151
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Zhao XQ, Jiao WC, Jiang B, Yuan WJ, Yang TH, Hao S. Screening and identification of actinobacteria from marine sediments: Investigation of potential producers for antimicrobial agents and type I polyketides. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-9964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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152
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Hughes C, MacMillan J, Gaudêncio S, Jensen P, Fenical W. The Ammosamides: Structures of Cell Cycle Modulators from a Marine-DerivedStreptomycesSpecies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804890 pmid: 190905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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153
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Hughes C, MacMillan J, Gaudêncio S, Jensen P, Fenical W. The Ammosamides: Structures of Cell Cycle Modulators from a Marine-DerivedStreptomycesSpecies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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154
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Solanki R, Khanna M, Lal R. Bioactive compounds from marine actinomycetes. Indian J Microbiol 2008; 48:410-31. [PMID: 23100742 PMCID: PMC3476783 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-008-0052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinomycetes are one of the most efficient groups of secondary metabolite producers and are very important from an industrial point of view. Among its various genera, Streptomyces, Saccharopolyspora, Amycolatopsis, Micromonospora and Actinoplanes are the major producers of commercially important biomolecules. Several species have been isolated and screened from the soil in the past decades. Consequently the chance of isolating a novel actinomycete strain from a terrestrial habitat, which would produce new biologically active metabolites, has reduced. The most relevant reason for discovering novel secondary metabolites is to circumvent the problem of resistant pathogens, which are no longer susceptible to the currently used drugs. Existence of actinomycetes has been reported in the hitherto untapped marine ecosystem. Marine actinomycetes are efficient producers of new secondary metabolites that show a range of biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, insecticidal and enzyme inhibition. Bioactive compounds from marine actinomycetes possess distinct chemical structures that may form the basis for synthesis of new drugs that could be used to combat resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Solanki
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110 019 India
| | - Monisha Khanna
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110 019 India
| | - Rup Lal
- Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007 India
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155
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Williams PG. Panning for chemical gold: marine bacteria as a source of new therapeutics. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 27:45-52. [PMID: 19022511 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Marine bacteria are emerging as an exciting resource for the discovery of new classes of therapeutics. The promising anticancer clinical candidates salinosporamide A and bryostatin only hint at the incredible wealth of drug leads hidden just beneath the ocean surface. For example, if properly developed, marine bacteria could provide the drugs needed to sustain us for the next 100 years in our battle against drug-resistant infectious diseases. This review will focus on several recently discovered compounds, primarily from cyanobacteria and actinobacteria, that illustrate the tremendous potential of marine bacteria as a source of new therapeutics within the areas of oncology and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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156
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Newton GL, Fahey RC. An N-acyl homolog of mycothiol is produced in marine actinomycetes. Arch Microbiol 2008; 190:547-57. [PMID: 18629474 PMCID: PMC2574923 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-008-0405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Marine actinomycetes have generated much recent interest as a potentially valuable source of novel antibiotics. Like terrestrial actinomycetes the marine actinomycetes are shown here to produce mycothiol as their protective thiol. However, a novel thiol, U25, was produced by MAR2 strain CNQ703 upon progression into stationary phase when secondary metabolite production occurred and became the dominant thiol. MSH and U25 were maintained in a reduced state during early stationary phase, but become significantly oxidized after 10 days in culture. Isolation and structural analysis of the monobromobimane derivative identified U25 as a homolog of mycothiol in which the acetyl group attached to the nitrogen of cysteine is replaced by a propionyl residue. This N-propionyl-desacetyl-mycothiol was present in 13 of the 17 strains of marine actinomycetes examined, including five strains of Salinispora and representatives of the MAR2, MAR3, MAR4 and MAR6 groups. Mycothiol and its precursor, the pseudodisaccharide 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-myo-inositol, were found in all strains. High levels of mycothiol S-conjugate amidase activity, a key enzyme in mycothiol-dependent detoxification, were found in most strains. The results demonstrate that major thiol/disulfide changes accompany secondary metabolite production and suggest that mycothiol-dependent detoxification is important at this developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald L. Newton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA e-mail: fax: 858-5344864
| | - Robert C. Fahey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA e-mail: fax: 858-5344864
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157
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A tropical marine microbial natural products geobibliography as an example of desktop exploration of current research using web visualisation tools. Mar Drugs 2008; 6:550-77. [PMID: 19172194 PMCID: PMC2630847 DOI: 10.3390/md20080028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial marine biodiscovery is a recent scientific endeavour developing at a time when information and other technologies are also undergoing great technical strides. Global visualisation of datasets is now becoming available to the world through powerful and readily available software such as Worldwind, ArcGIS Explorer and Google Earth. Overlaying custom information upon these tools is within the hands of every scientist and more and more scientific organisations are making data available that can also be integrated into these global visualisation tools. The integrated global view that these tools enable provides a powerful desktop exploration tool. Here we demonstrate the value of this approach to marine microbial biodiscovery by developing a geobibliography that incorporates citations on tropical and near-tropical marine microbial natural products research with Google Earth and additional ancillary global data sets. The tools and software used are all readily available and the reader is able to use and install the material described in this article.
