicase is among those helicases able to unwind G4 DNA in vitro, and FANCJ mutations are associated with breast cancer and linked to Fanconi anemia. FANCJ belongs to a conserved iron-sulfur (Fe S) cluster family of helicases important for genomic stability including XPD (nucleotide excision repair), DDX11 (sister chromatid cohesion), and RTEL (telomere metabolism), genetically linked to xeroderma pigmentosum/Cockayne syndrome, Warsaw breakage syndrome, and dyskeratosis congenita, respectively. To elucidate the role of FANCJ in genomic stability, its molecular functions in G4 metabolism were examined. FANCJ efficiently unwound in a kinetic and ATPase-dependent manner entropically favored unimolecular G4 DNA, whereas other Fe-S helicases tested did not. The G4-specific ligands Phen-DC3 or Phen-DC6 inhibited FANCJ helicase on unimolecular G4 ∼1000-fold better than bi- or tetramolecular G4 DNA. The G4 ligand telomestatin induced DNA damage in human cells deficient in FANCJ but not DDX11 or XPD. These findings suggest FANCJ is a specialized Fe-S cluster helicase that preserves chromosomal stability by unwinding unimolecular G4 DNA likely to form in transiently unwound single-stranded genomic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar Bharti
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, NIA, National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Health Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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162
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Abstract
Helicases have major roles in genome maintenance by unwinding structured nucleic acids. Their prominence is marked by various cancers and genetic disorders that are linked to helicase defects. Although considerable effort has been made to understand the functions of DNA helicases that are important for genomic stability and cellular homeostasis, the complexity of the DNA damage response leaves us with unanswered questions regarding how helicase-dependent DNA repair pathways are regulated and coordinated with cell cycle checkpoints. Further studies may open the door to targeting helicases in order to improve cancer treatments based on DNA-damaging chemotherapy or radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Brosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, NIH Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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163
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Lin CC, Tantisantisom W, McAlpine SR. Total synthesis and biological activity of natural product Urukthapelstatin A. Org Lett 2013; 15:3574-7. [PMID: 23819711 DOI: 10.1021/ol401412v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the first total synthesis of the natural product Urkuthaplestatin A (Ustat A) utilizing a convergent synthetic strategy. The characterization and biological activity match those of the previously published natural product. Interestingly, several intermediates, including the linear and serine cyclized precursors, show a 100-fold decrease in cytotoxicity, with IC50's in the low micromolar range. These data indicate that the rigidity and the consecutive aromatic heterocyclic system are responsible for the biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chieh Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1030, USA
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164
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Mechanistic studies for the role of cellular nucleic-acid-binding protein (CNBP) in regulation of c-myc transcription. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4769-77. [PMID: 23774591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guanine-rich sequence of c-myc nuclease hypersensitive element (NHE) III1 is known to fold in G-quadruplex and subsequently serves as a transcriptional silencer. Cellular nucleic-acid-binding protein (CNBP), a highly conserved zinc-finger protein with multiple biological functions, could bind to c-myc NHE III1 region, specifically to the single strand G-rich sequence. METHODS In the present study, a variety of methods, including cloning, expression and purification of protein, EMSA, CD, FRET, Ch-IP, RNA interference, luciferase reporter assay, SPR, co-immunoprecipitation, and co-transfection, were applied to investigate the mechanism for the role of CNBP in regulating c-myc transcription. RESULTS We found that human CNBP specifically bound to the G-rich sequence of c-myc NHE III1 region both in vitro and in cellulo, and subsequently promoted the formation of G-quadruplex. CNBP could induce a transient decrease followed by an increase in c-myc transcription in vivo. The interaction of CNBP with NM23-H2 was responsible for the increase of c-myc transcription. CONCLUSIONS Based on above experimental results, a new mechanism, involving G-quadruplex related CNBP/NM23-H2 interaction, for the regulation of c-myc transcription was proposed. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicated that the regulation of c-myc transcription through NHE III1 region might be governed by mechanisms involving complex protein-protein interactions, and suggested a new possibility of CNBP as a potential anti-cancer target based on CNBP's biological function in c-myc transcription.
