151
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Luo J, Zhang J, Huang X, Liu Q, Luo B, Zhang W, Rao Z, Yu Y. Characteristics, evolution, and regional differences of biomass burning particles in the Sichuan Basin, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 89:35-46. [PMID: 31892400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Sichuan Basin has experienced serious air pollution from fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the past few years with biomass burning has been identified as a major source of PM2.5 in this region. We used single particle aerosol mass spectrometer to investigate the characteristics of biomass burning particles in three interacting cities representing different types of urban environment in the Sichuan Basin. A total of 739,794, 279,610, and 380,636 biomass burning particles were detected at Ya'an, Guang'an, and Chengdu, which represented 42%, 69%, and 61%, respectively, of the total number of particles. We analyzed the chemical composition, transportation, and evolution of biomass burning particles. The contribution of K-elemental carbon and K-secondary inorganic particles was highest in Ya'an (36%) and Guang'an (47%), respectively, reflecting the important role of fresh biomass burning particles and long-distance transport in these two cities. Air masses originating from different directions corresponded to different levels of PM2.5 and the contributions of polluted clusters increased significantly on polluted days. Fresh and secondary inorganic biomass burning particles increased pollution at Ya'an and Guang'an, respectively, but dominated different stages of pollution in Chengdu. K-nitrate particles were formed by photochemical reactions, whereas K-sulfate particles were formed by both photochemical and liquid-phase reactions. Investigation of the degree of particle aging showed that there were more fresh particles at Ya'an and more aged particles at Guang'an. These results are useful in helping our understanding of the characteristics of biomass burning particles and evaluating their role in PM2.5 pollution in the Sichuan Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqi Luo
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Junke Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Huang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610074, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610074, China
| | - Zhihan Rao
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610074, China
| | - Yangchun Yu
- Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan 250101, China
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152
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Huang Y, Unger N, Harper K, Heyes C. Global Climate and Human Health Effects of the Gasoline and Diesel Vehicle Fleets. GEOHEALTH 2020; 4:e2019GH000240. [PMID: 32190790 PMCID: PMC7065981 DOI: 10.1029/2019gh000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The global gasoline and diesel fuel vehicle fleets impose substantial impacts on air quality, human health, and climate change. Here we quantify the global radiative forcing and human health impacts of the global gasoline and diesel sectors using the NCAR CESM global chemistry-climate model for year 2015 emissions from the IIASA GAINS inventory. Net global radiative effects of short-lived climate forcers (including aerosols, ozone, and methane) from the gasoline and diesel sectors are +13.6 and +9.4 mW m-2, respectively. The annual mean net aerosol contributions to the net radiative effects of gasoline and diesel are -9.6 ± 2.0 and +8.8 ± 5.8 mW m-2. Aerosol indirect effects for the gasoline and diesel road vehicle sectors are -16.6 ± 2.1 and -40.6 ± 4.0 mW m-2. The fractional contributions of short-lived climate forcers to the total global climate impact including carbon dioxide on the 20-year time scale are similar, 14.9% and 14.4% for gasoline and diesel, respectively. Global annual total PM2.5- and ozone-induced premature deaths for gasoline and diesel sectors approach 115,000 (95% CI: 69,000-153,600) and 122,100 (95% CI: 78,500-157,500), with corresponding years of life lost of 2.10 (95% CI: 1.23-2.66) and 2.21 (95% CI: 1.47-2.85) million years. Substantial regional variability of premature death rates is found for the diesel sector when the regional health effects are normalized by the annual total regional vehicle distance traveled. Regional premature death rates for the gasoline and diesel sectors, respectively, vary by a factor of eight and two orders of magnitude, with India showing the highest for both gasoline and diesel sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxian Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringWayne State UniversityDetroitMIUSA
| | - Nadine Unger
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Kandice Harper
- School of Forestry and Environmental StudiesYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Chris Heyes
- International Institute for Applied Systems AnalysisLaxenburgAustria
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153
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Sensitivity Analysis in the Life-Cycle Assessment of Electric vs. Combustion Engine Cars under Approximate Real-World Conditions. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12031241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the environmental impacts of petrol, diesel, natural gas, and electric vehicles using a process-based attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) and the ReCiPe characterization method that captures 18 impact categories and the single score endpoints. Unlike common practice, we derive the cradle-to-grave inventories from an originally combustion engine VW Caddy that was disassembled and electrified in our laboratory, and its energy consumption was measured on the road. Ecoivent 2.2 and 3.0 emission inventories were contrasted exhibiting basically insignificant impact deviations. Ecoinvent 3.0 emission inventory for the diesel car was additionally updated with recent real-world close emission values and revealed strong increases over four midpoint impact categories, when matched with the standard Ecoinvent 3.0 emission inventory. Producing batteries with photovoltaic electricity instead of Chinese coal-based electricity decreases climate impacts of battery production by 69%. Break-even mileages for the electric VW Caddy to pass the combustion engine models under various conditions in terms of climate change impact ranged from 17,000 to 310,000 km. Break-even mileages, when contrasting the VW Caddy and a mini car (SMART), which was as well electrified, did not show systematic differences. Also, CO2-eq emissions in terms of passenger kilometers travelled (54–158 g CO2-eq/PKT) are fairly similar based on 1 person travelling in the mini car and 1.57 persons in the mid-sized car (VW Caddy). Additionally, under optimized conditions (battery production and use phase utilizing renewable electricity), the two electric cars can compete well in terms of CO2-eq emissions per passenger kilometer with other traffic modes (diesel bus, coach, trains) over lifetime. Only electric buses were found to have lower life cycle carbon emissions (27–52 g CO2-eq/PKT) than the two electric passenger cars.
