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de Sousa E Melo F, Colak S, Buikhuisen J, Koster J, Cameron K, de Jong JH, Tuynman JB, Prasetyanti PR, Fessler E, van den Bergh SP, Rodermond H, Dekker E, van der Loos CM, Pals ST, van de Vijver MJ, Versteeg R, Richel DJ, Vermeulen L, Medema JP. Methylation of cancer-stem-cell-associated Wnt target genes predicts poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 9:476-85. [PMID: 22056143 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gene signatures derived from cancer stem cells (CSCs) predict tumor recurrence for many forms of cancer. Here, we derived a gene signature for colorectal CSCs defined by high Wnt signaling activity, which in agreement with previous observations predicts poor prognosis. Surprisingly, however, we found that elevated expression of Wnt targets was actually associated with good prognosis, while patient tumors with low expression of Wnt target genes segregated with immature stem cell signatures. We discovered that several Wnt target genes, including ASCL2 and LGR5, become silenced by CpG island methylation during progression of tumorigenesis, and that their re-expression was associated with reduced tumor growth. Taken together, our data show that promoter methylation of Wnt target genes is a strong predictor for recurrence of colorectal cancer, and suggest that CSC gene signatures, rather than reflecting CSC numbers, may reflect differentiation status of the malignant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Sousa E Melo
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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152
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153
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Wang X, Tredget EE, Wu Y. Dynamic signals for hair follicle development and regeneration. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:7-18. [PMID: 21787229 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair follicles form during embryonic development and, after birth, undergo recurrent cycling of growth, regression, and relative quiescence. As a functional mini-organ, the hair follicle develops in an environment with dynamic and alternating changes of diverse molecular signals. Over the past decades, genetically engineered mouse models have been used to study hair follicle morphogenesis and significant advances have been made toward the identification of key signaling pathways and the regulatory genes involved. In contrast, much less is understood in signals regulating hair follicle regeneration. Like hair follicle development, hair follicle regeneration probably relies on populations of stem cells that undergo a highly coordinated and stepwise program of differentiation to produce the completed structure. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of the molecular signals underlying hair follicle morphogenesis and regeneration, with a focus on the initiation of the primary hair follicle structure placode. Knowledge about hair follicle morphogenesis may help develop novel therapeutic strategies to enhance cutaneous regeneration and improve wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Wang
- Life Science Division, Tsinghua University Graduate School at Shenzhen, China
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154
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Kawashima-Ohya Y, Narita Y, Nagashima H, Usuda R, Kuratani S. Hepatocyte growth factor is crucial for development of the carapace in turtles. Evol Dev 2011; 13:260-8. [PMID: 21535464 PMCID: PMC3121961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2011.00474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Turtles are characterized by their shell, composed of a dorsal carapace and a ventral plastron. The carapace first appears as the turtle-specific carapacial ridge (CR) on the lateral aspect of the embryonic flank. Accompanying the acquisition of the shell, unlike in other amniotes, hypaxial muscles in turtle embryos appear as thin threads of fibrous tissue. To understand carapacial evolution from the perspective of muscle development, we compared the development of the muscle plate, the anlage of hypaxial muscles, between the Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, and chicken embryos. We found that the ventrolateral lip (VLL) of the thoracic dermomyotome of P. sinensis delaminates early and produces sparse muscle plate in the lateral body wall. Expression patterns of the regulatory genes for myotome differentiation, such as Myf5, myogenin, Pax3, and Pax7 have been conserved among amniotes, including turtles. However, in P. sinensis embryos, the gene hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), encoding a regulatory factor for delamination of the dermomyotomal VLL, was uniquely expressed in sclerotome and the lateral body wall at the interlimb level. Implantation of COS-7 cells expressing a HGF antagonist into the turtle embryo inhibited CR formation. We conclude that the de novo expression of HGF in the turtle mesoderm would have played an innovative role resulting in the acquisition of the turtle-specific body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Kawashima-Ohya
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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155
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Filipovich A, Gehrke I, Poll-Wolbeck SJ, Kreuzer KA. Physiological inhibitors of Wnt signaling. Eur J Haematol 2011; 86:453-65. [PMID: 21342268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is crucial for cell proliferation and differentiation. It represents a complex network with mechanisms of self-regulation through positive and negative feedback. Recent increasing interest in this signaling pathway has led to the discovery of many new proteins that down-regulate Wnt activity. Here, we provide a short description of the most important and best-studied inhibitors, group them according to the target molecule within the Wnt cascade, and discuss their clinical potential. Although most of the inhibitors discussed here may also interact with proteins from other signaling pathways, we focus only on their ability to modulate Wnt signaling.
