151
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Abstract
Conversion of one cell type into another cell type by forcibly expressing specific cocktails of transcription factors (TFs) has demonstrated that cell fates are not fixed and that cellular differentiation can be a two-way street with many intersections. These experiments also illustrated the sweeping potential of TFs to “read” genetically hardwired regulatory information even in cells where they are not normally expressed and to access and open up tightly packed chromatin to execute gene expression programs. Cellular reprogramming enables the modeling of diseases in a dish, to test the efficacy and toxicity of drugs in patient-derived cells and ultimately, could enable cell-based therapies to cure degenerative diseases. Yet, producing terminally differentiated cells that fully resemble their in vivo counterparts in sufficient quantities is still an unmet clinical need. While efforts are being made to reprogram cells nongenetically by using drug-like molecules, defined TF cocktails still dominate reprogramming protocols. Therefore, the optimization of TFs by protein engineering has emerged as a strategy to enhance reprogramming to produce functional, stable and safe cells for regenerative biomedicine. Engineering approaches focused on Oct4, MyoD, Sox17, Nanog and Mef2c and range from chimeric TFs with added transactivation domains, designer transcription activator-like effectors to activate endogenous TFs to reprogramming TFs with rationally engineered DNA recognition principles. Possibly, applying the complete toolkit of protein design to cellular reprogramming can help to remove the hurdles that, thus far, impeded the clinical use of cells derived from reprogramming technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Jauch
- Genome Regulation Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, China
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152
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Chemically Induced Reprogramming of Somatic Cells to Pluripotent Stem Cells and Neural Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:226. [PMID: 26861316 PMCID: PMC4783958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to generate transplantable neural cells in a large quantity in the laboratory is a critical step in the field of developing stem cell regenerative medicine for neural repair. During the last few years, groundbreaking studies have shown that cell fate of adult somatic cells can be reprogrammed through lineage specific expression of transcription factors (TFs)-and defined culture conditions. This key concept has been used to identify a number of potent small molecules that could enhance the efficiency of reprogramming with TFs. Recently, a growing number of studies have shown that small molecules targeting specific epigenetic and signaling pathways can replace all of the reprogramming TFs. Here, we provide a detailed review of the studies reporting the generation of chemically induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs), neural stem cells (ciNSCs), and neurons (ciN). We also discuss the main mechanisms of actions and the pathways that the small molecules regulate during chemical reprogramming.
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153
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An Overview of Direct Somatic Reprogramming: The Ins and Outs of iPSCs. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010141. [PMID: 26805822 PMCID: PMC4730380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are classified into embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. An evolving alternative to conventional stem cell therapies is induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which have a multi-lineage potential comparable to conventionally acquired embryonic stem cells with the additional benefits of being less immunoreactive and avoiding many of the ethical concerns raised with the use of embryonic material. The ability to generate iPSCs from somatic cells provides tremendous promise for regenerative medicine. The breakthrough of iPSCs has raised the possibility that patient-specific iPSCs can provide autologous cells for cell therapy without the concern for immune rejection. iPSCs are also relevant tools for modeling human diseases and drugs screening. However, there are still several hurdles to overcome before iPSCs can be used for translational purposes. Here, we review the recent advances in somatic reprogramming and the challenges that must be overcome to move this strategy closer to clinical application.