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158
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McArthur KA, Mitchell SS, Tsueng G, Rheingold A, White DJ, Grodberg J, Lam KS, Potts BCM. Lynamicins A-E, chlorinated bisindole pyrrole antibiotics from a novel marine actinomycete. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:1732-1737. [PMID: 18842058 DOI: 10.1021/np800286d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of chlorinated bisindole pyrroles, lynamicins A-E (1-5), was discovered from a novel marine actinomycete, NPS12745, which was isolated from a marine sediment collected off the coast of San Diego, California. Close to full length 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that NPS12745 is a novel strain of a recently described marine actinomycete with the proposed genus name Marinispora. The antimicrobial spectrum of these compounds was evaluated against a panel of 11 pathogens, which demonstrated that these substances possess broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Significantly, compounds 1-5 were active against drug-resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A McArthur
- Nereus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 10480 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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159
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Mayer AMS, Gustafson KR. Marine pharmacology in 2005-2006: antitumour and cytotoxic compounds. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:2357-87. [PMID: 18701274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During 2005 and 2006, marine pharmacology research directed towards the discovery and development of novel antitumour agents was reported in 171 peer-reviewed articles. The purpose of this article is to present a structured review of the antitumour and cytotoxic properties of 136 marine natural products, many of which are novel compounds that belong to diverse structural classes, including polyketides, terpenes, steroids and peptides. The organisms yielding these bioactive marine compounds included invertebrate animals, algae, fungi and bacteria. Antitumour pharmacological studies were conducted with 42 structurally defined marine natural products in a number of experimental and clinical models which further defined their mechanisms of action. Particularly potent in vitro cytotoxicity data generated with murine and human tumour cell lines were reported for 94 novel marine chemicals with as yet undetermined mechanisms of action. Noteworthy is the fact that marine anticancer research was sustained by a global collaborative effort, involving researchers from Australia, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Canada, China, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Panama, the Philippines, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA). Finally, this 2005-2006 overview of the marine pharmacology literature highlights the fact that the discovery of novel marine antitumour agents continued at the same active pace as during 1998-2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M S Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
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160
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Egan S, Thomas T, Kjelleberg S. Unlocking the diversity and biotechnological potential of marine surface associated microbial communities. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008; 11:219-25. [PMID: 18524668 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Marine sessile eukaryotic hosts provide a unique surface for microbial colonisation. Chemically mediated interactions between the host and colonising microorganisms, interactions between microorganisms in the biofilm community and surface-specific physical and chemical conditions impact differently on the diversity and function of surface-associated microbial assemblages compared with those in planktonic systems. Understanding the diversity and ecology of surface-associated microbial communities will greatly contribute to the discovery of next-generation, bioactive compounds. On the basis of recent conceptual and technological advances insights into the microbiology of marine living surfaces are improving and novel bioactives, including those previously ascribed as host derived, are now revealed to be produced by members of the surface-associated microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhelen Egan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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161
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Seawater requirement for the production of lipoxazolidinones by marine actinomycete strain NPS8920. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:761-5. [PMID: 18389298 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel marine actinomycete strain NPS8920 produces a new class of 4-oxazolidinone antibiotics lipoxazolidinone A, B and C. Lipoxazolidinone A possesses good potency (1-2 microg/mL) against drug-resistant pathogens methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE). Strain NPS8920 exhibits different morphologies in both agar and submerged cultures. The ability of strain NPS8920 to sporulate on saline-based agar media but not on deionized water-based agar medium supported that strain NPS8920 is a marine actinomycete. While strain NPS8920 does not require seawater for growth, the production of lipoxazolidinones by strain NPS8920 can only be detected in the seawater-based media. The optimal production of lipoxazolidinones was observed in the natural seawater-based medium. Strain NPS8920 produced 10-20% of lipoxazolidinones in the synthetic sea salt Instant Ocean-based medium and no production in the sodium chloride-based and deionized water-based media.