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154
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Kaim W, Das A, Fiedler J, Záliš S, Sarkar B. NO and NO2 as non-innocent ligands: A comparison. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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155
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A Clean Air Plan for Sydney: An Overview of the Special Issue on Air Quality in New South Wales. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10120774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a summary of the key findings of the special issue of Atmosphere on Air Quality in New South Wales and discusses the implications of the work for policy makers and individuals. This special edition presents new air quality research in Australia undertaken by (or in association with) the Clean Air and Urban Landscapes hub, which is funded by the National Environmental Science Program on behalf of the Australian Government’s Department of the Environment and Energy. Air pollution in Australian cities is generally low, with typical concentrations of key pollutants at much lower levels than experienced in comparable cities in many other parts of the world. Australian cities do experience occasional exceedances in ozone and PM2.5 (above air pollution guidelines), as well as extreme pollution events, often as a result of bushfires, dust storms, or heatwaves. Even in the absence of extreme events, natural emissions play a significant role in influencing the Australian urban environment, due to the remoteness from large regional anthropogenic emission sources. By studying air quality in Australia, we can gain a greater understanding of the underlying atmospheric chemistry and health risks in less polluted atmospheric environments, and the health benefits of continued reduction in air pollution. These conditions may be representative of future air quality scenarios for parts of the Northern Hemisphere, as legislation and cleaner technologies reduce anthropogenic air pollution in European, American, and Asian cities. However, in many instances, current legislation regarding emissions in Australia is significantly more lax than in other developed countries, making Australia vulnerable to worsening air pollution in association with future population growth. The need to avoid complacency is highlighted by recent epidemiological research, reporting associations between air pollution and adverse health outcomes even at air pollutant concentrations that are lower than Australia’s national air quality standards. Improving air quality is expected to improve health outcomes at any pollution level, with specific benefits projected for reductions in long-term exposure to average PM2.5 concentrations.
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156
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Khan S, Newport D, Le Calvé S. Gas Detection Using Portable Deep-UV Absorption Spectrophotometry: A Review. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19235210. [PMID: 31795069 PMCID: PMC6929016 DOI: 10.3390/s19235210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several gas molecules of environmental and domestic significance exhibit a strong deep-UV absorption. Therefore, a sensitive and a selective gas detector based on this unique molecular property (i.e., absorption at a specific wavelength) can be developed using deep-UV absorption spectrophotometry. UV absorption spectrometry provides a highly sensitive, reliable, self-referenced, and selective approach for gas sensing. This review article addresses the recent progress in the application of deep-UV absorption for gas sensing owing to its inherent features and tremendous potentials. Applications, advancements, and challenges related to UV emission sources, gas cells, and UV photodetectors are assessed and compared. We present the relevant theoretical aspects and challenges associated with the development of portable sensitive spectrophotometer. Finally, the applications of UV absorption spectrometry for ozone, NO2, SO2, and aromatic organic compounds during the last decades are discussed and compared. A portable UV absorption spectrophotometer can be developed by using LEDs, hollow core waveguides (HCW), and UV photodetectors (i.e., photodiodes). LED provides a portable UV emission source with low power input, low-intensity drifts, low cost, and ease of alignment. It is a quasi-chromatic UV source and covers the absorption band of molecules without optical filters for absorbance measurement of a target analyte. HCWs can be applied as a miniature gas cell for guiding UV radiation for measurement of low gas concentrations. Photodiodes, on the other hand, offer a portable UV photodetector with excellent spectral selectivity with visible rejection, minimal dark current, linearity, and resistance against UV-aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Khan
- School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland; (S.K.); (D.N.)
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICPEES UMR 7515, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- In’Air Solutions, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - David Newport
- School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland; (S.K.); (D.N.)
| | - Stéphane Le Calvé
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICPEES UMR 7515, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- In’Air Solutions, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence:
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157
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Wang N, Li Q, Liu H, Lin L, Han W, Hao W. Role of C/EBPα hypermethylation in diesel engine exhaust exposure-induced lung inflammation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109500. [PMID: 31450033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DEE) impairs lung function. But the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term DEE exposure on lung inflammation and the underlying mechanisms. Sprague-Dawley male rats were exposed to DEE with 3 mg/m3 of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) for 12 weeks. Then urine, blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissue were collected for the determination of biochemistry indexes, DNA methylation status, and histological changes in the lung. The results showed that the metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (2-OHPh) and 9-OHPh, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were higher in urine of DEE-exposed rats than control group. The level of proinflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α was significantly higher in serum (1.8, 3.5, and nearly 1.0-fold increase, respectively), BALF (2.2, 3.8, and 2.0-fold increase, respectively) and lung tissues (3.5, 4.3, and 2.4-fold increase, respectively) of DEE-exposed rats than control group. While the level of clara cell secretory protein (CC16) and pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) with anti-inflammatory property was obviously lower in serum (reduction of 29% and 38%, respectively), BALF (reduction of 50% and 46%, respectively) and lung tissues (reduction of 50% and 55%, respectively) of DEE-exposed rats than control group. Exposure to DEE also resulted in significant increases in total white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, eosinophil, and lymphocyte number in BALF. Airway inflammation and remolding were apparent in DEE group. The methylation level of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) promoter was markedly increased (about 3.2-fold increase), and its mRNA and protein expression were significantly decreased (about 62% and 68% decrease, respectively) in the lungs of DEE-exposed rats compared with the group. Further, cell experiments were performed to investigate the relationship between C/EBPα and CC16, and CC16 function under DEP conditions. The results showed that DEP inhibited CC16 expression via methylation of C/EBPα promoter, and the increase of CC16 level significantly relieved the proinflammatory effects caused by DEP exposure. In conclusion, our data indicated that long-term exposure to DEE can cause lung inflammation, at least in part via methylation of C/EBPα promoter, and inhibition of CC16 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Qinghai Li
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Li Lin
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Wei Han
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, China.
| | - Wanming Hao
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, China.
