151
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Willems HM, Xu Z, Peters BM. Polymicrobial Biofilm Studies: From Basic Science to Biofilm Control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3:36-44. [PMID: 27134811 DOI: 10.1007/s40496-016-0078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microbes rarely exist as single species planktonic forms as they have been commonly studied in the laboratory. Instead, the vast majority exists as part of complex polymicrobial biofilm communities attached to host and environmental surfaces. The oral cavity represents one of the most diverse and well-studied polymicrobial consortia. Despite a burgeoning field of mechanistic biofilm research within the past decades, our understanding of interactions that occur between microbial members within oral biofilms is still limited. Thus, the primary objective of this review is to focus on polymicrobial biofilm formation, microbial interactions and signaling events that mediate oral biofilm development, consequences of oral hygiene on both local and systemic disease, and potential therapeutic strategies to limit oral dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubertine Me Willems
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Brian M Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, 858 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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152
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Holliday R, Preshaw PM, Bowen L, Jakubovics NS. The ultrastructure of subgingival dental plaque, revealed by high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy. BDJ Open 2015; 1:15003. [PMID: 29607057 PMCID: PMC5842838 DOI: 10.1038/bdjopen.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives/Aims To explore the ultrastructure of subgingival dental plaque using high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and to investigate whether extracellular DNA (eDNA) could be visualised in ex vivo samples. Materials and Methods Ten patients were recruited who fulfilled the inclusion criteria (teeth requiring extraction with radiographic horizontal bone loss of over 50% and grade II/III mobility). In total, 12 teeth were extracted using a minimally traumatic technique. Roots were sectioned using a dental air turbine handpiece, under water cooling to produce 21 samples. Standard fixation and dehydration protocols were followed. For some samples, gold-labelled anti-DNA antibodies were applied before visualising biofilms by FE-SEM. Results High-resolution FE-SEMs of subgingival biofilm were obtained in 90% of the samples. The sectioning technique left dental plaque biofilms undisturbed. Copious amounts of extracellular material were observed in the plaque, which may have been eDNA as they had a similar appearance to labelled eDNA from in vitro studies. There was also evidence of membrane vesicles and open-ended tubular structures. Efforts to label eDNA with immune-gold antibodies were unsuccessful and eDNA was not clearly labelled. Conclusions High-resolution FE-SEM images were obtained of undisturbed subgingival ex vivo dental plaque biofilms. Important structural features were observed including extracellular polymeric material, vesicles and unusual open tubule structures that may be remnants of lysed cells. The application of an eDNA immune-gold-labelling technique, previously used successfully in in vitro samples, did not clearly identify eDNA in ex vivo samples. Further studies are needed to characterise the molecular composition of the observed extracellular matrix material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Holliday
- School of Dental Sciences, Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Philip M Preshaw
- School of Dental Sciences, Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Leon Bowen
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Nicholas S Jakubovics
- School of Dental Sciences, Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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153
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Jakubovics NS. Intermicrobial Interactions as a Driver for Community Composition and Stratification of Oral Biofilms. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:3662-75. [PMID: 26519790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The oral cavity is accessible to microorganisms, and biofilms are present throughout on hard and soft tissues. The shedding of epithelial cell layers is usually effective for controlling biofilm development on soft tissues. Innate immune mechanisms are not so effective against biofilms on tooth surfaces, and oral hygiene measures such as brushing and flossing are required for the periodic removal of dental plaque. Even with good oral hygiene, microbial communities accumulate on teeth in areas that are protected from mechanical abrasion forces. Changes in the composition of these biofilms are associated with oral diseases such as dental caries or periodontitis. Newly formed biofilms and more mature dental plaque each have a level of spatial organization in the horizontal and vertical planes. Communities are shaped by many varied interactions between different species and genera within the biofilm, which include physical cell-cell associations known as coaggregation, interspecies signaling, secretion and turnover of antimicrobial compounds and the sharing of an extracellular matrix. Central to these interactions is the selection for metabolic synergies and it is becoming clear that the ability of communities to extract the maximum energy from the available metabolites is a potent driver for biofilm structure and stratification. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of intermicrobial interactions in oral biofilms and the roles that they play in determining the spatial organization of biofilm communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Jakubovics
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, United Kingdom.