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162
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Blunt JW, Copp BR, Hu WP, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:35-94. [PMID: 18250897 DOI: 10.1039/b701534h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2006 for marine natural products, with 758 citations (534 for the period January to December 2006) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, cnidaria, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (779 for 2006), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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163
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Singh SB, Pelaez F. Biodiversity, chemical diversity and drug discovery. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2007; 65:141, 143-74. [PMID: 18084915 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8117-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Drugs developed from microbial natural products are in the fundaments of modern pharmaceutical companies. Despite decades of research, all evidences suggest that there must remain many interesting natural molecules with potential therapeutic application yet to be discovered. Any efforts to successfully exploit the chemical diversity of microbial secondary metabolites need to rely heavily on a good understanding of microbial diversity, being the working hypothesis that maximizing biological diversity is the key strategy to maximizing chemical diversity. This chapter presents an overview of diverse topics related with this basic principle, always in relation with the discovery of novel secondary metabolites. The types of microorganisms more frequently used for natural products discovery are briefly reviewed, as well as the differences between terrestrial and marine habitats as sources of bioactive secondary metabolite producers. The concepts about microbial diversity as applied to prokaryotes have evolved in the last years, but recent data suggest the existence of true biogeographic patterns of bacterial diversity, which are also discussed. Special attention is dedicated to the existing strategies to exploit the microbial diversity that is not easy to tackle by conventional approaches. This refers explicitly to the current attempts to isolate and cultivate the previously uncultured bacteria, including the application of high throughput techniques. Likewise, the advances of microbial molecular biology has allowed the development of metagenomic approaches, i.e., the expression of biosynthetic pathways directly obtained from environmental DNA and cloned in a suitable host, as another way of accessing microbial genetic resources. Also, approaches relying on the genomics of metabolite producers are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheo B Singh
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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164
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Bull AT, Stach JE. Marine actinobacteria: new opportunities for natural product search and discovery. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:491-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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165
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Macherla VR, Liu J, Sunga M, White DJ, Grodberg J, Teisan S, Lam KS, Potts BCM. Lipoxazolidinones A, B, and C: antibacterial 4-oxazolidinones from a marine actinomycete isolated from a Guam marine sediment. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:1454-7. [PMID: 17845000 DOI: 10.1021/np0702032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Marine actinomycete strain NPS008920, a member of the new genus Marinispora, was isolated from a sediment sample collected in Cocos Lagoon, Guam. In natural sea water containing media, the strain produced a series of novel 2-alkylidene-5-alkyl-4-oxazolidinones, lipoxazolidinone A (1), B (2), and C (3). Compounds 1- 3 showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity similar to that of the commercial antibiotic linezolid (Zyvox), a 2-oxazolidinone. Hydrolysis of the amide bond of the 4-oxazolidinone ring of 1 resulted in loss of antibacterial activity. The 2-alkylidene-4-oxazolidinone represents a new antibiotic pharmacophore and is unprecedented in nature.
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166
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Martin GDA, Tan LT, Jensen PR, Dimayuga RE, Fairchild CR, Raventos-Suarez C, Fenical W. Marmycins A and B, cytotoxic pentacyclic C-glycosides from a marine sediment-derived actinomycete related to the genus Streptomyces. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:1406-9. [PMID: 17844998 DOI: 10.1021/np060621r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Two new cytotoxic quinones of the angucycline class, marmycins A and B ( 1, 2), were isolated from the culture broth of a marine sediment-derived actinomycete related to the genus Streptomyces. The gross structures and absolute configurations of both compounds were determined by spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. Marmycin A ( 1) displayed significant cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines, some at nanomolar concentrations; while compound 2, a chloro analogue of 1, was less potent. For marmycin A ( 1), tumor cell cytotoxicity appeared to coincide with induction of modest apoptosis and arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenroy D A Martin
- Center for Marine Biotechnology, Scripps Insitution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0204, USA
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167
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Donadio S, Brandi L, Monciardini P, Sosio M, Gualerzi CO. Novel assays and novel strains – promising routes to new antibiotics? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:789-98. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.6.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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168
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Lam KS. New aspects of natural products in drug discovery. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:279-89. [PMID: 17433686 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the past 15 years, most large pharmaceutical companies have decreased the screening of natural products for drug discovery in favor of synthetic compound libraries. Main reasons for this include the incompatibility of natural product libraries with high-throughput screening and the marginal improvement in core technologies for natural product screening in the late 1980s and early 1990 s. Recently, the development of new technologies has revolutionized the screening of natural products. Applying these technologies compensates for the inherent limitations of natural products and offers a unique opportunity to re-establish natural products as a major source for drug discovery. Examples of these new advances and technologies are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin S Lam
- Nereus Pharmaceuticals Inc., 10480 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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169
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Baker DD, Chu M, Oza U, Rajgarhia V. The value of natural products to future pharmaceutical discovery. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:1225-44. [PMID: 18033577 DOI: 10.1039/b602241n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have provided considerable value to the pharmaceutical industry over the past half century. In particular, the therapeutic areas of infectious diseases and oncology have benefited from numerous drug classes derived from natural product sources. Unfortunately, pharmaceutical companies have significantly decreased activities in natural product discovery during the past several years. Biotechnology companies working in the fields of combinatorial biosynthesis, genetic engineering and metagenomic approaches to identify novel natural product lead molecules have had limited success. Despite what appears to be a slow death of natural product discovery research, many new and interesting molecules with biological activity have been published in the past few years. If natural product materials continue to be tested for desirable therapeutic activities, we believe that significant progress in identifying new antibiotics, oncology therapeutics and other useful medicines will be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight D Baker
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA.