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158
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Development of an AI Model to Measure Traffic Air Pollution from Multisensor and Weather Data. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19224941. [PMID: 31766187 PMCID: PMC6891415 DOI: 10.3390/s19224941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas multisensor devices offer an effective approach to monitor air pollution, which has become a pandemic in many cities, especially because of transport emissions. To be reliable, properly trained models need to be developed that combine output from sensors with weather data; however, many factors can affect the accuracy of the models. The main objective of this study was to explore the impact of several input variables in training different air quality indexes using fuzzy logic combined with two metaheuristic optimizations: simulated annealing (SA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). In this work, the concentrations of NO2 and CO were predicted using five resistivities from multisensor devices and three weather variables (temperature, relative humidity, and absolute humidity). In order to validate the results, several measures were calculated, including the correlation coefficient and the mean absolute error. Overall, PSO was found to perform the best. Finally, input resistivities of NO2 and nonmetanic hydrocarbons (NMHC) were found to be the most sensitive to predict concentrations of NO2 and CO.
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159
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Guidetti G, Pogna EAA, Lombardi L, Tomarchio F, Polishchuk I, Joosten RRM, Ianiro A, Soavi G, Sommerdijk NAJM, Friedrich H, Pokroy B, Ott AK, Goisis M, Zerbetto F, Falini G, Calvaresi M, Ferrari AC, Cerullo G, Montalti M. Photocatalytic activity of exfoliated graphite-TiO 2 nanoparticle composites. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19301-19314. [PMID: 31626253 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06760d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the photocatalytic performance of composites prepared in a one-step process by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) at atmospheric pressure and in water, without heating or adding any surfactant, and starting from low-cost commercial reagents. These show enhanced photocatalytic activity, degrading up to 40% more pollutants with respect to the starting TiO2-NPs, in the case of a model dye target, and up to 70% more pollutants in the case of nitrogen oxides. In order to understand the photo-physical mechanisms underlying this enhancement, we investigate the photo-generation of reactive species (trapped holes and electrons) by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. We observe an electron transfer process from TiO2 to the graphite flakes within the first picoseconds of the relaxation dynamics, which causes the decrease of the charge recombination rate, and increases the efficiency of the reactive species photo-production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Guidetti
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
| | - Eva A A Pogna
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy and NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, P. zza S. Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Lucia Lombardi
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Flavia Tomarchio
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Iryna Polishchuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Rick R M Joosten
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612 AZ, Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Ianiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612 AZ, Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK and Institut für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Nico A J M Sommerdijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612 AZ, Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612 AZ, Netherlands
| | - Boaz Pokroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Anna K Ott
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Marco Goisis
- Global Product Innovation Department, Italcementi Heidelberg Cement Group, Bergamo, 24126, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
| | - Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Marco Montalti
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
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160
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Park GB, Kitsopoulos TN, Borodin D, Golibrzuch K, Neugebohren J, Auerbach DJ, Campbell CT, Wodtke AM. The kinetics of elementary thermal reactions in heterogeneous catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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161
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A Critical Review of Recent Progress and Perspective in Practical Denitration Application. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9090771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) represent one of the main sources of haze and pollution of the atmosphere as well as the causes of photochemical smog and acid rain. Furthermore, it poses a serious threat to human health. With the increasing emission of NOx, it is urgent to control NOx. According to the different mechanisms of NOx removal methods, this paper elaborated on the adsorption method represented by activated carbon adsorption, analyzed the oxidation method represented by Fenton oxidation, discussed the reduction method represented by selective catalytic reduction, and summarized the plasma method represented by plasma-modified catalyst to remove NOx. At the same time, the current research status and existing problems of different NOx removal technologies were revealed and the future development prospects were forecasted.
