151
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Venault A, Huang YC, Lo JW, Chou CJ, Chinnathambi A, Higuchi A, Chen WS, Chen WY, Chang Y. Tunable PEGylation of branch-type PEI/DNA polyplexes with a compromise of low cytotoxicity and high transgene expression: in vitro and in vivo gene delivery. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:4732-4744. [PMID: 32264316 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01046j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although PEGylated polyplexes for gene delivery are widespread, there is a need for an in-depth investigation of the role of the PEGylation degree on the delivery efficiency of the systems. For this, a low-toxicity series of polymers for gene delivery were designed via Michael addition of poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) onto branched polyethylenimine PEI. The goal was to finely tune the PEGylation degree in order to determine the system offering the best compromise between low cytotoxicity and high transfection efficiency under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. From dynamic light scattering tests, zeta potential measurements and gel retardation assay, it was found that nanoparticle assembly of PEI-g-PEGMA and DNA exhibited stable complex formation when the PEGylation degree was below 2.9%. In addition, complexes formed from polymers with a PEGylation degree of at least 1.67% (from PEI-g-PEGMA-6 to PEI-g-PEGMA-18) all showed very low hemolysis activity. Transfection efficiencies of the prepared complexes were determined using the pEGFP-C3 vector and β-galactosidase. Complexes made of PEI-g-PEGMA-6 and PEI-g-PEGMA-10 at a polymer nitrogen/DNA phosphorus weight ratio (Wn/Wp) of 5 led to the best transfection efficiencies. Moreover, PEGylation ensured low cytotoxicity of the complexes in particular at high Wn/Wp ratios. In vivo tests in a mouse model confirmed the in vitro results obtained for PEI-g-PEGMA-6-based complexes, at all Wn/Wp ratios tested, but also showed that a high PEGylation degree (5.2% for PEI-g-PEGMA-18), though inefficient in vitro could still lead to successful delivery in vivo, due to a prolonged contact time between the complex and the cells, and to the change in the biological environment. Overall, provided a fine tuning of the grafting density of PEGMA onto PEI and the polymer nitrogen/DNA phosphorus weight ratio, our results prove that PEI-g-PEGMA polymers constitute an efficient platform for successful in vitro and in vivo gene delivery, and ensure low cytotoxicity and prolonged cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Venault
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Jhong-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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152
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Nanomaterial-Enabled Cancer Therapy. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1501-1513. [PMID: 28532763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While cancer remains the major cause of death worldwide, nanomaterial (NM)-based diagnosis and treatment modalities are showing remarkable potential to better tackle clinical oncology by effectively targeting therapeutic agents to tumors. NMs can selectively accumulate in solid tumors, and they can improve the bioavailability and reduce the toxicity of encapsulated cytotoxic agents. Additional noteworthy functions of NMs in cancer treatment include the delivery of contrast agents to image tumor sites, delivery of genetic materials for gene therapy, and co-delivery of multiple agents to achieve combination therapy or simultaneous diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes. Although several NM therapeutics have been successfully translated to clinical applications, the gap between the bench and the bedside remains ominously wide. Tumor heterogeneity and the disparity between pre-clinical and clinical studies have been identified as two of the major translational challenges of NM-based cancer therapies. Herein, we review a handful of recent research studies on the use of NMs in cancer therapy and imaging, with a limited discussion on the consequences of tumor heterogeneity and pre-clinical studies on translational research of NM-based delivery systems and propositions in the literature to overcome these challenges.
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153
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Voronina N, Lemcke H, Wiekhorst F, Kühn JP, Frank M, Steinhoff G, David R. Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Magnetized miR-modified Endothelial Cells. J Vis Exp 2017:55567. [PMID: 28518114 PMCID: PMC5565141 DOI: 10.3791/55567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the available surgical and pharmacological treatments for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are limited and often palliative. At the same time, gene and cell therapies are highly promising alternative approaches for CVD treatment. However, the broad clinical application of gene therapy is greatly limited by the lack of suitable gene delivery systems. The development of appropriate gene delivery vectors can provide a solution to current challenges in cell therapy. In particular, existing drawbacks, such as limited efficiency and low cell retention in the injured organ, could be overcome by appropriate cell engineering (i.e., genetic) prior to transplantation. The presented protocol describes the efficient and safe transient modification of endothelial cells using a polyethyleneimine superparamagnetic magnetic nanoparticle (PEI/MNP)-based delivery vector. Also, the algorithm and methods for cell characterization are defined. The successful intracellular delivery of microRNA (miR) into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) has been achieved without affecting cell viability, functionality, or intercellular communication. Moreover, this approach was proven to cause a strong functional effect in introduced exogenous miR. Importantly, the application of this MNP-based vector ensures cell magnetization, with accompanying possibilities of magnetic targeting and non-invasive MRI tracing. This may provide a basis for magnetically guided, genetically engineered cell therapeutics that can be monitored non-invasively with MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Voronina
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock
| | - Heiko Lemcke
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock
| | | | - Jens-Peter Kühn
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
| | - Markus Frank
- Electron Microscopy Center, University of Rostock
| | - Gustav Steinhoff
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock
| | - Robert David
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock;
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154
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Chen J, Guan X, Hu Y, Tian H, Chen X. Peptide-Based and Polypeptide-Based Gene Delivery Systems. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:32. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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155
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Biodegradable nano-polymers as delivery vehicles for therapeutic small non-coding ribonucleic acids. J Control Release 2017; 245:116-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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156
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Abstract
