151
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Organo VG, Leontiev AV, Sgarlata V, Dias HVR, Rudkevich DM. Supramolecular Features of Calixarene-Based Synthetic Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:3043-7. [PMID: 15844117 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Voltaire G Organo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
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152
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Organo VG, Leontiev AV, Sgarlata V, Dias HVR, Rudkevich DM. Supramolecular Features of Calixarene-Based Synthetic Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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153
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McNally BA, Koulov AV, Smith BD, Joos JB, Davis AP. A fluorescent assay for chloride transport; identification of a synthetic anionophore with improved activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:1087-9. [PMID: 15719125 DOI: 10.1039/b414589e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent assay based on the chloride-sensitive probe, lucigenin, is developed for monitoring chloride transport into vesicles, and used to compare the effectiveness of three steroid-derived transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A McNally
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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154
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Sýkora J, Budka J, Lhoták P, Stibor I, Císarová I. Two structural types of 1,3-alternate tetrapropoxycalix[4]arene derivatives in the solid state. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:2572-8. [PMID: 15999189 DOI: 10.1039/b505454k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solid state structures of seven tetrapropoxycalix[4]arene derivatives immobilised in a 1,3-alternate conformation were determined using single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The cavity shapes of investigated derivatives (upper rim unsubstituted, distally di-substituted and tetra-substituted) and the nature of intermolecular interactions in molecular packing were compared. The results indicate that there are only two structural types adopted by basic tetrapropoxycalix[4]arene derivatives in the 1,3-alternate conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sýkora
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Rozvojova 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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155
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Gale PA, Light ME, McNally B, Navakhun K, Sliwinski KE, Smith BD. Co-transport of H+/Cl– by a synthetic prodigiosin mimic. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:3773-5. [PMID: 16041412 DOI: 10.1039/b503906a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An amidopyrrole with appended imidazole group can bind and co-transport H+/Cl- across vesicle membranes much more effectively than an analogue with an appended pyridyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Gale
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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156
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Jeon YJ, Kim H, Jon S, Selvapalam N, Oh DH, Seo I, Park CS, Jung SR, Koh DS, Kim K. Artificial Ion Channel Formed by Cucurbit[n]uril Derivatives with a Carbonyl Group Fringed Portal Reminiscent of the Selectivity Filter of K+Channels. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:15944-5. [PMID: 15584711 DOI: 10.1021/ja044748j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel artificial ion channels (1 and 2) based on CB[n] (n = 6 and 5, respectively) synthetic receptors with carbonyl-fringed portals (diameter 3.9 and 2.4 A, respectively) can transport proton and alkali metal ions across a lipid membrane with ion selectivity. Fluorometric experiments using large unilamellar vesicles showed that 1 mediates proton transport across the membranes, which can be blocked by a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, reminiscent of the blocking of the K+ channels by polyamines. The alkali metal ion transport activity of 1 follows the order of Li+ > Cs+ approximately Rb+ > K+ > Na+, which is opposite to the binding affinity of CB[6] toward alkali metal ions. On the other hand, the transport activity of 2 follows the order of Li+ > Na+, which is also opposite to the binding affinity of 2 toward these metal ions, but virtually no transport was observed for K+, Rb+, and Cs+. It is presumably because the carbonyl-fringed portal size of 2 (diameter 2.4 A) is smaller than the diameters of these alkali metal ions. To determine the transport mechanism, voltage-clamp experiments on planar bilayer lipid membranes were carried out. The experiments showed that a single-channel current of 1 for Cs+ transport is approximately 5 pA, which corresponds to an ion flux of approximately 3 x 107 ions/s. These results are consistent with an ion channel mechanism. Not only the structural resemblance to the selectivity filter of K+ channels but also the remarkable ion selectivity makes this model system unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Jeon