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162
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Huang Y, Organ B, Zhou JL, Surawski NC, Yam YS, Chan EFC. Characterisation of diesel vehicle emissions and determination of remote sensing cutpoints for diesel high-emitters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:31-38. [PMID: 31146236 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diesel vehicles are a major source of air pollutants in cities and have caused significant health risks to the public globally. This study used both on-road remote sensing and transient chassis dynamometer to characterise emissions of diesel light goods vehicles. A large sample size of 183 diesel vans were tested on a transient chassis dynamometer to evaluate the emission levels of in-service diesel vehicles and to determine a set of remote sensing cutpoints for diesel high-emitters. The results showed that 79% and 19% of the Euro 4 and Euro 5 diesel vehicles failed the transient cycle test, respectively. Most of the high-emitters failed the NO limits, while no vehicle failed the HC limits and only a few vehicles failed the CO limits. Vehicles that failed NO limits occurred in both old and new vehicles. NO/CO2 ratios of 57.30 and 22.85 ppm/% were chosen as the remote sensing cutpoints for Euro 4 and Euro 5 high-emitters, respectively. The cutpoints could capture a Euro 4 and Euro 5 high-emitter at a probability of 27% and 57% with one snapshot remote sensing measurement, while only producing 1% of false high-emitter detections. The probability of high-emitting events was generally evenly distributed over the test cycle, indicating that no particular driving condition produced a higher probability of high-emitting events. Analysis on the effect of cutpoints on real-driving diesel fleet was carried out using a three-year remote sensing program. Results showed that 36% of Euro 4 and 47% of Euro 5 remote sensing measurements would be detected as high-emitting using the proposed cutpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Huang
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bruce Organ
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Jockey Club Heavy Vehicle Emissions Testing and Research Centre, Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong
| | - John L Zhou
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Nic C Surawski
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Yat-Shing Yam
- Environmental Protection Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong
| | - Edward F C Chan
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Faculty of Science and Technology, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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163
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Pan S, Roy A, Choi Y, Sun S, Gao HO. The air quality and health impacts of projected long-haul truck and rail freight transportation in the United States in 2050. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104922. [PMID: 31226557 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diesel emissions from freight transportation activities are a key threat to public health. This study examined the air quality and public health impacts of projected freight-related emissions in 2050 over the continental United States. Three emission scenarios were considered: (1) a projected business-as-usual socioeconomic growth with freight fleet turnover and stringent emission control (CTR); (2) the application of a carbon pricing climate policy (PO); and (3) further technology improvements to eliminate high-emitting conditions in the truck fleet (NS). The PO and NS cases are superimposed on the CTR case. Using a WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ-BenMAP modeling framework, we quantified the impacts of diesel fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions change on air quality, health, and economic benefits. In the CTR case, we simulate a widespread reduction of PM2.5 concentrations, between 0.5 and 1.5 μg m-3, comparing to a base year of 2011. This translates into health benefits of 3600 (95% CI: 2400-4800) prevented premature deaths, corresponding to $38 (95% CI: $3.5-$100) billion. Compared to CTR case, the PO case can obtain ~9% more health benefits nationally, however, climate policy also affects the health outcomes regionally due to transition of demand from truck to rail; regions with fewer trucks could gain in health benefits, while regions with added rail freight may potentially experience a loss in health benefits due to air quality degradation. The NS case provides substantial additional benefits (~20%). These results support that a combination of continuous adoption of stringent emission standards and strong improvements in vehicle technology are necessary, as well as rewarding, to meet the sustainable freight and community health goals. States and metropolitan areas with high population density and usually high freight demand and emissions can take more immediate actions, such as accelerating vehicle technology improvements and removing high-emitting trucks, to improve air quality and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Pan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Center for Transportation, Environment, and Community Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anirban Roy
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Yunsoo Choi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - ShiQuan Sun
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, China
| | - H Oliver Gao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Center for Transportation, Environment, and Community Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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164
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Suarez-Bertoa R, Valverde V, Clairotte M, Pavlovic J, Giechaskiel B, Franco V, Kregar Z, Astorga C. On-road emissions of passenger cars beyond the boundary conditions of the real-driving emissions test. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108572. [PMID: 31377567 PMCID: PMC6722398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Passenger cars are an important source of air pollution, especially in urban areas. Recently, real-driving emissions (RDE) test procedures have been introduced in the EU aiming to evaluate nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate number (PN) emissions from passenger cars during on-road operation. Although RDE accounts for a large variety of real-world driving, it excludes certain driving situations by setting boundary conditions (e.g., in relation to altitude, temperature or dynamic driving). The present work investigates the on-road emissions of NOx, NO2, CO, particle number (PN) and CO2 from a fleet of 19 Euro 6b, 6c and 6d-TEMP vehicles, including diesel, gasoline (GDI and PFI) and compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles. The vehicles were tested under different on-road driving conditions outside boundaries. These included 'baseline' tests, but also testing conditions beyond the RDE boundary conditions to investigate the performance of the emissions control devices in demanding situations. Consistently low average emission rates of PN and CO were measured from all diesel vehicles tested under most conditions. Moreover, the tested Euro 6d-TEMP and Euro 6c diesel vehicles met the NOx emission limits applicable to Euro 6d-TEMP diesel vehicles during RDE tests (168 mg/km). The Euro 6b GDI vehicle equipped with a gasoline particulate filter (GPF) presented PN emissions < 6 × 1011 #/km. These results, in contrast with previous on-road measurements from earlier Euro 6 vehicles, indicate more efficient emission control technologies are currently being used in diesel and gasoline vehicles. At the same time, the results suggest that particular attention should be given to CO and PN emissions of certain types of vehicles when driven under dynamic conditions, and possibly additional work is necessary. In particular, the emissions of CO (measured in this study during the regulated RDE test, but without an emission limit associated to it) or PN from PFI vehicles (presently not covered by the Euro 6 standard) showed elevated results in some occasions. Emissions of CO were up to 7.5 times higher when the more dynamic tests were conducted and the highest PN emissions were measured from a PFI gasoline vehicle during dynamic driving. Although based on a limited sample of cars, our work points to the relevance of a technology- and fuel-neutral approach to vehicle emission standards, whereby all vehicles must comply with the same emission limits for all pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Valverde