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154
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Jesionowski AM, Mansfield JM, Brittan JL, Jenkinson HF, Vickerman MM. Transcriptome analysis of Streptococcus gordonii Challis DL1 indicates a role for the biofilm-associated fruRBA operon in response to Candida albicans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:314-28. [PMID: 26280461 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple levels of interkingdom signaling have been implicated in maintaining the ecological balance between Candida albicans and commensal streptococci to assure a state of oral health. To better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the initial streptococcal response to the presence of C. albicans that can initiate oral surface colonization and biofilm formation, hypha-forming cells were incubated with Streptococcus gordonii cells for 30 min to assess the streptococcal transcriptome response. A genome-wide microarray analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation of S. gordonii transcripts identified a number of genes, the majority of which were involved in metabolic functions that were differentially expressed in the presence of hyphae. The fruR, fruB, and fruA genes encoding the transcriptional regulator, fructose-1-phosphate kinase, and fructose-specific permease, respectively, of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent fructose phosphotransferase system, were consistently upregulated. An S. gordonii mutant in which these genes were deleted by allelic replacement formed an architecturally distinct, less robust biofilm with C. albicans than did parental strain cells. Complementing the mutant with plasmid borne fruR, fruB, and fruA genes caused phenotype reversion, indicating that the genes in this operon played a role in dual-species biofilm formation. This genome-wide analysis of the S. gordonii transcriptional response to C. albicans has identified several genes that have potential roles in interkingdom signaling and responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Jesionowski
- Department of Oral Biology and Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J M Mansfield
- Department of Oral Biology and Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J L Brittan
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - H F Jenkinson
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M M Vickerman
- Department of Oral Biology and Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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155
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Szafrański SP, Deng ZL, Tomasch J, Jarek M, Bhuju S, Meisinger C, Kühnisch J, Sztajer H, Wagner-Döbler I. Functional biomarkers for chronic periodontitis and insights into the roles of Prevotella nigrescens and Fusobacterium nucleatum; a metatranscriptome analysis. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2015; 1:15017. [PMID: 28721234 PMCID: PMC5515211 DOI: 10.1038/npjbiofilms.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Periodontitis is the most prevalent inflammatory disease worldwide and is caused by a dysbiotic subgingival biofilm. Here we used metatranscriptomics to determine the functional shift from health to periodontitis, the response of individual species to dysbiosis and to discover biomarkers. METHODS Sixteen individuals were studied, from which six were diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Illumina sequencing of the total messenger RNA (mRNA) yielded ~42 million reads per sample. A total of 324 human oral taxon phylotypes and 366,055 open reading frames from the HOMD database reference genomes were detected. RESULTS The transcriptionally active community shifted from Bacilli and Actinobacteria in health to Bacteroidia, Deltaproteobacteria, Spirochaetes and Synergistetes in periodontitis. Clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) related to carbohydrate transport and catabolism dominated in health, whereas protein degradation and amino acid catabolism dominated in disease. The LEfSe, random forest and support vector machine methods were applied to the 2,000 most highly expressed genes and discovered the three best functional biomarkers, namely haem binding protein HmuY from Porphyromonas gingivalis, flagellar filament core protein FlaB3 from Treponema denticola, and repeat protein of unknown function from Filifactor alocis. They predicted the diagnosis correctly for 14 from 16 individuals, and when applied to an independent study misclassified one out of six subjects only. Prevotella nigrescens shifted from commensalism to virulence by upregulating the expression of metalloproteases and the haem transporter. Expression of genes for the synthesis of the cytotoxic short-chain fatty acid butyrate was observed by Fusobacterium nucleatum under all conditions. Four additional species contributed to butyrate synthesis in periodontitis and they used an additional pathway. CONCLUSION Gene biomarkers of periodontitis are highly predictive. The pro-inflammatory role of F. nucelatum is not related to butyrate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon P Szafrański
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Zhi-Luo Deng
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Tomasch
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Jarek
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sabin Bhuju
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Kühnisch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
| | - Helena Sztajer
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Wagner-Döbler
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
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156
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Arvanitis M, Mylonakis E. Fungal-bacterial interactions and their relevance in health. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1442-6. [PMID: 26243723 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cross-kingdom interactions between bacteria and fungi are a common occurrence in the environment. Recent studies have identified various types of interactions that either can take the form of a synergistic relationship or can result in an antagonistic interplay with the subsequent destruction or inhibition of growth of bacteria, fungi or both. This cross-kingdom communication is of particular significance in human health and disease, as bacteria and fungi commonly colonize various human surfaces and their interactions can at times alter the outcome of invasive infections. Moreover, mixed infections from both bacteria and fungi are relatively common among critically ill patients and individuals with weak immune responses. The purpose of this review is to summarize our knowledge on the type of interactions between bacteria and fungi and their relevance in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Arvanitis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Internal Medicine Department, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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157
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Koo H, Bowen WH. Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans: a potential synergistic alliance to cause virulent tooth decay in children. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:1295-7. [PMID: 25517895 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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158