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Supramolecules, and Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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157
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ten Cate MGJ, Crego-Calama M, Reinhoudt DN. Formation of a hydrogen-bonded receptor assembly in niosomal membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:10840-1. [PMID: 15339158 DOI: 10.1021/ja0476563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a hydrogen-bonded receptor in niosomal membranes is reported in this communication. The niosomes prepared from non-ionic surfactants C12EO3 and C14EO3 provide a stable system that allows the self-assembly of hydrogen-bonded receptors to occur in contact with aqueous environments. We demonstrate here by CD, TEM and Confocal Microscopy that the incorporation of the building blocks, calix[4]dimelamine 1 and PerBAR, within the niosomal membranes led to the formation of well-defined hydrogen-bonded assembly 13.(PerBAR)6 within these membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattijs G J ten Cate
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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158
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New materials based on tubular nanodimensional structures 1. Synthesis, structural studies and determination of interproton distances in solutions of functionalized thiacalix[4]arenes according to NMR spectroscopic data (NOESY). Russ Chem Bull 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-005-0112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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159
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160
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Da Silva E, Shahgaldian P, Coleman AW. Haemolytic properties of some water-soluble para-sulphonato-calix-[n]-arenes. Int J Pharm 2004; 273:57-62. [PMID: 15010130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Revised: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the haemolytic effect of parent para-sulphonato-calix-[n]-arenes and their derivatives bearing one pendant group at the lower rim of calix-arene towards human erythrocytes. A maximum of 30% of haemolysis has been observed for para-sulphonato-calix-[8]-arene for a concentration of 200 mM representing 300 g of calix-arene per liter of human blood, para-sulphonato-calix-[4]-arene and para-sulphonato-calix-[6]-arene show much lower haemolytic effects, 0.5 and 8%, respectively at 200 mM concentration. Coupling of a methoxy-carboxylate function at the phenolic group reduces haemolytic effects in all cases. The presence of an ethoxy-amine function increases the haemolytic behaviour for the calix-[4]-arene and calix-[6]-arene systems, but reduces the effect for the calix-[8]-arene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Da Silva
- IBCP, CNRS-UMR 5086, 7 Passage du Vercors, Lyon Cedex 07 F69367, France
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161
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Talukdar P, Sakai N, Sordé N, Gerard D, Cardona VMF, Matile S. Outer surface modification of synthetic multifunctional pores. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:1325-36. [PMID: 15018904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2002] [Revised: 06/09/2003] [Accepted: 06/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of pores formed by p-octiphenyl beta-barrels with LWV triads at the outer surface are reported in comparison with the conventional rigid-rod beta-barrels with all-L outer surface. Maintained multifunctionality of tetrameric pores with external LWV triads (inversion of ion selectivity, molecular recognition and transformation) is implicative for intact barrel interior. Increased pore activity supports dominance of high bilayer affinity for W over low affinity for V. Transmembrane p-octiphenyl orientation (from fluorescence depth quenching) supports barrel-stave (rather than toroidal) pores and dominance of transmembrane preference of rigid rods over interfacial preference of W. Destabilization of beta-barrel pores in membranes (from short single-channel lifetimes) and in the media (from 4th-power dependence on monomer concentration) by LWV triads supports dominance of low beta-propensity for W over high beta-propensity for V. The relation between the stability of supramolecular (pre)pores and dependence of activity on monomer concentration is discussed in a more general context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Talukdar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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162
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163
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Stibor I, Holakovský R, Mustafina AR, Lhoták P. New Ligands for Enantioselective Recognition of Chiral Carboxylates Based on 1,1'-Binaphthalene-2,2'-diamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20040365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Simple bis(arylureido)binaphthalenes and (arylamido)binaphthalenes have been synthesized in both racemic as well as optically active forms. One of these compounds has been found to complex chiral anions with modest enantioselectivity.