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Jelica Pavlovic
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Vicente Franco
- European Commission Directorate-General for Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zlatko Kregar
- European Commission Directorate-General for Environment, Brussels, Belgium
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165
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Xie Y, Dai H, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Hanaoka T, Masui T. Comparison of health and economic impacts of PM 2.5 and ozone pollution in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104881. [PMID: 31200152 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have reported associations between air pollution and health impacts, but few studies have explicitly differentiated the economic effects of PM2.5 and ozone at China's regional level. This study compares the PM2.5 and ozone pollution-related health impacts based on an integrated approach. The research framework combines an air pollutant emission projection model (GAINS), an air quality model (GEOS-Chem), a health model using the latest exposure-response functions, medical prices and value of statistical life (VSL), and a general equilibrium model (CGE). Results show that eastern provinces in China encounter severer loss from PM2.5 and more benefit from mitigation policy, whereas the lower income western provinces encounter severer health impacts and economic burdens due to ozone pollution, and the impact in southern and central provinces is relatively lower. In 2030, without control policies, PM 2.5 pollution could lead to losses of 2.0% in Gross Domestic Production (GDP), 210 billion Chinese Yuan (CNY) in health expenditure and a life loss of around 10,000 billion, while ozone pollution could contribute to GDP loss by 0.09% (equivalent to 78 billion CNY), 310 billion CNY in health expenditure, and a life loss of 2300 billion CNY (equivalent to 2.7% of GDP). By contrast, with control policies, the GDP and VSLs loss in 2030 attributable to ambient air pollution could be reduced significantly. We also find that the health and economic impacts of ozone pollution are significantly lower than PM2.5, but are much more difficult to mitigate. The Chinese government should promote air pollution control policies that could jointly reduce PM2.5 and ozone pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hancheng Dai
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yanxu Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yazhen Wu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tatsuya Hanaoka
- Center for Social and Environmental Systems Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Masui
- Center for Social and Environmental Systems Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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166
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Particulate matter-attributable mortality and relationships with carbon dioxide in 250 urban areas worldwide. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11552. [PMID: 31399636 PMCID: PMC6689059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban air pollution is high on global health and sustainability agendas, but information is limited on associated city-level disease burdens. We estimated fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mortality in the 250 most populous cities worldwide using PM2.5 concentrations, population, disease rates, and concentration-response relationships from the Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study. Only 8% of these cities had population-weighted mean concentrations below the World Health Organization guideline for annual average PM2.5. City-level PM2.5-attributable mortality rates ranged from 13–125 deaths per 100,000 people. PM2.5 mortality rates and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission rates were weakly positively correlated, with regional influences apparent from clustering of cities within each region. Across 82 cities globally, PM2.5 concentrations and mortality rates were negatively associated with city gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, but we found no relationship between GDP per capita and CO2 emissions rates. While results provide only a cross-sectional snapshot of cities worldwide, they point to opportunities for cities to realize climate, air quality, and health co-benefits through low-carbon development. Future work should examine drivers of the relationships (e.g. development stage, fuel mix for electricity generation and transportation, sector-specific PM2.5 and CO2 emissions) uncovered here and explore uncertainties to test the robustness of our conclusions.
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167
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Zhang YN, Niu Q, Gu X, Yang N, Zhao G. Recent progress on carbon nanomaterials for the electrochemical detection and removal of environmental pollutants. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:11992-12014. [PMID: 31140537 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02935d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rapid global industrialization and explosive population growth have resulted in an increase in the discharge of harmful and toxic compounds. These toxic inorganic gases, volatile organic compounds, heavy metals, personal care products, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, dyes, and pharmaceuticals are destroying the balance in the Earth and increasing environmental toxicity at an alarming rate. Thus, their detection, adsorption and removal are of great significance. Various carbon nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, graphene, mesoporous carbon, carbon dots, and boron-doped diamond have been extensively utilized and further proven to be ideal candidates for resolving environmental problems, emerging as adsorbents, electrochemical sensors and electrodes. Herein, we review the recent advances, progress and achievements in the design and properties of carbon nanomaterials and their applications for the electrochemical detection and removal of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiongyan Niu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaotong Gu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nianjun Yang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Siegen 57076, Germany
| | - Guohua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
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168
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Grange SK, Farren NJ, Vaughan AR, Rose RA, Carslaw DC. Strong Temperature Dependence for Light-Duty Diesel Vehicle NO x Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6587-6596. [PMID: 31094196 PMCID: PMC7007213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Diesel-powered road vehicles are important sources for nitrogen oxide (NO x) emissions, and the European passenger fleet is highly dieselised, which has resulted in many European roadside environments being noncompliant with legal air quality standards for nitrogen dioxide (NO2). On the basis of vehicle emission remote sensing data for 300000 light-duty vehicles across the United Kingdom, light-duty diesel NO x emissions were found to be highly dependent on ambient temperature with low temperatures resulting in higher NO x emissions, i.e., a "low temperature NO x emission penalty" was identified. This feature was not observed for gasoline-powered vehicles. Older Euro 3 to 5 diesel vehicles emitted NO x similarly, but vehicles compliant with the latest Euro 6 emission standard emitted less NO x than older vehicles and demonstrated less of an ambient temperature dependence. This ambient temperature dependence is overlooked in current emission inventories but is of importance from an air quality perspective. Owing to Europe's climate, a predicted average of 38% more NO x emissions have burdened Europe when compared to temperatures encountered in laboratory test cycles. However, owing to the progressive elimination of vehicles demonstrating the most severe low temperature NO x penalty, light-duty diesel NO x emissions are likely to decrease more rapidly throughout Europe than currently thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart K. Grange