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156
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Farooq M, Ito M, Naito M, Shimomura Y. A case of monilethrix caused by novel compound heterozygous mutations in the desmoglein 4 (DSG4) gene. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:425-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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157
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Tanaka SS, Kojima Y, Yamaguchi YL, Nishinakamura R, Tam PPL. Impact of WNT signaling on tissue lineage differentiation in the early mouse embryo. Dev Growth Differ 2011; 53:843-56. [PMID: 21762130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2011.01292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
WNT signaling activity is involved in the regulation of many cellular functions, including proliferation, migration, cell fate specification, maintenance of pluripotency and induction of tumorigenicity. Here we summarize recent progress towards understanding the regulation of canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling activity through feedback regulatory loops involving the ligands, agonists and antagonists, the availability of intracellular pools of active β-catenin and the cross-regulation of the WNT activity by β-catenin independent pathway. We also review recent findings on the role of WNT/β-catenin signaling in tissue lineage differentiation during embryogenesis and the maintenance and self renewal of embryo-derived stem cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi S Tanaka
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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158
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Zhou C, Zang D, Jin Y, Wu H, Liu Z, Du J, Zhang J. Mutation in ribosomal protein L21 underlies hereditary hypotrichosis simplex. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:710-4. [PMID: 21412954 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hypotrichosis simplex (HHS) is a form of nonsyndromic inherited hair loss disorders without characteristic hair shaft changes, which has marked genetic and clinical heterogeneity. After mapping the locus to 13q12.12-12.3 in a Chinese family with a generalized variant of autosomal dominant HHS (ADHHS), exome sequencing was performed in an affected individual. The cause of the disease in this family was identified as a c.95G>A (p.Arg32Gln) mutation in the RPL21 gene, which encoding the ribosomal protein L21. This mutation cosegregated completely with the disease phenotype and was not observed in unaffected family members, 200 normal controls, the dbSNP database, the YH database or pilot data from the 1000 Genomes Project. Additionally, this mutation was found in two patients from another unrelated Chinese family with HHS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the involvement of a ribosomal protein gene mutation in a non-syndromic hair loss disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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159
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Kuratani S, Kuraku S, Nagashima H. Evolutionary developmental perspective for the origin of turtles: the folding theory for the shell based on the developmental nature of the carapacial ridge. Evol Dev 2011; 13:1-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2010.00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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160
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Masui Y, Farooq M, Sato N, Fujimoto A, Fujikawa H, Ito M, Shimomura Y. A Missense Mutation in the Death Domain of EDAR Abolishes the Interaction with EDARADD and Underlies Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia. Dermatology 2011; 223:74-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000330557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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161
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Wasif N, Naqvi SKUH, Basit S, Ali N, Ansar M, Ahmad W. Novel mutations in the keratin-74 (KRT74) gene underlie autosomal dominant woolly hair/hypotrichosis in Pakistani families. Hum Genet 2010; 129:419-24. [PMID: 21188418 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant woolly hair (ADWH) is an inherited condition of tightly curled and twisted scalp hair. Recently, a mutation in human keratin-74 (KRT74) gene has been shown to cause this form of hereditary hair disorder. In the present study, we have described two families (A and B) having multiple individuals affected with autosomal dominant form of hair loss disorders. In family A, 10 individuals showed ADWH phenotype while in the family B, 14 individuals showed hypotrichosis of the scalp. Genotyping using polymorphic microsatellite markers showed linkage of both the families to type II keratin gene cluster on the chromosome 12q12-14.1. Mutation analysis of the KRT74 gene identified two novel mutations in the affected individuals of the families. The sequence analysis revealed a splice acceptor site mutation (c.IVS8-1G>A) in family A and a missense variant (c.1444G>A, p.Asp482Asn) in family B. Mutations identified in the present study extend the body of evidence implicating the KRT74 gene in the pathogenesis of autosomal dominant hair loss disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Wasif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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162
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163