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154
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von Joest M, Búa Aguín S, Li H. Genomic stability during cellular reprogramming: Mission impossible? Mutat Res 2016; 788:12-6. [PMID: 26851988 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from adult somatic cells is one of the most exciting discoveries in recent biomedical research. It holds tremendous potential in drug discovery and regenerative medicine. However, a series of reports highlighting genomic instability in iPSCs raises concerns about their clinical application. Although the mechanisms cause genomic instability during cellular reprogramming are largely unknown, several potential sources have been suggested. This review summarizes current knowledge on this active research field and discusses the latest efforts to alleviate the genomic insults during cellular reprogramming to generate iPSCs with enhanced quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu von Joest
- Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling group, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sabela Búa Aguín
- Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling group, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Han Li
- Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling group, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
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155
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Reprogramming somatic cells to cells with neuronal characteristics by defined medium both in vitro and in vivo. CELL REGENERATION 2015; 4:12. [PMID: 26719791 PMCID: PMC4696146 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-015-0027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Currently, direct conversion from somatic cells to neurons requires virus-mediated delivery of at least one transcriptional factor or a combination of several small-molecule compounds. Delivery of transcriptional factors may affect genome stability, while small-molecule compounds may require more evaluations when applied in vivo. Thus, a defined medium with only conventional growth factors or additives for cell culture is desirable for inducing neuronal trans-differentiation. Results Here, we report that a defined medium (5C) consisting of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), N2 supplement, leukemia inhibitory factor, vitamin C (Vc), and β-mercaptoethanol (βMe) induces the direct conversion of somatic cells to cells with neuronal characteristics. Application of 5C medium converted mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into TuJ+ neuronal-like cells, which were capable of survival after being transplanted into the mouse brain. The same 5C medium could convert primary rat astrocytes into neuronal-like cells with mature electrophysiology characteristics in vitro and facilitated the recovery of brain injury, possibly by inducing similar conversions, when infused into the mouse brain in vivo. Crucially, 5C medium could also induce neuronal characteristics in several human cell types. Conclusions In summary, this 5C medium not only provides a means to derive cells with neuronal characteristics without viral transfection in vitro but might also be useful to produce neurons in vivo for neurodegenerative disease treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13619-015-0027-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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156
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Abstract
The direct lineage reprogramming of one specialized cell type into another using defined factors has fundamentally re-shaped traditional concepts regarding the epigenetic stability of differentiated cells. With the rapid increase in cell types generated through direct conversion in recent years, this strategy has become a promising approach for producing functional cells. Here, we review recent advances in lineage reprogramming, including the identification of novel reprogramming factors, underlying molecular mechanisms, strategies for generating functionally mature cells, and assays for characterizing induced cells. We also discuss progress toward the application of lineage reprogramming and the major future challenges for this strategy.
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157
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158
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Small Molecules Efficiently Reprogram Human Astroglial Cells into Functional Neurons. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:735-747. [PMID: 26481520 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that reactive glial cells can be directly reprogrammed into functional neurons by a single neural transcription factor, NeuroD1. Here we report that a combination of small molecules can also reprogram human astrocytes in culture into fully functional neurons. We demonstrate that sequential exposure of human astrocytes to a cocktail of nine small molecules that inhibit glial but activate neuronal signaling pathways can successfully reprogram astrocytes into neurons in 8-10 days. This chemical reprogramming is mediated through epigenetic regulation and involves transcriptional activation of NEUROD1 and NEUROGENIN2. The human astrocyte-converted neurons can survive for >5 months in culture and form functional synaptic networks with synchronous burst activities. The chemically reprogrammed human neurons can also survive for >1 month in the mouse brain in vivo and integrate into local circuits. Our study opens a new avenue using chemical compounds to reprogram reactive glial cells into functional neurons.
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159
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Gopalakrishnan S, Hor P, Ichida JK. New approaches for direct conversion of patient fibroblasts into neural cells. Brain Res 2015; 1656:2-13. [PMID: 26475975 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent landmark studies have demonstrated the production of disease-relevant human cell types by two different methods; differentiation of stem cells using external morphogens or lineage conversion using genetic factors. Directed differentiation changes embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into a desired cell type by providing developmental cues in an in vitro environment. Direct reprogramming is achieved by the introduction of exogenous lineage specific transcription factors to convert any somatic cell type into another, thereby bypassing an intermediate pluripotent stage. A variety of somatic cell types such as blood, keratinocytes and fibroblasts can be used to derive iPSC cells. However, the process is time consuming,laborious, expensive and gives rise to cells with reported epigenetic heterogeneity even amongst different iPSC lines from same patient which could propagate phenotypic variability. A major concern with the use of pluripotent cells as starting material for cell replacement therapy is their incomplete differentiation and their propensity to form tumors following transplantation. In comparison, transcription factor mediated reprogramming offers a direct route to target cell types. This could allow for rapid comparison of large cohorts of patient and control samples at a given time for disease modeling. Additionally, transcription factors that drive maturation may yield more functionally mature cells than directed differentiation. Several studies have demonstrated the feasibility of generating of cell types such as cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and neurons from fibroblasts. Here, we will discuss recent advances and key challenges regarding direct reprogramming of somatic cell types into diverse neural cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Exploiting human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhasni Gopalakrishnan