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Abstract
Developments in the use of genomics to guide natural product discovery and a recent emphasis on understanding the molecular mechanisms of microbiota-host interactions have converged on the discovery of small molecules from the human microbiome. Here, we review what is known about small molecules produced by the human microbiota. Numerous molecules representing each of the major metabolite classes have been found that have a variety of biological activities, including immune modulation and antibiosis. We discuss technologies that will affect how microbiota-derived molecules are discovered in the future and consider the challenges inherent in finding specific molecules that are critical for driving microbe-host and microbe-microbe interactions and understanding their biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Donia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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159
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Reck M, Tomasch J, Wagner-Döbler I. The Alternative Sigma Factor SigX Controls Bacteriocin Synthesis and Competence, the Two Quorum Sensing Regulated Traits in Streptococcus mutans. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005353. [PMID: 26158727 PMCID: PMC4497675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Two small quorum sensing (QS) peptides regulate competence in S. mutans in a cell density dependent manner: XIP (sigX inducing peptide) and CSP (competence stimulating peptide). Depending on the environmental conditions isogenic S. mutans cells can split into a competent and non-competent subpopulation. The origin of this population heterogeneity has not been experimentally determined and it is unknown how the two QS systems are connected. We developed a toolbox of single and dual fluorescent reporter strains and systematically knocked out key genes of the competence signaling cascade in the reporter strain backgrounds. By following signal propagation on the single cell level we discovered that the master regulator of competence, the alternative sigma factor SigX, directly controls expression of the response regulator for bacteriocin synthesis ComE. Consequently, a SigX binding motif (cin-box) was identified in the promoter region of comE. Overexpressing the genetic components involved in competence development demonstrated that ComRS represents the origin of bimodality and determines the modality of the downstream regulators SigX and ComE. Moreover these analysis showed that there is no direct regulatory link between the two QS signaling cascades. Competence is induced through a hierarchical XIP signaling cascade, which has no regulatory input from the CSP cascade. CSP exclusively regulates bacteriocin synthesis. We suggest renaming it mutacin inducing peptide (MIP). Finally, using phosphomimetic comE mutants we show that unimodal bacteriocin production is controlled posttranslationally, thus solving the puzzling observation that in complex media competence is observed in a subpopulation only, while at the same time all cells produce bacteriocins. The control of both bacteriocin synthesis and competence through the alternative sigma-factor SigX suggests that S. mutans increases its genetic repertoire via QS controlled predation on neighboring species in its natural habitat. Streptococcus mutans is a bacterium of the human dental plaque that contributes to caries development. It controls two important survival mechanisms via a cell-density dependent communication system (quorum sensing): The synthesis of peptide antibiotics, and of a membrane apparatus for genetic competence, i.e. the ability to take up external DNA and integrate it into its own genome. S. mutans synthesizes two different signalling peptides to this end. It has remained elusive, how exactly these signals are propagated within the cell and why only a fraction of the population becomes competent. To actually observe under the microscope which bacterium in the population is activated, and which genes are required for the activation, we constructed strains of S. mutans that reported on the transcription of a gene by starting to fluoresce green. We even constructed strains that reported on two genes simultaneously, by fluorescing either green or blue or both. With these tools, and by additionally knocking out or modifying key genes as needed, we investigated the complete signaling cascade under various conditions. Thus we discovered a central regulatory switch. S. mutans makes sure that external DNA is available when it becomes genetically competent–by killing cells in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reck
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Department of Medical Microbiology, Group Microbial Communication, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jürgen Tomasch
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Department of Medical Microbiology, Group Microbial Communication, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Wagner-Döbler
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Department of Medical Microbiology, Group Microbial Communication, Braunschweig, Germany
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160
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Dharmaprakash A, Thandavarayan R, Joseph I, Thomas S. Development of broad-spectrum antibiofilm drugs: strategies and challenges. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1035-48. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The severity of many chronic bacterial infections is mainly due to the biofilm mode of life adapted by pathogenic bacteria. The bacteria in biofilm-stage exhibit high resistance to host immune responses and antimicrobials, which complicates the treatment process and results in life threatening conditions. Most of the chronic infections are polymicrobial in nature. In order to combat the polymicrobial biofilm infections and to increase the efficiency of antimicrobials, there is an urgent need for broad-spectrum antibiofilm drugs. This review discusses the clinical needs and current status of broad-spectrum antibiofilm drugs with special emphasis on prospective strategies and hurdles in the process of new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilandeswarre Dharmaprakash
- Cholera & Biofilm Research Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 014, Kerala, India
| | | | - Iype Joseph
- Pathogen Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- Cholera & Biofilm Research Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 014, Kerala, India
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161
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Nobbs AH, Jenkinson HF. Interkingdom networking within the oral microbiome. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:484-92. [PMID: 25805401 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Different sites within the oropharynx harbour unique microbial communities. Co-evolution of microbes and host has resulted in complex interkingdom circuitries. Metabolic signalling is crucial to these processes, and novel microbial communication factors are progressively being discovered. Resolving interkingdom networks will lead to better understanding of oral health or disease aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H Nobbs
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom
| | - Howard F Jenkinson
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom.