- Wolfson
Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University
of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi J. Farren
- Wolfson
Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University
of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Adam R. Vaughan
- Wolfson
Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University
of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A. Rose
- Ricardo
Energy & Environment, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0QR, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Carslaw
- Wolfson
Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University
of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- Ricardo
Energy & Environment, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0QR, United Kingdom
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169
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Tan Y, Henderick P, Yoon S, Herner J, Montes T, Boriboonsomsin K, Johnson K, Scora G, Sandez D, Durbin TD. On-Board Sensor-Based NO x Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5504-5511. [PMID: 30995015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Real-world nitrogen oxides (NO x) emissions were estimated using on-board sensor readings from 72 heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) equipped with a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system in California. The results showed that there were large differences between in-use and certification NO x emissions, with 12 HDDVs emitting more than three times the standard during hot-running and idling operations in the real world. The overall NO x conversion efficiencies of the SCR system on many vehicles were well below the 90% threshold that is expected for an efficient SCR system, even when the SCR system was above the optimum operating temperature threshold of 250 °C. This could potentially be associated with SCR catalyst deterioration on some engines. The Not-to-Exceed (NTE) requirements currently used by the heavy-duty in-use compliance program were evaluated using on-board NO x sensor data. Valid NTE events covered only 4.2-16.4% of the engine operation and 6.6-34.6% of the estimated NO x emissions. This work shows that low cost on-board NO x sensors are a convenient tool to monitor in-use NO x emissions in real-time, evaluate the SCR system performance, and identify vehicle operating modes with high NO x emissions. This information can inform certification and compliance programs to ensure low in-use NO x emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tan
- California Air Resources Board, 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Paul Henderick
- California Air Resources Board, 9500 Telstar Avenue, Ste. #2 , El Monte , California 91731 , United States
| | - Seungju Yoon
- California Air Resources Board, 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Jorn Herner
- California Air Resources Board, 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Thomas Montes
- California Air Resources Board, 9500 Telstar Avenue, Ste. #2 , El Monte , California 91731 , United States
| | - Kanok Boriboonsomsin
- College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology , University of California at Riverside , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Kent Johnson
- College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology , University of California at Riverside , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - George Scora
- College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology , University of California at Riverside , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Daniel Sandez
- College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology , University of California at Riverside , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology , University of California at Riverside , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
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170
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Emission Factors Derived from 13 Euro 6b Light-Duty Vehicles Based on Laboratory and On-Road Measurements. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10050243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tailpipe emissions of a pool of 13 Euro 6b light-duty vehicles (eight diesel and five gasoline-powered) were measured over an extensive experimental campaign that included laboratory (chassis dynamometer), and on-road tests (using a portable emissions measurement system). The New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and the Worldwide harmonised Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) were driven in the laboratory following standard and extended testing procedures (such as low temperatures, use of auxiliaries, modified speed trace). On-road tests were conducted in real traffic conditions, within and outside the boundary conditions of the regulated European Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) test. Nitrogen oxides (NOX), particle number (PN), carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission factors were developed considering the whole cycles, their sub-cycles, and the first 300 s of each test to assess the cold start effect. Despite complying with the NEDC type approval NOX limit, diesel vehicles emitted, on average, over the WLTC and the RDE 2.1 and 6.7 times more than the standard limit, respectively. Diesel vehicles equipped with only a Lean NOX trap (LNT) averaged six and two times more emissions over the WLTC and the RDE, respectively, than diesel vehicles equipped with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. Gasoline vehicles with direct injection (GDI) emitted eight times more NOX than those with port fuel injection (PFI) on RDE tests. Large NOX emissions on the urban section were also recorded for GDIs (122 mg/km). Diesel particle filters were mounted on all diesel vehicles, resulting in low particle number emission (~1010 #/km) over all testing conditions including low temperature and high dynamicity. GDIs (~1012 #/km) and PFIs (~1011 #/km) had PN emissions that were, on average, two and one order of magnitude higher than for diesel vehicles, respectively, with significant contribution from the cold start. PFIs yielded high CO emission factors under high load operation reaching on average 2.2 g/km and 3.8 g/km on WLTC extra-high and RDE motorway, respectively. The average on-road CO2 emissions were ~33% and 41% higher than the declared CO2 emissions at type-approval for diesel and gasoline vehicles, respectively. The use of auxiliaries (AC and lights on) over the NEDC led to an increase of ~20% of CO2 emissions for both diesel and gasoline vehicles. Results for NOX, CO and CO2 were used to derive average on-road emission factors that are in good agreement with the emission factors proposed by the EMEP/EEA guidebook.
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171
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He L, Hu J, Yang L, Li Z, Zheng X, Xie S, Zu L, Chen J, Li Y, Wu Y. Real-world gaseous emissions of high-mileage taxi fleets in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:267-274. [PMID: 30599345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mileage of taxi fleets is significantly higher than regular passenger vehicles in China, which might trigger greater tailpipe emissions of air pollutants. To investigate their real-world gaseous emissions, we applied portable emissions measurement systems (PEMSs) to test 44 gasoline and 24 bi-fuel taxis in seven cities. Our real-world measurement results indicated that a major part of the tested China 3 and China 4 gasoline taxis, especially the samples with high mileage (>300,000 km), far exceeded the corresponding emission limits of NOX, THC and CO. Only the newest China 5 gasoline taxis with relatively lower mileage had effective emission controls and the gaseous emissions were below the limits. Illegal tampering, malfunction and deterioration of three-way catalytic converters (TWC) are major reasons for high emissions from high-mileage taxis. First, China 4 gasoline taxis without TWC (purposely removed by drivers) increased their gaseous emissions than TWC-equipped counterparts by more than one order of magnitude. Second, bi-fuel taxis when using compress natural gas (CNG) had much higher NOX and THC emissions than those when using gasoline, which might be probably attributed to unsophisticated engine calibration and unfavorable TWC working conditions. Furthermore, TWC renewal could bring immediate and substantial emission reductions (up to 70%) for high-mileage taxis. However, such benefits from TWC renewal would become less significant as the mileage levels further increase. We also found a good correlation between CO and THC emissions for gasoline taxis, whose cold start effects were both significant. This study poses significant concerns regarding real-world emissions of high-mileage taxi fleets in China, which could consist of many gross emitters in the urban areas. Stringent in-use compliance programs and in particular frequent TWC renewals for high-mileage taxis should be implemented by policy makers in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang He