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170
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Gontang EA, Fenical W, Jensen PR. Phylogenetic diversity of gram-positive bacteria cultured from marine sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:3272-82. [PMID: 17400789 PMCID: PMC1907118 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02811-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major advances in our understanding of marine bacterial diversity have been gained through studies of bacterioplankton, the vast majority of which appear to be gram negative. Less effort has been devoted to studies of bacteria inhabiting marine sediments, yet there is evidence to suggest that gram-positive bacteria comprise a relatively large proportion of these communities. To further expand our understanding of the aerobic gram-positive bacteria present in tropical marine sediments, a culture-dependent approach was applied to sediments collected in the Republic of Palau from the intertidal zone to depths of 500 m. This investigation resulted in the isolation of 1,624 diverse gram-positive bacteria spanning 22 families, including many that appear to represent new taxa. Phylogenetic analysis of 189 representative isolates, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data, indicated that 124 (65.6%) belonged to the class Actinobacteria while the remaining 65 (34.4%) were members of the class Bacilli. Using a sequence identity value of >/=98%, the 189 isolates grouped into 78 operational taxonomic units, of which 29 (37.2%) are likely to represent new taxa. The high degree of phylogenetic novelty observed during this study highlights the fact that a great deal remains to be learned about the diversity of gram-positive bacteria in marine sediments.
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MESH Headings
- Actinobacteria/classification
- Actinobacteria/genetics
- Actinobacteria/growth & development
- Actinobacteria/isolation & purification
- Bacillaceae/classification
- Bacillaceae/genetics
- Bacillaceae/growth & development
- Bacillaceae/isolation & purification
- Biodiversity
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Genes, rRNA
- Geologic Sediments/microbiology
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/classification
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/genetics
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/growth & development
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Palau
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Water Microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Gontang
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
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171
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Williams PG, Miller ED, Asolkar RN, Jensen PR, Fenical W. Arenicolides A-C, 26-membered ring macrolides from the marine actinomycete Salinispora arenicola. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5025-34. [PMID: 17266372 PMCID: PMC2577615 DOI: 10.1021/jo061878x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical evaluation of the saline fermentation broth of several strains of the obligate marine actinomycete Salinispora arenicola has led to the identification of three new macrolide polyketides designated arenicolides A-C (1-3). The planar structures, elucidated via spectroscopic and chemical methods, consist of 26-membered polyunsaturated macrolactones containing repeating vicinal hydroxyl methoxyl moieties. The relative and absolute stereochemistries of 1-3 were assigned by a combination of J-based configurational analyses and chemical derivatization.