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164
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Kotch FW, Sidorov V, Lam YF, Kayser KJ, Li H, Kaucher MS, Davis JT. Water-Mediated Association Provides an Ion Pair Receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:15140-50. [PMID: 14653749 DOI: 10.1021/ja0364165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the formation and properties of a water-stabilized dimer comprising calix[4]arene-guanosine conjugate cG 2. The 1,3-alternate calixarene cG 2 was poorly soluble in dry CDCl(3) and gave an ill-resolved NMR spectrum, consistent with its nonspecific aggregation. The compound was much more soluble in water-saturated CDCl(3). Two sets of well-resolved (1)H NMR signals for the guanosine residues in cG 2, present in a 1:1 ratio, indicated that the compound's D(2) symmetry had been broken and provided the first hint that cG 2 dimerizes in water-saturated CDCl(3). The resulting dimer, (cG 2)(2).(H(2)O)(n)(), has a unique property: it extracts alkali halide salts from water into organic solution. This dimer is a rare example of a self-assembled ion pair receptor. The identity of the (cG 2)(2).NaCl.(H(2)O)(n)() dimer was confirmed by comparing its self-diffusion coefficient in CDCl(3), determined by pulsed-field gradient NMR, with that of control compound cA 3, an adenosine analogue. The dimer's stoichiometry was also confirmed by quantitative measurement of the cation and anion using ion chromatrography. Two-dimensional NMR and ion-induced NMR shifts indicated that the cation binding site is formed by an intermolecular G-quartet and the anion binding site is provided by the 5'-amide NH groups. Once bound, the salt increases the dimer's thermal stability. Both (1)H NMR and ion chromatography measurements indicated that the cG 2 dimer has a modest selectivity for extracting K(+) over Na(+) and Br(-) over Cl(-). The anion's identity also influences the association process: NaCl gives a soluble, discrete dimer whereas addition of NaBPh(4) to (cG 2)(2).(H(2)O)(n)() leads to extensive aggregation and precipitation. This study suggests a new direction for ion pair receptors, namely, the use of molecular self-assembly. The study also highlights water's ability to stabilize a functional noncovalent assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Kotch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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165
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Vescovi A, Knoll A, Koert U. Synthesis and functional studies of THF-gramicidin hybrid ion channels. Org Biomol Chem 2003; 1:2983-97. [PMID: 12968351 DOI: 10.1039/b303249n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
THF-gramicidin hybrids 2-4 with the L-THF amino acid 1 in positions 11 and 12 and compounds 5-8 with the D-THF amino acid ent-1 in positions 10 and 11 were synthesized and their ion channel properties were studied by single-channel-current analysis. The replacement of positions 11 and 12 by the L-THF amino acid 1 gave a strongly reduced channel performance. In contrast, replacement of positions 10 and 11 by the D-THF amino acid ent-1 gave rise to new and interesting channel properties. For the permeability ratios, the ion selectivity shifts from Eisenman I towards Eisenman III selectivity and the channels display ms-dynamics. Most remarkable is the asymmetric compound 8, which inserts selectively into a DPhPC membrane and displays voltage-directed gating dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vescovi
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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166
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Sidorov V, Kotch FW, Kuebler JL, Lam YF, Davis JT. Chloride transport across lipid bilayers and transmembrane potential induction by an oligophenoxyacetamide. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:2840-1. [PMID: 12617627 DOI: 10.1021/ja029372t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This contribution describes the discovery and properties of a synthetic, low-molecular weight compound that transports Cl- across bilayer membranes. Such compounds have potential as therapeutics for cystic fibrosis and cancer. The H+/Cl- co-transport activities of acyclic tetrabutylamides 1-6 were compared by using a pH-stat assay with synthetic EYPC liposomes. The ion transport activity of the most active compound, trimer 3, was an order of magnitude greater than that of calix[4]arene tetrabutylamide C1 a macrocycle known to function as a synthetic ion channel. Trimer 3 has an unprecedented function for a synthetic compound, as it induces a stable potential in liposomes experiencing a transmembrane Cl-/SO42- gradient. Data from both pH-stat and 35Cl NMR experiments indicate that 3 co-transports H+/Cl-. Although 3 transports both Cl- and H+ the overall process is not electrically silent. Thus, trimer 3 induces a stable potential in LUVs due to a transmembrane anionic gradient. The ability of trimer 3 to transport Cl-, to maintain a transmembrane potential, along with its high activity at uM concentrations, its low molecular weight, and its simple preparation, make this compound a valuable lead in drug development for diseases caused by Cl- transport malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Sidorov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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167