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165
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Baranov MS, Lukyanov KA, Ivashkin PE, Yampolsky IV. Efficient Synthetic Approach to Fluorescent Oxazole-4-carboxylate Derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2012.706350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S. Baranov
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | | | - Pavel E. Ivashkin
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Ilia V. Yampolsky
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
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166
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Loos P, Ronco C, Riedrich M, Arndt HD. Unified Azoline and Azole Syntheses by Optimized Aza-Wittig Chemistry. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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167
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Iida K, Majima S, Nakamura T, Seimiya H, Nagasawa K. Evaluation of the interaction between long telomeric DNA and macrocyclic hexaoxazole (6OTD) dimer of a G-quadruplex ligand. Molecules 2013; 18:4328-41. [PMID: 23584054 PMCID: PMC6269967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic hexaoxazole dimer of L2H2-6OTD-dimer (3) was newly synthesized as a telomeric G-quadruplex (G4) ligand, and interaction with long telomeric DNAs telo48, 72, and 96 was evaluated by means of electrophoresis mobility shift assay, CD spectra analysis, and CD melting experiments. The L2H2-6OTD-dimer (3) interacted with the long telomeric DNAs by inducing anti-parallel type G4 structure of each unit of 24 bases, i.e., (TTAGGG)₄ sequences. Dimer 3 stabilizes long telomeric DNAs more efficiently than the corresponding monomer of L2H2-6OTD (2). It showed potent inhibitory activity against telomerase, with an IC₅₀ value of 7.5 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Iida
- Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 185-0031, Japan
| | - Satoki Majima
- Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 185-0031, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 185-0031, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seimiya
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 185-0031, Japan
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168
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Watson LA, Solomon LA, Li JR, Jiang Y, Edwards M, Shin-ya K, Beier F, Bérubé NG. Atrx deficiency induces telomere dysfunction, endocrine defects, and reduced life span. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2049-63. [PMID: 23563309 DOI: 10.1172/jci65634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human ATRX mutations are associated with cognitive deficits, developmental abnormalities, and cancer. We show that the Atrx-null embryonic mouse brain accumulates replicative damage at telomeres and pericentromeric heterochromatin, which is exacerbated by loss of p53 and linked to ATM activation. ATRX-deficient neuroprogenitors exhibited higher incidence of telomere fusions and increased sensitivity to replication stress-inducing drugs. Treatment of Atrx-null neuroprogenitors with the G-quadruplex (G4) ligand telomestatin increased DNA damage, indicating that ATRX likely aids in the replication of telomeric G4-DNA structures. Unexpectedly, mutant mice displayed reduced growth, shortened life span, lordokyphosis, cataracts, heart enlargement, and hypoglycemia, as well as reduction of mineral bone density, trabecular bone content, and subcutaneous fat. We show that a subset of these defects can be attributed to loss of ATRX in the embryonic anterior pituitary that resulted in low circulating levels of thyroxine and IGF-1. Our findings suggest that loss of ATRX increases DNA damage locally in the forebrain and anterior pituitary and causes tissue attrition and other systemic defects similar to those seen in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ashley Watson
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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169
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Ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes stabilize the bcl-2 promoter quadruplex and induce apoptosis of Hela tumor cells. Biometals 2013; 26:387-402. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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170
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Yugandar S, Acharya A, Ila H. Synthesis of 2,5-Bis(hetero)aryl 4′-Substituted 4,5′-Bisoxazoles via Copper(I)-Catalyzed Domino Reactions of Activated Methylene Isocyanides with 2-Phenyl- and 2-(2-Thienyl)-4-[(aryl/heteroaryl)(methylthio)methylene]oxazol-5(4H)-ones. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3948-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400317g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Somaraju Yugandar
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur,
Bangalore-50064, India
| | - Anand Acharya
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur,
Bangalore-50064, India
| | - Hiriyakkanavar Ila
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur,
Bangalore-50064, India
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171
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Vummidi BR, Alzeer J, Luedtke NW. Fluorescent Probes for G-Quadruplex Structures. Chembiochem 2013; 14:540-58. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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172