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162
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Jack AA, Daniels DE, Jepson MA, Vickerman MM, Lamont RJ, Jenkinson HF, Nobbs AH. Streptococcus gordonii comCDE (competence) operon modulates biofilm formation with Candida albicans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 161:411-421. [PMID: 25505189 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a pleiomorphic fungus that forms mixed species biofilms with Streptococcus gordonii, an early colonizer of oral cavity surfaces. Activation of quorum sensing (QS; intercellular signalling) promotes monospecies biofilm development by these micro-organisms, but the role of QS in mixed species communities is not understood. The comCDE genes in S. gordonii encode a sensor-regulator system (ComDE), which is activated by the comC gene product (CSP, competence stimulating peptide) and modulates expression of QS-regulated genes. Dual species biofilms of S. gordonii ΔcomCDE or ΔcomC mutants with C. albicans showed increased biomass compared to biofilms of S. gordonii DL1 wild-type with C. albicans. The ΔcomCDE mutant dual species biofilms in particular contained more extracellular DNA (eDNA), and could be dispersed with DNase I or protease treatment. Exogenous CSP complemented the S. gordonii ΔcomC transformation deficiency, as well as the ΔcomC-C. albicans biofilm phenotype. Purified CSP did not affect C. albicans hyphal filament formation but inhibited monospecies biofilm formation by C. albicans. The results suggest that the S. gordonii comCDE QS-system modulates the production of eDNA and the incorporation of C. albicans into dual species biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A Jack
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Debbie E Daniels
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.,School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Mark A Jepson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - M Margaret Vickerman
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, 223 Foster Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, 501 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Howard F Jenkinson
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
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163
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Conrads G, de Soet JJ, Song L, Henne K, Sztajer H, Wagner-Döbler I, Zeng AP. Comparing the cariogenic species Streptococcus sobrinus and S. mutans on whole genome level. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:26189. [PMID: 25475081 PMCID: PMC4256546 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.26189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Two closely related species of mutans streptococci, namely Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, are associated with dental caries in humans. Their acidogenic and aciduric capacity is directly associated with the cariogenic potential of these bacteria. To survive acidic and temporarily harsh conditions in the human oral cavity with hundreds of other microbial co-colonizers as competitors, both species have developed numerous mechanisms for adaptation. Objectives The recently published novel genome information for both species is used to elucidate genetic similarities but especially differences and to discuss the impact on cariogenicity of the corresponding phenotypic properties including adhesion, carbohydrate uptake and fermentation, acid tolerance, signaling by two component systems, competence, and oxidative stress resistance. Conclusions S. sobrinus can down-regulate the SpaA-mediated adherence to the pellicle. It has a smaller number of two-component signaling systems and bacteriocin-related genes than S. mutans, but all or even more immunity proteins. It lacks the central competence genes comC, comS, and comR. There are more genes coding for glucosyltransferases and a novel energy production pathway formed by lactate oxidase, which is not found in S. mutans. Both species show considerable differences in the regulation of fructan catabolism. However, both S. mutans and S. sobrinus share most of these traits and should therefore be considered as equally virulent with regard to dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry & Periodontology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany;
| | - Johannes J de Soet
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lifu Song
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems, Technical University Hamburg, Harburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Henne
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry & Periodontology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Helena Sztajer
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Group Microbial Communication, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Wagner-Döbler
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Group Microbial Communication, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems, Technical University Hamburg, Harburg, Germany
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164
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Du Toit A. Two kingdoms come together. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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