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingnan Hu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Liuhanzi Yang
- International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), Beijing 100004, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shuxia Xie
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lei Zu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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172
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Yang X, Cao X, Tang B, Shan B, Deng M, Liu Y. rGO/Fe-doped g-C3N4 visible-light driven photocatalyst with improved NO removal performance. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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173
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Achakulwisut P, Brauer M, Hystad P, Anenberg SC. Global, national, and urban burdens of paediatric asthma incidence attributable to ambient NO 2 pollution: estimates from global datasets. Lancet Planet Health 2019; 3:e166-e178. [PMID: 30981709 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(19)30046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric asthma incidence is associated with exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP), but the TRAP-attributable burden remains poorly quantified. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a major component and common proxy of TRAP. In this study, we estimated the annual global number of new paediatric asthma cases attributable to NO2 exposure at a resolution sufficient to resolve intra-urban exposure gradients. METHODS We obtained 2015 country-specific and age-group-specific asthma incidence rates from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation for 194 countries and 2015 population counts at a spatial resolution of 250 × 250 m from the Global Human Settlement population grid. We used 2010-12 annual average surface NO2 concentrations derived from land-use regression at a resolution of 100 × 100 m, and we derived concentration-response functions from relative risk estimates reported in a multinational meta-analysis. We then estimated the NO2-attributable burden of asthma incidence in children aged 1-18 years in 194 countries and 125 major cities at a resolution of 250 × 250 m. FINDINGS Globally, we estimated that 4·0 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·8-5·2) new paediatric asthma cases could be attributable to NO2 pollution annually; 64% of these occur in urban centres. This burden accounts for 13% (6-16) of global incidence. Regionally, the greatest burdens of new asthma cases associated with NO2 exposure per 100 000 children were estimated for Andean Latin America (340 cases per year, 95% UI 150-440), high-income North America (310, 140-400), and high-income Asia Pacific (300, 140-370). Within cities, the greatest burdens of new asthma cases associated with NO2 exposure per 100 000 children were estimated for Lima, Peru (690 cases per year, 95% UI 330-870); Shanghai, China (650, 340-770); and Bogota, Colombia (580, 270-730). Among 125 major cities, the percentage of new asthma cases attributable to NO2 pollution ranged from 5·6% (95% UI 2·4-7·4) in Orlu, Nigeria, to 48% (25-57) in Shanghai, China. This contribution exceeded 20% of new asthma cases in 92 cities. We estimated that about 92% of paediatric asthma incidence attributable to NO2 exposure occurred in areas with annual average NO2 concentrations lower than the WHO guideline of 21 parts per billion. INTERPRETATION Efforts to reduce NO2 exposure could help prevent a substantial portion of new paediatric asthma cases in both developed and developing countries, and especially in urban areas. Traffic emissions should be a target for exposure-mitigation strategies. The adequacy of the WHO guideline for ambient NO2 concentrations might need to be revisited. FUNDING George Washington University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattanun Achakulwisut
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Susan C Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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174
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Suarez-Bertoa R, Pavlovic J, Trentadue G, Otura-Garcia M, Tansini A, Ciuffo B, Astorga C. Effect of Low Ambient Temperature on Emissions and Electric Range of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3159-3168. [PMID: 31459533 PMCID: PMC6648454 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plug-in hybrid electrical vehicles (PHEVs) are generally considered to be a cleaner alternative to conventional passenger cars. However, there is still very limited information available regarding criteria pollutant emissions from these vehicles. This paper shows, for the first time, the emissions of criteria pollutants, unregulated pollutants, and CO2 and also electric range from two very different PHEVs, one Euro 6 parallel plug-in hybrid and one range-extended battery electric vehicle (BEVx), applying the new world harmonized light-duty test procedure at ambient temperatures equal to 23 and -7 °C. The impact of using a cabin air heating system on vehicle electric range and emissions at cold temperature has also been studied. Cold ambient temperatures and, to a larger extent, the use of heating systems have been shown to lead to a pronounced negative impact on emissions and shorter electric ranges. Results also show that modern PHEVs can emit similar, or even higher, levels of pollutants (e.g., particle number) as Euro 6 conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles.
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175
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Health Benefits from Upgrading Public Buses for Cleaner Air: A Case Study of Clark County, Nevada and the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050720. [PMID: 30823388 PMCID: PMC6427397 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Public transit buses, which move more than 5 billion passengers annually in the United States (U.S.), can contribute substantially to the environmental health burden through emitted air pollutants. As a leader in transforming to cleaner bus fleets, the Regional Transport Commission of Southern Nevada (RTC) has been transitioning from diesel to compressed natural gas (CNG) transit buses since 1999. By 2017, ~75% of RTC's buses operating in Clark County, Nevada were CNG-powered. This study assesses the health benefits of the venture using the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Co-Benefits Risk Assessment (COBRA) model, considering the emission and exposure changes from the 2017 baseline for two hypothetical scenarios: (1) no transition (CC_D) and (2) complete transition (CC_N). The CC_D scenario shows realized health benefits, mostly due to avoided mortality, of $0.79⁻8.21 million per year for 2017 alone, while CC_N suggests an additional $0.88⁻2.24 million annually that could be achieved by completing the transition. The wide range of estimates partly reflects uncertainties in determining diesel bus emissions under business-as-usual. These health benefits were not limited locally, with ~70% going to other counties. Two national-scale scenarios, US_D and US_N, were also constructed to explore the health impact of transitioning from diesel to CNG buses across the U.S. As of 2017, with CNG powering only ~20% of transit bus mileages nationwide, there could be massive unrealized health benefits of $0.98⁻2.48 billion per year including 114⁻258 avoided premature deaths and >5000 avoided respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses. Taking into account the health benefits, economic costs, and the inter-state nature of air pollution, expanding federal assistances to accelerate a nationwide transition to cleaner bus fleets is highly recommended.