- University of Southern California, Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad, CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Pooja Hor
- University of Southern California, Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad, CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Justin K Ichida
- University of Southern California, Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad, CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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160
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Cheng L, Gao L, Guan W, Mao J, Hu W, Qiu B, Zhao J, Yu Y, Pei G. Direct conversion of astrocytes into neuronal cells by drug cocktail. Cell Res 2015; 25:1269-72. [PMID: 26427716 PMCID: PMC4650423 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Longfei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wuqiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianxin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Binlong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yongchun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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161
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Fu Y, Huang C, Xu X, Gu H, Ye Y, Jiang C, Qiu Z, Xie X. Direct reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes with chemical cocktails. Cell Res 2015; 25:1013-24. [PMID: 26292833 PMCID: PMC4559819 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct conversion, or transdifferentiation, of non-cardiac cells into cardiomyocytes by forced expression of transcription factors and microRNAs provides promising approaches for cardiac regeneration. However, genetic manipulations raise safety concerns and are thus not desirable in most clinical applications. The discovery of full chemically induced pluripotent stem cells suggest the possibility of replacing transcription factors with chemical cocktails. Here, we report the generation of automatically beating cardiomyocyte-like cells from mouse fibroblasts using only chemical cocktails. These chemical-induced cardiomyocyte-like cells (CiCMs) express cardiomyocyte-specific markers, exhibit sarcomeric organization, and possess typical cardiac calcium flux and electrophysiological features. Genetic lineage tracing confirms the fibroblast origin of these CiCMs. Further studies show the generation of CiCMs passes through a cardiac progenitor stage instead of a pluripotent stage. Bypassing the use of viral-derived factors, this proof of concept study lays a foundation for in vivo cardiac transdifferentiation with pharmacological agents and possibly safer treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chenwen Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinxiu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Youqiong Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zilong Qiu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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162
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Mirakhori F, Zeynali B, Rassouli H, Shahbazi E, Hashemizadeh S, Kiani S, Salekdeh GH, Baharvand H. Induction of Neural Progenitor-Like Cells from Human Fibroblasts via a Genetic Material-Free Approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135479. [PMID: 26266943 PMCID: PMC4534403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A number of studies generated induced neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) from human fibroblasts by viral delivering defined transcription factors. However, the potential risks associated with gene delivery systems have limited their clinical use. We propose it would be safer to induce neural progenitor-like cells from human adult fibroblasts via a direct non-genetic alternative approach. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we have reported that seven rounds of TAT-SOX2 protein transduction in a defined chemical cocktail under a 3D sphere culture gradually morphed fibroblasts into neuroepithelial-like colonies. We were able to expand these cells for up to 20 passages. These cells could give rise to cells that expressed neurons and glia cell markers both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions/Significance These results show that our approach is beneficial for the genetic material-free generation of iNPCs from human fibroblasts where small chemical molecules can provide a valuable, viable strategy to boost and improve induction in a 3D sphere culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Mirakhori
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Zeynali
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Rassouli
- Department of Stem cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Shahbazi
- Department of Stem cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Hashemizadeh
- Department of Stem cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Stem cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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163
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Induced neural stem/precursor cells for fundamental studies and potential application in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:589-600. [PMID: 26077704 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-015-1527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown that defined sets of exogenous factors are sufficient to convert rodent and human somatic cells directly into induced neural stem cells or neural precursor cells (iNSCs/iNPCs). The process of transdifferentiation bypasses the step of a pluripotent state and reduces the risk of tumorigenesis and genetic instability while retaining the self-renewing capacity. This iNSC/iNPC technology has fueled much excitement in regenerative medicine, as these cells can be differentiated into target cells for re placement therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Patients' somatic cell-derived iNSCs/iNPCs have also been proposed to serve as disease models with potential value in both fundamental studies and clinical applications. This review focuses on the mechanisms, techniques, and app lications of iNSCs/iNPCs from a series of related studies, as well as further efforts in designing novel strategies using iNSC/iNPC technology and its potential applications in neurodegenerative diseases.