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Nahum S, Morice-Picard F, Taieb A, Sprecher E. A novel mutation in LPAR6 causes autosomal recessive hypotrichosis of the scalp. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 36:188-94. [PMID: 21070332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2010.03944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive hypotrichosis simplex (ARHS) presents with progressive hair loss mainly affecting the scalp area. In a small number of families, the condition has been associated with mutations in three distinct genes: DSG4, LIPH and LPAR6. AIM To identify the molecular basis of ARHS in a consanguineous family of Turkish extraction. METHODS We used a combination of microsatellite marker screening and direct sequencing. RESULTS We identified a novel missense mutation (c.C587T) in the human LPAR6 gene, resulting in the amino acid substitution p.P196L. The mutation affects a highly conserved amino acid residue, and is predicted to disrupt signalling through the P2Y5 receptor. CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence supporting a role for the lysophosphatidyl signalling pathway in hair growth and differentiation. In addition, this paper reports, for the first time to our knowledge, the use of homozygosity mapping as a premutation screening tool in the diagnosis of a group of inherited hair disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nahum
- Center for Translational Genetics, Rappaport Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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164
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Abstract
Wnt ligands are lipid-modified secreted glycoproteins that regulate embryonic development, cell fate specification, and the homeostasis of self-renewing adult tissues. In addition to its well-established role in thymocyte development, recent studies have indicated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is critical for the differentiation, polarization, and survival of mature T lymphocytes. Here, we describe our current understanding of Wnt signaling in the biology of post-thymic T cells, and discuss how harnessing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway might improve the efficacy of vaccines, T-cell-based therapies, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gattinoni
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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165
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Dereure O. [Hair and genes: continuing progress]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2010; 137:576-7. [PMID: 20804908 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Dereure
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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166
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Mansur AT, Elcioglu NH, Redler S, Serdar ZA, Cetinel S, Betz RC, Akarsu NA. Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis: A Turkish family with loss of eyebrows and a U2HR mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2628-33. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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167
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shimomura
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
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169
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Editors' Picks. J Invest Dermatol 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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170
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Basit S, Ali G, Wasif N, Ansar M, Ahmad W. Genetic mapping of a novel hypotrichosis locus to chromosome 7p21.3-p22.3 in a Pakistani family and screening of the candidate genes. Hum Genet 2010; 128:213-20. [PMID: 20544222 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hypotrichosis is a heterogeneous group of inherited hair loss disorders characterized by diffused or localized thinning or absence of hair affecting scalp, eyebrows and eyelashes, and other body parts. Over the past few years, at least four autosomal dominant and six autosomal recessive forms of hypotrichosis have been described. All these ten forms of hypotrichosis have been mapped on different human chromosomes and the corresponding genes have been identified in most of these cases. In the present study, we have described a six-generation Pakistani consanguineous family with an autosomal recessive transmission of hereditary hypotrichosis. All the five affected individuals of the family showed complete absence of scalp hair and sparse eyebrows and eyelashes. They were born with complete absence of scalp hairs. Facial hair of beard and mustaches were present in all the affected adult male individuals. Papules were observed only on scalp of the affected individuals. A scalp biopsy from an affected individual showed markedly reduced number of hair follicles. Human genome scan using polymorphic microsatellite markers mapped the disease locus on chromosome 7p21.3-p22.3, flanked by markers D7S1532 and D7S3047. A maximum two-point LOD score of 4.74 (theta = 0.00) was obtained at marker D7S481. The linkage interval spans 15.69 cM, which corresponds to 6.59 Mb according to the sequence-based physical map (Build 36.2). Mutation analysis of five potential candidate genes (GNA12, FOXK1, DAGLB, ZNF12, ACTB), located in the linkage interval, did not reveal any functional sequence variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulman Basit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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