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Kim SJ, McAlpine SR. Solid phase versus solution phase synthesis of heterocyclic macrocycles. Molecules 2013; 18:1111-21. [PMID: 23325099 PMCID: PMC6269862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18011111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparing a solution phase route to a solid phase route in the synthesis of the cytotoxic natural product urukthapelstatin A (Ustat A) confirmed that a solid phase method is superior. The solution phase approach was tedious and involved cyclization of a ridged heterocyclic precursor, while solid phase allowed the rapid generation of a flexible linear peptide. Cyclization of the linear peptide was facile and subsequent generation of three oxazoles located within the structure of Ustat A proved relatively straightforward. Given the ease with which the oxazole Ustat A precursor is formed via our solid phase approach, this route is amenable to rapid analog synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelli R. McAlpine
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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173
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Iida K, Tsubouchi G, Nakamura T, Majima S, Seimiya H, Nagasawa K. Interaction of long telomeric DNAs with macrocyclic hexaoxazole as a G-quadruplex ligand. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20234d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of long telomeric DNAs, which mimic telomeres in living cells, with a macrocyclic hexaoxazole ligand L2H2-6OTD (2) were investigated by means of electrophoresis mobility shift assay, circular dichroism (CD) titration analysis, and DNA melting measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Iida
- Faculty of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)
- Koganei-shi
- Japan
| | - Gen Tsubouchi
- Faculty of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)
- Koganei-shi
- Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Faculty of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)
- Koganei-shi
- Japan
| | - Satoki Majima
- Faculty of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)
- Koganei-shi
- Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seimiya
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center
- Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR)
- Koto-ku
- Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Faculty of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)
- Koganei-shi
- Japan
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174
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Zhou X, Huang H, Chen Y, Tan J, Song Y, Zou J, Tian X, Hua Y, Ju J. Marthiapeptide A, an anti-infective and cytotoxic polythiazole cyclopeptide from a 60 L scale fermentation of the deep sea-derived Marinactinospora thermotolerans SCSIO 00652. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:2251-2255. [PMID: 23215246 DOI: 10.1021/np300554f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new sequential tristhiazole-thiazoline-containing cyclic peptide, marthiapeptide A (1), was isolated from a 60 L scale culture of the deep South China Sea-derived strain Marinactinospora thermotolerans SCSIO 00652. The planar structure and absolute configuration of 1 were elucidated by application of spectroscopic techniques, as well as by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and chiral-phase HPLC analysis of the acid hydrolysates. Marthiapeptide A (1) exhibited antibacterial activity against a panel of Gram-positive bacteria, with MIC values ranging from 2.0 to 8.0 μg/mL, and displayed strong cytotoxic activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines with IC(50) values ranging from 0.38 to 0.52 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
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175
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Zhang Q, Cui X, Lin S, Zhou J, Yuan G. Convenient Method for the Synthesis of a Flexible Cyclic Polyamide for Selective Targeting of c-myb G-quadruplex DNA. Org Lett 2012; 14:6126-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302918f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaojie Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiang Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gu Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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176
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Kim SJ, Lin CC, Pan CM, Rananaware DP, Ramsey DM, McAlpine SR. A structure-activity relationship study on multi-heterocyclic molecules: two linked thiazoles are required for cytotoxic activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012; 4:406-410. [PMID: 23524379 DOI: 10.1039/c2md20291c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, cytotoxicity, and phenotypic analysis of oxazole and thiazole containing fragments. Evaluating the optimal size and heterocycle for growth inhibition and apoptosis showed that activity required at least two thiazoles sequentially connected. This is the first detailed comparison of biological activity between multi-heterocyclic containing fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jong Kim
- School of Chemistry, 219 Dalton, Gate 2 High Street, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. Tel: +61-4-1672-8896
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177
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Xu HJ, Richard P, Barbe JM, Gros CP. Design of guanidinium porphyrins as potential G-quadruplex ligands. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461250109x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report herein an easy and smooth synthesis of two novel tetra-meso-substituted porphyrins bearing terminal guanidinium functionalities. These two guanidine derivatives are the porphyrin-based analogs of ZnPC , a closely related phthalocyanine-based molecule with four guanidinium arms already reported as an efficient G-quadruplex ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Xu
- Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB (UMR 6302), 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Richard
- Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB (UMR 6302), 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Barbe
- Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB (UMR 6302), 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Claude P. Gros
- Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB (UMR 6302), 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
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178
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Chen Y, Yang D. Sequence, stability, and structure of G-quadruplexes and their interactions with drugs. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY 2012; Chapter 17:Unit17.5. [PMID: 22956454 PMCID: PMC3463244 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc1705s50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although DNA is most widely known for its ability to store and pass along genetic information, the discovery of G-quadruplex structures has illuminated a new role for DNA in biology. DNA G-quadruplexes are four-stranded globular nucleic acid secondary structures formed in specific G-rich sequences with biological significance, such as human telomeres and oncogene promoters. This review focuses on the unimolecular DNA G-quadruplexes, which can readily form in solution under physiological conditions and are considered to be the most biologically relevant. Available structural data show a great conformational diversity of unimolecular G-quadruplexes, which are amenable to small-molecule drug targeting. The relationships between sequence, structure, and stability of unimolecular DNA G-quadruplexes, as well as the recent progress on interactions with small-molecule compounds and insights into rational design of G-quadruplex-interactive molecules, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Danzhou Yang
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St, Tucson, AZ 85721
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ
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179
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Ruden M, Puri N. Novel anticancer therapeutics targeting telomerase. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 39:444-56. [PMID: 22841437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of human chromosomes. Telomeres shorten with each successive cell division in normal human cells whereas, in tumors, they are continuously elongated by human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Telomerase is overexpressed in 80-95% of cancers and is present in very low levels or is almost undetectable in normal cells. Because telomerase plays a pivotal role in cancer cell growth it may serve as an ideal target for anticancer therapeutics. Inhibition of telomerase may lead to a decrease of telomere length resulting in cell senescence and apoptosis in telomerase positive tumors. Several strategies of telomerase inhibition are reviewed, including small molecule inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotides, immunotherapies and gene therapies, targeting the hTERT or the ribonucleoprotein subunit hTER. G-quadruplex stabilizers, tankyrase and HSP90 inhibitors targeting telomere and telomerase assembly, and T-oligo approach are also covered. Based on this review, the most promising current telomerase targeting therapeutics are the antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor GRN163L and immunotherapies that use dendritic cells (GRVAC1), hTERT peptide (GV1001) or cryptic peptides (Vx-001). Most of these agents have entered phase I and II clinical trials in patients with various tumors, and have shown good response rates as evidenced by a reduction in tumor cell growth, increased overall disease survival, disease stabilization in advanced staged tumors and complete/partial responses. Most therapeutics have shown to be more effective when used in combination with standard therapies, resulting in concomitant telomere shortening and tumor mass shrinkage, as well as preventing tumor relapse and resistance to single agent therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ruden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107-1822, USA
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180
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Wang ZF, Chang TC. Molecular engineering of G-quadruplex ligands based on solvent effect of polyethylene glycol. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:8711-20. [PMID: 22735707 PMCID: PMC3458535 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Because various non-parallel G-quadruplexes of human telomeric sequences in K+ solution can be converted to a parallel G-quadruplex by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a co-solvent, we have taken advantage of this property of PEG to study the covalent attachment of a PEG unit to a G-quadruplex ligand, 3,6-bis(1-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium) carbazole diiodide (BMVC). The hybrid ligand with the PEG unit, BMVC-8C3O or BMVC-6C2O by substituting either the tetraethylene glycol or the triethylene glycol terminated with a methyl-piperidinium cation in N-9 position of BMVC, not only induces structural change from different non-parallel G-quadruplexes to a parallel G-quadruplex but also increases the melting temperature of human telomeres in K+ solution by more than 45°C. In addition, our ligand work provides further confidence that the local water structure plays the key to induce conformational change of human telomere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Fu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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181
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Abstract
We report our progress towards the synthesis of Urukthapelstatin A (Ustat A) and two analogues. Our retrosynthetic strategy involved the synthesis of three fragments: a tri-heteroaromatic moiety, a phenyl oxazole fragment, and a dipeptide. Described are the syntheses of three unique tri-heteroaromatic moieties. In addition, the corresponding linear precursors of Ustat A and two analogues are presented.