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168
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Fidzinski P, Knoll A, Rosenthal R, Schrey A, Vescovi A, Koert U, Wiederholt M, Strauss O. Electrophysiological response of cultured trabecular meshwork cells to synthetic ion channels. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2003; 10:35-43. [PMID: 12573696 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The response of living cells of the trabecular meshwork to synthetic ion channels is described. The THF-gramicidin hybrids THF-gram and THF-gram-TBDPS as well as a linked gA-TBDPS and gramicidin A were applied to cultured ocular trabecular meshwork cells. THF-gram application (minimal concentration, 10(-8) M; saturation, 10(-7) M) led to an additional conductance which displayed characteristics of weak Eisenman-I-selective cation channels, no cell destruction, an asymmetric change of the inward/outward currents, and higher current densities using Cs(+) as charge carrier compared to Na(+) and K(+). Linked-gA-TBDPS showed at 10(-12) M increases of the membrane conductance comparable to gA at 10(-7) M and a much faster response of the cells. Thus, THF-gramicidin hybrids form a basis for the use of synthetic ion channels in biological systems, which eventually may lead to new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Fidzinski
- Institut für Klinische Physiologie, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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169
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Abstract
An increasing number of synthetic compounds have been shown to facilitate ion and polar molecule transport across bilayer membranes. Most notably, recent advances in anion transport have yielded synthetic chloride channels and phospholipid translocases. Attention has also turned to the ability of short amino acid sequences to transport peptides and proteins across cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Middleton Boon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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170
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Fenniri H, Deng BL, Ribbe AE. Helical rosette nanotubes with tunable chiroptical properties. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:11064-72. [PMID: 12224954 DOI: 10.1021/ja026164s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and circular dichroism (CD) studies, compound 1 was shown to exist mainly in two states: (a) At high concentration (> or =1 mM, in methanol), 1 undergoes hierarchical self-assembly to generate rosette nanotubes with approximately 4 nm diameter and a concentration-dependent hydrodynamic radius in the range 10-100 nm. Under these conditions, addition of a chiral amino acid promoter (L-Ala), that binds to the crown ether moiety of 1 via electrostatic interactions, promotes a rapid transition (k(0) approximately equal 0.48 s(-1), for [1] = 0.046 mM, [L-Ala] = 2.8 mM) from racemic to chiral rosette nanotubes with predefined helicities as indicated by the resulting induced circular dichroism (ICD). (b) At low concentration (< or =0.04 mM, in methanol), 1 exists mainly in a nonassembled state as shown by TEM and DLS. Addition of L-Ala in this case triggers a relatively slow (k(0) approximately equal 0.07 s(-1) for [1] = 0.04 mM, [L-Ala] = 2.4 mM) sequence of supramolecular reactions leading to the hierarchical self-assembly of rosette nanotubes with predefined helicities. Under both conditions a and b, the kinetic data unveiled the intrinsic ability of the rosette nanotubes to promote their own formation (autocatalysis). The degree of chiral induction was found to depend dramatically upon the chemical structure of the promoter. This process appears also to follow an all-or-none response, as the vast majority of the crown ether sites must be occupied with a promoter for a complete transition to chiral nanotubes to take place. Finally, both supramolecular pathways a and b offer an efficient approach for the preparation of helical rosette nanotubes with tunable chiroptical properties and may also be viewed as a process by which a predefined set of physical and chemical properties that characterizes a molecular promoter is expressed at the macromolecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Fenniri
- Contribution from the 1393 H. C. Brown Chemistry Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, USA.
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171
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