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164
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Ichida JK, Kiskinis E. Probing disorders of the nervous system using reprogramming approaches. EMBO J 2015; 34:1456-77. [PMID: 25925386 PMCID: PMC4474524 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The groundbreaking technologies of induced pluripotency and lineage conversion have generated a genuine opportunity to address fundamental aspects of the diseases that affect the nervous system. These approaches have granted us unrestricted access to the brain and spinal cord of patients and have allowed for the study of disease in the context of human cells, expressing physiological levels of proteins and under each patient's unique genetic constellation. Along with this unprecedented opportunity have come significant challenges, particularly in relation to patient variability, experimental design and data interpretation. Nevertheless, significant progress has been achieved over the past few years both in our ability to create the various neural subtypes that comprise the nervous system and in our efforts to develop cellular models of disease that recapitulate clinical findings identified in patients. In this Review, we present tables listing the various human neural cell types that can be generated and the neurological disease modeling studies that have been reported, describe the current state of the field, highlight important breakthroughs and discuss the next steps and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Ichida
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad, CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evangelos Kiskinis
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology & Clinical Neurological Sciences and Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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165
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Salmina AB, Kuvacheva NV, Morgun AV, Komleva YK, Pozhilenkova EA, Lopatina OL, Gorina YV, Taranushenko TE, Petrova LL. Glycolysis-mediated control of blood-brain barrier development and function. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:174-84. [PMID: 25900038 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) consists of differentiated cells integrating in one ensemble to control transport processes between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral blood. Molecular organization of BBB affects the extracellular content and cell metabolism in the CNS. Developmental aspects of BBB attract much attention in recent years, and barriergenesis is currently recognized as a very important and complex mechanism of CNS development and maturation. Metabolic control of angiogenesis/barriergenesis may be provided by glucose utilization within the neurovascular unit (NVU). The role of glycolysis in the brain has been reconsidered recently, and it is recognized now not only as a process active in hypoxic conditions, but also as a mechanism affecting signal transduction, synaptic activity, and brain development. There is growing evidence that glycolysis-derived metabolites, particularly, lactate, affect barriergenesis and functioning of BBB. In the brain, lactate produced in astrocytes or endothelial cells can be transported to the extracellular space via monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), and may act on the adjoining cells via specific lactate receptors. Astrocytes are one of the major sources of lactate production in the brain and significantly contribute to the regulation of BBB development and functioning. Active glycolysis in astrocytes is required for effective support of neuronal activity and angiogenesis, while endothelial cells regulate bioavailability of lactate for brain cells adjusting its bidirectional transport through the BBB. In this article, we review the current knowledge with regard to energy production in endothelial and astroglial cells within the NVU. In addition, we describe lactate-driven mechanisms and action of alternative products of glucose metabolism affecting BBB structural and functional integrity in developing and mature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla B Salmina
- Dept of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia.
| | - Natalia V Kuvacheva
- Dept of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Morgun
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia.
| | - Yulia K Komleva
- Dept of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia.
| | - Elena A Pozhilenkova
- Dept of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia.
| | - Olga L Lopatina
- Dept of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia.
| | - Yana V Gorina
- Dept of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia.
| | - Tatyana E Taranushenko
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia.
| | - Lyudmila L Petrova
- Dept of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, P. Zheleznyaka Str. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia.