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182
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Xu N, Yang H, Cui M, Song F, Liu Z, Liu S. A Study of Interaction between Flavonoids and the Parallel Quadruplex Structure [d(TGGGGT)]
4
by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niusheng Xu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Meng Cui
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Fengrui Song
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
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183
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In silico screening of quadruplex-binding ligands. Methods 2012; 57:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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184
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Nakamura T, Iida K, Tera M, Shin-ya K, Seimiya H, Nagasawa K. A caged ligand for a telomeric G-quadruplex. Chembiochem 2012; 13:774-7. [PMID: 22438312 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nakamura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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185
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Walsh CT, Malcolmson SJ, Young TS. Three ring posttranslational circuses: insertion of oxazoles, thiazoles, and pyridines into protein-derived frameworks. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:429-42. [PMID: 22206579 DOI: 10.1021/cb200518n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles are the key functional and structural elements in both RNA and DNA, in half a dozen of the most important coenzymes, and in many synthetic drug scaffolds. On the other hand, only 3 of 20 proteinogenic amino acids have nitrogen heterocycles: proline, histidine, and tryptophan. This inventory can be augmented in microbial proteins by posttranslational modifications downstream of leader peptide regions that convert up to 10 serine, threonine, and cysteine residues, side chains and peptide backbones, into oxazoles, thiazoles, and pyridine rings. Subsequent proteolysis releases these heterocyclic scaffolds in both linear and macrocyclic frameworks as bioactive small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Walsh
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Steven J. Malcolmson
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Travis S. Young
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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186
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Rahman KM, Tizkova K, Reszka AP, Neidle S, Thurston DE. Identification of novel telomeric G-quadruplex-targeting chemical scaffolds through screening of three NCI libraries. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3006-10. [PMID: 22421021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen compounds with diverse chemical structures have been identified as selective telomeric G-quadruplex-binding ligands through screening the NCI Diversity Set II, the NCI Natural Products Set II and the NCI Mechanistic Diversity Set libraries containing a total of 2307 members against a human telomeric G-quadruplex using a FRET-based DNA melting assay. These compounds show significant selectivity towards a telomeric G-quadruplex compared to duplex DNA, fall within a molecular weight range of 327-533, and are generally consistent with the Lipinski Rule of Five for drug-likeness. Thus they provide new chemical scaffolds for the development of novel classes of G-quadruplex-targeting agents.
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187
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Jian XH, Pan HX, Ning TT, Shi YY, Chen YS, Li Y, Zeng XW, Xu J, Tang GL. Analysis of YM-216391 Biosynthetic Gene Cluster and Improvement of the Cyclopeptide Production in a Heterologous Host. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:646-51. [DOI: 10.1021/cb200479f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai
200032, China
| | - Hai-Xue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai
200032, China
| | - Ting-Ting Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai
200032, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai
200032, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai
200032, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai
200032, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zeng
- Bioenergy
Genome Center and
Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy
and BioProcess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Rd., Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Bioenergy
Genome Center and
Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy
and BioProcess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Rd., Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Gong-Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai
200032, China
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188
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Abstract
G-quartets are square planar arrangements of four guanine bases, which can form extraordinarily stable stacks when present in nucleic acid sequences. Such G-quadruplex structures were long regarded as an in vitro phenomenon, but the widespread presence of suitable sequences in genomes and the identification of proteins that stabilize, modify or resolve these nucleic acid structures have provided circumstantial evidence for their physiological relevance. The therapeutic potential of small molecules that can stabilize or disrupt G-quadruplex structures has invigorated the field in recent years. Here we review some of the key observations that support biological functions for G-quadruplex DNA as well as the techniques and tools that have enabled researchers to probe these structures and their interactions with proteins and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M Bryan
- Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
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189