Phosphonium salt-containing polymers have very recently started to emerge as attractive materials for engineering non-viral gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Loczenski Rose
- School of Pharmacy
- Boots Science Building
- University Park
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - Francesca Mastrotto
- School of Pharmacy
- Boots Science Building
- University Park
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - Giuseppe Mantovani
- School of Pharmacy
- Boots Science Building
- University Park
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
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157
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene regulation has recently emerged as a promising strategy to silence genes that drive disease progression. RNAi is typically mediated by small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs), which, upon delivery into the cell cytoplasm, trigger degradation of complementary messenger RNA molecules to halt production of their encoded proteins. While RNAi has enormous clinical potential, its in vivo utility has been hindered because siRNAs are rapidly degraded by nucleases, cannot passively enter cells, and are quickly cleared from the bloodstream. To overcome these delivery barriers, siRNAs can be conjugated to nanoparticles (NPs), which increase their stability and circulation time to enable in vivo gene regulation. Here, we present methods to conjugate siRNA duplexes to NPs with gold surfaces. Further, we describe how to quantify the resultant amount of siRNA sense and antisense strands loaded onto the NPs using a fluorescence-based assay. This method focuses on the attachment of siRNAs to 13 nm gold NPs, but it is adaptable to other types of nucleic acids and nanoparticles as discussed throughout the protocol.
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158
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Abstract
With the refinement of functional properties, the interest around biodegradable materials, in biorelated applications and, in particular, in their use as controlled drug-delivery systems, increased in the last decades. Biodegradable materials are an ideal platform to obtain nanoparticles for spatiotemporal controlled drug delivery for the in vivo administration, thanks to their biocompatibility, functionalizability, the control exerted on delivery rates and the complete degradation. Their application in systems for cancer treatment, brain and cardiovascular diseases is already a consolidated practice in research, while the bench-to-bedside translation is still late. This review aims at summarizing reported applications of biodegradable materials to obtain drug-delivery nanoparticles in the last few years, giving a complete overview of pros and cons related to degradable nanomedicaments.
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159
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Chen J, Liang H, Lin L, Guo Z, Sun P, Chen M, Tian H, Deng M, Chen X. Gold-Nanorods-Based Gene Carriers with the Capability of Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:31558-31566. [PMID: 27775317 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanoparticles with high gene transfection activity, low cytotoxicity, photoacoustic imaging ability, and photothermal therapeutic properties were prepared by conjugating low-molecular-weight polyethylenimine onto the surfaces of gold nanorods through the formation of stable S-Au bonded conjugates. Results revealed that the gene transfection efficiency of the prepared polyethylenimine-modified gold nanorods (GNRs-PEI1.8k) was higher and their cytotoxicity was less than those of the commercial reagent PEI25k. GNRs-PEI1.8k could also be potentially used as a photoacoustic and photothermal reagent to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and antitumor effects of gene/drug nanoparticles. Therefore, GNRs-PEI1.8k can be considered a promising candidate for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhaopei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao 999078, China
| | - Pingjie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao 999078, China
| | - Huayu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, China
| | - Mingxiao Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, China
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160
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Dutta D, Chattopadhyay A, Ghosh SS. Cationic BSA Templated Au–Ag Bimetallic Nanoclusters As a Theranostic Gene Delivery Vector for HeLa Cancer Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:2090-2098. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepanjalee Dutta
- Centre for Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biosciences
and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Arun Chattopadhyay
- Centre for Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biosciences
and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Centre for Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biosciences
and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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161
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Choi JH, Lee J, Shin W, Choi JW, Kim HJ. Priming nanoparticle-guided diagnostics and therapeutics towards human organs-on-chips microphysiological system. NANO CONVERGENCE 2016; 3:24. [PMID: 28191434 PMCID: PMC5271165 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-016-0084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology and bioengineering have converged over the past decades, by which the application of multi-functional nanoparticles (NPs) has been emerged in clinical and biomedical fields. The NPs primed to detect disease-specific biomarkers or to deliver biopharmaceutical compounds have beena validated in conventional in vitro culture models including two dimensional (2D) cell cultures or 3D organoid models. However, a lack of experimental models that have strong human physiological relevance has hampered accurate validation of the safety and functionality of NPs. Alternatively, biomimetic human "Organs-on-Chips" microphysiological systems have recapitulated the mechanically dynamic 3D tissue interface of human organ microenvironment, in which the transport, cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and therapeutic efficacy of NPs and their conjugates may be more accurately validated. Finally, integration of NP-guided diagnostic detection and targeted nanotherapeutics in conjunction with human organs-on-chips can provide a novel avenue to accelerate the NP-based drug development process as well as the rapid detection of cellular secretomes associated with pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ha Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Woojung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107 Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612 Republic of Korea
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162
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Merten OW, Wright JF. Towards routine manufacturing of gene therapy drugs. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2016; 3:16021. [PMID: 27110582 PMCID: PMC4830360 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J Fraser Wright
- Technology Development, Spark Therapeutics , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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