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166
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Lai S, Zhang M, Xu D, Zhang Y, Qiu L, Tian C, Zheng JC. Direct reprogramming of induced neural progenitors: a new promising strategy for AD treatment. Transl Neurodegener 2015; 4:7. [PMID: 25949812 PMCID: PMC4422611 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-015-0028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prominent form of dementia, characterized by aggregation of the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, loss of synapses and neurons, and degeneration of cognitive functions. Currently, although a variety of medications can relieve some of the symptoms, there is no cure for AD. Recent breakthroughs in the stem cell field provide promising strategies for AD treatment. Stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are potentials for AD treatment. However, the limitation of cell sources, safety issues, and ethical issues restrict their applications in AD. Recently, the direct reprogramming of induced neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) has shed light on the treatment of AD. In this review, we will discuss the latest progress, challenges, and potential applications of direct reprogramming in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiang Lai
- />Tenth People’s Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Min Zhang
- />Tenth People’s Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- />Tenth People’s Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
- />University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
| | - Yiying Zhang
- />Tenth People’s Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Lisha Qiu
- />Tenth People’s Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Changhai Tian
- />Tenth People’s Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
- />University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
| | - Jialin Charlie Zheng
- />Tenth People’s Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
- />University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
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167
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Mirakhori F, Zeynali B, Kiani S, Baharvand H. Brief azacytidine step allows the conversion of suspension human fibroblasts into neural progenitor-like cells. CELL JOURNAL 2015; 17:153-8. [PMID: 25870845 PMCID: PMC4393664 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2015.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years transdifferentiation technology has enabled direct conversion of human
fibroblasts to become a valuable, abundant and accessible cell source for patient-specific
induced cell generation in biomedical research. The majority of transdifferentiation approaches rely upon viral gene delivery which due to random integration with the host
genome can cause genome instability and tumorigenesis upon transplantation. Here, we
provide a simple way to induce neural progenitor-like cells from human fibroblasts without genetic manipulation by changing physicochemical culture properties from monolayer
culture into a suspension in the presence of a chemical DNA methyltransferase inhibitor
agent, Azacytidine. We have demonstrated the expression of neural progenitor-like markers, morphology and the ability to spontaneously differentiate into neural-like cells. This
approach is simple, inexpensive, lacks genetic manipulation and could be a foundation for
future chemical neural transdifferentiation and a safe induction of neural progenitor cells
from human fibroblasts for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Mirakhori
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Zeynali
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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168
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Huang Y, Tan S. Direct lineage conversion of astrocytes to induced neural stem cells or neurons. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:357-67. [PMID: 25854678 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells in 2006, cellular reprogramming has attracted increasing attention as a revolutionary strategy for cell replacement therapy. Recent advances have revealed that somatic cells can be directly converted into other mature cell types, which eliminates the risk of neoplasia and the generation of undesired cell types. Astrocytes become reactive and undergo proliferation, which hampers axon regeneration following injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. An emerging technique to directly reprogram astrocytes into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) and induced neurons (iNs) by neural fate determinants brings potential hope to cell replacement therapy for the above neurological problems. Here, we discuss the development of direct reprogramming of various cell types into iNs and iNSCs, then detail astrocyte-derived iNSCs and iNs in vivo and in vitro. Finally, we highlight the unsolved challenges and opportunities for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Huang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
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169
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Mirakhori F, Zeynali B, Rassouli H, Hosseini Salekdeh G, Baharvand H. Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into dopaminergic neural progenitor-like cells using TAT-mediated protein transduction of recombinant factors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:655-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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170
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Dai P, Harada Y, Takamatsu T. Highly efficient direct conversion of human fibroblasts to neuronal cells by chemical compounds. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2015; 56:166-70. [PMID: 26060345 PMCID: PMC4454078 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct conversion of mammalian fibroblasts into induced neuronal (iN) cells has been attained by forced expression of pro-neural transcriptional factors, or by combining defined factors with either microRNAs or small molecules. Here, we show that neuronal cells can be converted from postnatal human fibroblasts into cell populations with neuronal purities of up to >80% using a combination of six chemical compounds. The chemical compound-induced neuronal cells (CiNCs) express neuron-specific proteins and functional neuron markers. The efficiency of CiNCs is unaffected by either the donor’s age or cellular senescence (passage number). We propose this chemical direct converting strategy as a potential approach for highly efficient generation of neuronal cells from human fibroblasts for such uses as in neural disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Dai
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Harada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Takamatsu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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171
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Suksuphew S, Noisa P. Neural stem cells could serve as a therapeutic material for age-related neurodegenerative diseases. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:502-511. [PMID: 25815135 PMCID: PMC4369507 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressively loss of neural and glial cells is the key event that leads to nervous system dysfunctions and diseases. Several neurodegenerative diseases, for instance Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, are associated to aging and suggested to be a consequence of deficiency of neural stem cell pool in the affected brain regions. Endogenous neural stem cells exist throughout life and are found in specific niches of human brain. These neural stem cells are responsible for the regeneration of new neurons to restore, in the normal circumstance, the functions of the brain. Endogenous neural stem cells can be isolated, propagated, and, notably, differentiated to most cell types of the brain. On the other hand, other types of stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells can also serve as a source for neural stem cell production, that hold a great promise for regeneration of the brain. The replacement of neural stem cells, either endogenous or stem cell-derived neural stem cells, into impaired brain is highly expected as a possible therapeutic mean for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, clinical features and current routinely treatments of age-related neurodegenerative diseases are documented. Noteworthy, we presented the promising evidence of neural stem cells and their derivatives in curing such diseases, together with the remaining challenges to achieve the best outcome for patients.