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Miyazaki T, Pan Y, Joshi K, Purohit D, Hu B, Demir H, Mazumder S, Okabe S, Yamori T, Viapiano M, Shin-ya K, Seimiya H, Nakano I. Telomestatin impairs glioma stem cell survival and growth through the disruption of telomeric G-quadruplex and inhibition of the proto-oncogene, c-Myb. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1268-80. [PMID: 22230766 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioma stem cells (GSC) are a critical therapeutic target of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effects of a G-quadruplex ligand, telomestatin, were evaluated using patient-derived GSCs, non-stem tumor cells (non-GSC), and normal fetal neural precursors in vitro and in vivo. The molecular targets of telomestatin were determined by immunofluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH) and cDNA microarray. The data were then validated by in vitro and in vivo functional assays, as well as by immunohistochemistry against 90 clinical samples. RESULTS Telomestatin impaired the maintenance of GSC stem cell state by inducing apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The migration potential of GSCs was also impaired by telomestatin treatment. In contrast, both normal neural precursors and non-GSCs were relatively resistant to telomestatin. Treatment of GSC-derived mouse intracranial tumors reduced tumor sizes in vivo without a noticeable cell death in normal brains. iFISH revealed both telomeric and non-telomeric DNA damage by telomestatin in GSCs but not in non-GSCs. cDNA microarray identified a proto-oncogene, c-Myb, as a novel molecular target of telomestatin in GSCs, and pharmacodynamic analysis in telomestatin-treated tumor-bearing mouse brains showed a reduction of c-Myb in tumors in vivo. Knockdown of c-Myb phenocopied telomestatin-treated GSCs both in vitro and in vivo, and restoring c-Myb by overexpression partially rescued the phenotype. Finally, c-Myb expression was markedly elevated in surgical specimens of GBMs compared with normal tissues. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that telomestatin potently eradicates GSCs through telomere disruption and c-Myb inhibition, and this study suggests a novel GSC-directed therapeutic strategy for GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Miyazaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Dardinger, Center for Neuro-oncology, James Cancer Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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190
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Nagasawa K, Iida K, Majima S, Ohtake T, Tera M, Shin-ya K. Design and Synthesis of G-Quadruplex Ligands Bearing Macrocyclic Hexaoxazoles with Four-Way Side Chains. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-s(p)88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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191
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M. Stoltz B, D. Caspi D, Zhang H, C. Virgil S, M. Piller F. Rapid and Convergent Synthesis of a 2,4’-Linked Tri-oxazole in an Approach to Poly-oxazoles. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-12-s(n)118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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192
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Kaiser CE, Gokhale V, Yang D, Hurley LH. Gaining insights into the small molecule targeting of the G-quadruplex in the c-MYC promoter using NMR and an allele-specific transcriptional assay. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 330:1-21. [PMID: 22752577 DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (four-stranded DNA secondary structures) are showing promise as new targets for anticancer therapies. Specifically, G-quadruplexes in the proximal promoter region of regulatory genes have the potential to act as silencer elements and thereby turn off transcription. Thus, compounds that are capable of binding to and stabilizing G-quadruplexes would be of great benefit. In this chapter we describe two recent studies from our labs. In the first case, we use NMR to elucidate the structure of a 2:1 complex between a small molecule and the G-quadruplex in the c-MYC promoter. In the second case, we use an allele-specific transcription assay to demonstrate that the effect of a G-quadruplex-interactive compound is mediated directly through the G-quadruplex. Finally, we use this information to propose models for the interaction of various small molecules with the c-MYC G-quadruplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Kaiser
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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193
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Sun D, Zhang R, Yuan F, Liu D, Zhou Y, Liu J. Studies on characterization, telomerase inhibitory properties and G-quadruplex binding of η6-arene ruthenium complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline-derived ligands. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:1734-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11676b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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194
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A fragment based click chemistry approach towards hybrid G-quadruplex ligands: design, synthesis and biophysical evaluation. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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195
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Xu HJ, Stefan L, Haudecoeur R, Vuong S, Richard P, Denat F, Barbe JM, Gros CP, Monchaud D. Porphyrin-templated synthetic G-quartet (PorphySQ): a second prototype of G-quartet-based G-quadruplex ligand. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5212-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25601k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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196
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Xu L, Wu W, Ding J, Feng S, Xing X, Deng M, Zhou X. A pyridyl carboxamide molecule selectively stabilizes DNA G-quadruplex and regulates duplex–quadruplex competition. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00851j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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197