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172
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Nicolaou KC, Nold AL, Milburn RR, Schindler CS, Cole KP, Yamaguchi J. Total Synthesis of Marinomycins A−C and of Their Monomeric Counterparts Monomarinomycin A and iso-Monomarinomycin A. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:1760-8. [PMID: 17249678 DOI: 10.1021/ja068053p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Marinomycins A-C (1-3), and their monomeric analogues monomarinomycin A (m-1) and iso-monomarinomycin A (m-2), were synthesized by a convergent strategy from key building blocks ketophosphonate 5, aldehyde 6, and dienyl bromide carboxylic acid 7. The first attempt to construct marinomycin A [1, convertible to marinomycins B (2) and C (3) by light] by direct Suzuki-type dimerization/cyclization of boronic acid dienyl bromide 4 led to premature ring closure to afford, after global desilylation, monomarinomycin A (m-1) and iso-monomarinomycin A (m-2) in good yield and only small amounts (< or =2%) of the desired product. A subsequent stepwise approach based on Suzuki-type couplings improved considerably the overall yield of marinomycin A (1), and hence of marinomycins B (2) and C (3). Alternative direct dimerization approaches based on the Stille and Heck coupling reactions also led to monomarinomycins A (m-1 and m-2), but failed to deliver useful amounts of marinomycin A (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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173
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El-Beih AA, Kato H, Ohta T, Tsukamoto S. (3R,4aR,5S,6R)-6-Hydroxy-5-methylramulosin: a New Ramulosin Derivative from a Marine-Derived Sterile Mycelium. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:953-4. [PMID: 17541203 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
(3R,4aR,5S,6R)-6-Hydroxy-5-methylramulosin (1) was isolated from a culture of a sterile mycelium, which was derived from the green alga, Codium fragile, along with (-)-5-methylmellein (2), (-)-5-hydroxymethylmellein (3), and (-)-(3R,4R)-cis-4-hydroxy-5-methylmellein (4). The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by the NMR data along with the lactone sector rule by circular dichroism (CD). Compound 1 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Atef El-Beih
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
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174
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175
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El-Beih AA, Kawabata T, Koimaru K, Ohta T, Tsukamoto S. Monodictyquinone A: a New Antimicrobial Anthraquinone from a Sea Urchin-Derived Fungus Monodictys sp. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:1097-8. [PMID: 17603212 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new antimicrobial anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methylanthraquinone, monodictyquinone A (1), was isolated from a culture of a marine-derived fungus of the genus Monodictys which was isolated from the sea urchin, Anthocidaris crassispina, along with three known compounds, pachybasin (2), chrysophanol (3), and emodin (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Atef El-Beih
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Japan
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176
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Fenical W, Jensen PR. Developing a new resource for drug discovery: marine actinomycete bacteria. Nat Chem Biol 2006; 2:666-73. [PMID: 17108984 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Fenical
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA.
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177
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178
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Nicolaou KC, Nold AL, Milburn RR, Schindler CS. Total Synthesis of Marinomycins A–C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:6527-32. [PMID: 16977657 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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179
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Nicolaou KC, Nold AL, Milburn RR, Schindler CS. Total Synthesis of Marinomycins A–C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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180
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Socha AM, LaPlante KL, Rowley DC. New bisanthraquinone antibiotics and semi-synthetic derivatives with potent activity against clinical Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium isolates. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8446-54. [PMID: 16979896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The escalation of antibiotic resistance among Gram-positive pathogens presents increasing treatment challenges and requires the development of innovative therapeutic agents. Here, we present the antimicrobial properties of structurally unusual bisanthraquinone metabolites produced by a marine streptomycete and four semi-synthetic derivatives. Biological activities were measured against clinically derived isolates of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), and methicillin-susceptible, methicillin-resistant, and tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, MRSA, and TRSA, respectively). The most potent antibiotic displayed MIC(50) values of 0.11, 0.23, and 0.90microM against a panel (n=25 each) of clinical MSSA, MRSA, and VRE, respectively, and was determined to be bactericidal by time-kill analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Socha
- Department of Biomedical, University of Rhode Island, 53 Fogarty Hall Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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181
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Lam KS. Discovery of novel metabolites from marine actinomycetes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006; 9:245-51. [PMID: 16675289 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings from culture-dependent and culture-independent methods have demonstrated that indigenous marine actinomycetes exist in the oceans and are widely distributed in different marine ecosystems. There is tremendous diversity and novelty among the marine actinomycetes present in marine environments. Progress has been made to isolate novel actinomycetes from samples collected at different marine environments and habitats. These marine actinomycetes produce different types of new secondary metabolites. Many of these metabolites possess biological activities and have the potential to be developed as therapeutic agents. Marine actinomycetes are a prolific but underexploited source for the discovery of novel secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin S Lam
- Department of Microbiology and Anti-infective Discovery, Nereus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 10480 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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182
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Ward AC, Bora N. Diversity and biogeography of marine actinobacteria. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006; 9:279-86. [PMID: 16675292 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The actinomycetes, although not all the Actinobacteria, are easy to isolate from the marine environment. However, their ecological role in the marine ecosystem is largely neglected and various assumptions meant there was little incentive to isolate strains for search and discovery of new drugs. However, the marine environment has become a prime resource in search and discovery for novel natural products and biological diversity, and marine actinomycetes turn out to be important contributors. Similarly, striking advances have been made in marine microbial ecology using molecular techniques and metagenomics, and actinobacteria emerge as an often significant, sometimes even dominant, environmental clade. Both approaches - cultivation methods and molecular techniques - are leading to new insights into marine actinobacterial biodiversity and biogeography. Very different views of actinobacterial diversity emerge from these, however, and the true extent and biogeography of this are still not clear. These are important for developing natural product search and discovery strategies, and biogeography is a hot topic for microbial ecologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Ward
- School of Biology and Psychology, Division of Biology, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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