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172
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Castaño J, Menendez P, Bruzos-Cidon C, Straccia M, Sousa A, Zabaleta L, Vazquez N, Zubiarrain A, Sonntag KC, Ugedo L, Carvajal-Vergara X, Canals JM, Torrecilla M, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Giorgetti A. Fast and efficient neural conversion of human hematopoietic cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:1118-31. [PMID: 25458894 PMCID: PMC4264063 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons obtained directly from human somatic cells hold great promise for disease modeling and drug screening. Available protocols rely on overexpression of transcription factors using integrative vectors and are often slow, complex, and inefficient. We report a fast and efficient approach for generating induced neural cells (iNCs) directly from human hematopoietic cells using Sendai virus. Upon SOX2 and c-MYC expression, CD133-positive cord blood cells rapidly adopt a neuroepithelial morphology and exhibit high expansion capacity. Under defined neurogenic culture conditions, they express mature neuronal markers and fire spontaneous action potentials that can be modulated with neurotransmitters. SOX2 and c-MYC are also sufficient to convert peripheral blood mononuclear cells into iNCs. However, the conversion process is less efficient and resulting iNCs have limited expansion capacity and electrophysiological activity upon differentiation. Our study demonstrates rapid and efficient generation of iNCs from hematopoietic cells while underscoring the impact of target cells on conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Castaño
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Cristina Bruzos-Cidon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Marco Straccia
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Amaia Sousa
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Lorea Zabaleta
- Cell Reprogramming and Differentiation Platform, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Nerea Vazquez
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Amaia Zubiarrain
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain; Cell Reprogramming and Differentiation Platform, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Kai-Christian Sonntag
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Luisa Ugedo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | | | - Josep Maria Canals
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Maria Torrecilla
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | | | - Alessandra Giorgetti
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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173
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Wu J, Sheng C, Liu Z, Jia W, Wang B, Li M, Fu L, Ren Z, An J, Sang L, Song G, Wu Y, Xu Y, Wang S, Chen Z, Zhou Q, Zhang YA. Lmx1a enhances the effect of iNSCs in a PD model. Stem Cell Res 2014; 14:1-9. [PMID: 25460246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lmx1a plays a central role in the specification of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, which potentially could be employed as a key factor for trans-differentiation to DA neurons. In our previous study, we have converted somatic cells directly into neural stem cell-like cells, namely induced neural stem cells (iNSCs), which further can be differentiated into subtypes of neurons and glia in vitro. In the present study, we continued to test whether these iNSCs have therapeutic effects when transplanted into a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD), especially when Lmx1a was introduced into these iNSCs under a Nestin enhancer. iNSCs that over-expressed Lmx1a (iNSC-Lmx1a) gave rise to an increased yield of dopaminergic neurons and secreted a higher level of dopamine in vitro. When transplanted into mouse models of PD, both groups of mice showed decreased ipsilateral rotations; yet mice that received iNSC-Lmx1a vs. iNSC-GFP exhibited better recovery. Although few iNSCs survived 11weeks after transplantation, the improved motor performance in iNSC-Lmx1a group did correlate with a greater tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) signal abundance in the lesioned area of striatum, suggesting that iNSCs may have worked through a non-autonomous manner to enhance the functions of remaining endogenous dopaminergic neurons in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Wu
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhongfeng Liu
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Jia
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Li
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Fu
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Ren
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jing An
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Lisi Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gongru Song
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Central Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yanling Xu
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Y Alex Zhang
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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174
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Wu MZ, Li M, Liu GH, Izpisua Belmonte JC. A chemical approach to "rewire" neural progenitor cells. Cell Res 2014; 24:641-2. [PMID: 24743789 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from pluripotent stem cells including ESCs and iPSCs and derivation of NPCs from somatic tissues have been considered promising approaches that could be used therapeutically to restore function in patients suffering neurodegenerative diseases. A new study published in Cell Research shows, for the first time, the generation of NPCs from somatic cells by small molecule compounds under hypoxia without exogenous transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Zu Wu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mo Li
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- 1] National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China [2] Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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