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Dai J, Carver M, Hurley LH, Yang D. Solution structure of a 2:1 quindoline-c-MYC G-quadruplex: insights into G-quadruplex-interactive small molecule drug design. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17673-80. [PMID: 21967482 PMCID: PMC3207019 DOI: 10.1021/ja205646q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Unimolecular parallel-stranded G-quadruplex structures are found to be prevalent in gene promoters. The nuclease hypersensitivity element III(1) (NHE III(1)) of the c-MYC promoter can form transcriptionally active and silenced forms, and the formation of DNA G-quadruplex structures has been shown to be critical for c-MYC transcriptional silencing. The solution structure of a 2:1 quindoline-G-quadruplex complex has been solved and shows unexpected features, including the drug-induced reorientation of the flanking sequences to form a new binding pocket. While both 3' and 5' complexes show overall similar features, there are identifiable differences that emphasize the importance of both stacking and electronic interactions. For the first time, we describe the importance of the shape of the ligand as well as the two flanking bases in determining drug binding specificity. These structures provide important insights for the structure-based rational design of drugs that bind to unimolecular parallel G-quadruplexes commonly found in promoter elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixun Dai
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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198
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Li Z, Tan JH, He JH, Long Y, Ou TM, Li D, Gu LQ, Huang ZS. Disubstituted quinazoline derivatives as a new type of highly selective ligands for telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 47:299-311. [PMID: 22104971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2,4-disubstituted quinazoline derivatives found to be a new type of highly selective ligand to bind with telomeric G-quadruplex DNA, and their biological properties were reported for the first time.Their interactions with telomeric G-quadruplex DNA were evaluated by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) melting assay, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and molecular modeling. Our results showed that these derivatives could well recognize G-quadruplex and have high selectivity toward G-quadruplex over duplex DNA. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) study revealed that the disubstitution of quinazoline and the length of the amide side chain were important for its interaction with the G-quadruplex. Furthermore, telomerase inhibition of the quinazoline derivatives and their cellular effects were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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199
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Yuan G, Zhang Q, Zhou J, Li H. Mass spectrometry of G-quadruplex DNA: formation, recognition, property, conversion, and conformation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1121-1142. [PMID: 21520218 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes are special secondary structures formed from G-rich sequences of DNA, and have proven to play important roles in a number of biological systems, including the regulation of gene transcription and translation. The highly distinctive nature of G-quadruplex structures and their functions suggest that G-quadruplexes can act as novel targets for drug development. As a highly sensitive analytical tool, mass spectrometry has been widely used for the analysis of G-quadruplex structures. Electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry, in particular, has found captivating applications to probe interactions between small molecules and G-quadruplex DNA. In this review, we will discuss: (1) mass spectrometry probing of the formation, binding affinity, and stoichiometry between G-quadruplexes and small molecules; (2) stabilization and collision-dissociation behavior of G-quadruplex DNA; (3) the exploration of the equilibrium transfer between a G-quadruplex and duplex DNA; and (4) the ESI-MS analysis of the conversion of intramolecular and intermolecular G-quadruplexes. Finally, we will also introduce the application of new techniques in the analysis of G-quadruplex conformation, such as ion-mobility and infrared multiphoton-dissociation mass spectrometry. We believe that, with the new technical developments, mass spectrometry will play an unparalleled role in the analysis of the G-quadruplex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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200
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A single-molecule platform for investigation of interactions between G-quadruplexes and small-molecule ligands. Nat Chem 2011; 3:782-7. [PMID: 21941250 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ligands that stabilize the formation of telomeric DNA G-quadruplexes have potential as cancer treatments, because the G-quadruplex structure cannot be extended by telomerase, an enzyme over-expressed in many cancer cells. Understanding the kinetic, thermodynamic and mechanical properties of small-molecule binding to these structures is therefore important, but classical ensemble assays are unable to measure these simultaneously. Here, we have used a laser tweezers method to investigate such interactions. With a force jump approach, we observe that pyridostatin promotes the folding of telomeric G-quadruplexes. The increased mechanical stability of pyridostatin-bound G-quadruplex permits the determination of a dissociation constant K(d) of 490 ± 80 nM. The free-energy change of binding obtained from a Hess-like process provides an identical K(d) for pyridostatin and a K(d) of 42 ± 3 µM for a weaker ligand RR110. We anticipate that this single-molecule platform can provide detailed insights into the mechanical, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of liganded bio-macromolecules, which have biological relevance.
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