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176
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Khan MAH, Rao MV, Li Q. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for Detecting Toxic Gases: NO₂, SO₂ and H₂S. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E905. [PMID: 30795591 PMCID: PMC6413198 DOI: 10.3390/s19040905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toxic gases, such as NOx, SOx, H₂S and other S-containing gases, cause numerous harmful effects on human health even at very low gas concentrations. Reliable detection of various gases in low concentration is mandatory in the fields such as industrial plants, environmental monitoring, air quality assurance, automotive technologies and so on. In this paper, the recent advances in electrochemical sensors for toxic gas detections were reviewed and summarized with a focus on NO₂, SO₂ and H₂S gas sensors. The recent progress of the detection of each of these toxic gases was categorized by the highly explored sensing materials over the past few decades. The important sensing performance parameters like sensitivity/response, response and recovery times at certain gas concentration and operating temperature for different sensor materials and structures have been summarized and tabulated to provide a thorough performance comparison. A novel metric, sensitivity per ppm/response time ratio has been calculated for each sensor in order to compare the overall sensing performance on the same reference. It is found that hybrid materials-based sensors exhibit the highest average ratio for NO₂ gas sensing, whereas GaN and metal-oxide based sensors possess the highest ratio for SO₂ and H₂S gas sensing, respectively. Recently, significant research efforts have been made exploring new sensor materials, such as graphene and its derivatives, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), GaN, metal-metal oxide nanostructures, solid electrolytes and organic materials to detect the above-mentioned toxic gases. In addition, the contemporary progress in SO₂ gas sensors based on zeolite and paper and H₂S gas sensors based on colorimetric and metal-organic framework (MOF) structures have also been reviewed. Finally, this work reviewed the recent first principle studies on the interaction between gas molecules and novel promising materials like arsenene, borophene, blue phosphorene, GeSe monolayer and germanene. The goal is to understand the surface interaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashfaque Hossain Khan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Mulpuri V Rao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Qiliang Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
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177
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Huang Y, Yam YS, Lee CKC, Organ B, Zhou JL, Surawski NC, Chan EFC, Hong G. Tackling nitric oxide emissions from dominant diesel vehicle models using on-road remote sensing technology. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1177-1185. [PMID: 30266007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Remote sensing provides a rapid detection of vehicle emissions under real driving condition. Remote sensing studies showed that diesel nitrogen oxides emissions changed little or were even increasing in recent years despite the tightened emission standards. To more accurately and fairly evaluate the emission trends, it is hypothesized that analysis should be detailed for individual vehicle models as each model adopted different emissions control technologies and retrofitted the engine/vehicle at different time. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the recent nitric oxide (NO) emission trends of the dominant diesel vehicle models using a large remote sensing dataset collected in Hong Kong. The results showed that the diesel vehicle fleet was dominated by only seven models, accounting for 78% of the total remote sensing records. Although each model had different emission levels and trends, generally all the dominant models showed a steady decrease or stable level in the fuel based NO emission factors (g/kg fuel) over the period studied except for BaM1 and BdM2. A significant increase was observed for the BaM1 2.49 L and early 2.98 L models during 2005-2011, which we attribute to the change in the diesel fuel injection technology. However, the overall mean NO emission factor of all the vehicles was stable during 1991-2006 and then decreased steadily during 2006-2016, in which the emission trends of individual models were averaged out and thus masked. Nevertheless, the latest small, medium and heavy diesel vehicles achieved similar NO emission factors due to the converging of operation windows of the engine and emission control devices. The findings suggested that the increasingly stringent European emission standards were not very effective in reducing the NO emissions of some diesel vehicle models in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Yat Shing Yam
- Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, Hong Kong
| | - Casey K C Lee
- Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, Hong Kong
| | - Bruce Organ
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; Jockey Club Heavy Vehicle Emissions Testing and Research Centre, Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong
| | - John L Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Nic C Surawski
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Edward F C Chan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; Jockey Club Heavy Vehicle Emissions Testing and Research Centre, Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong
| | - Guang Hong
- School of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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178
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Kumar R, Kulriya PK, Mishra M, Singh F, Gupta G, Kumar M. Highly selective and reversible NO 2 gas sensor using vertically aligned MoS 2 flake networks. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:464001. [PMID: 30168448 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aade20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a highly selective and reversible NO2 resistive gas sensor using vertically aligned MoS2 (VA-MoS2) flake networks. We synthesized horizontally and vertically aligned MoS2 flakes on SiO2/Si substrate using a kinetically controlled rapid growth CVD process. Uniformly interconnected MoS2 flakes and their orientation were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The VA-MoS2 gas sensor showed two times higher response to NO2 compared to horizontally aligned MoS2 at room temperature. Moreover, the sensors exhibited a dramatically improved complete recovery upon NO2 exposure at its low optimum operating temperatures (100 °C). In addition, the sensing performance of the sensors was investigated with exposure to various gases such as NH3, CO2, H2, CH4 and H2S. It was observed that high response to gas directly correlates with the strong interaction of gas molecules on edge sites of the VA-MoS2. The VA-MoS2 gas sensor exhibited high response with good reversibility and selectivity towards NO2 as a result of the high aspect ratio as well as high adsorption energy on exposed edge sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur-342011, India
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179
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Ke Q, Sun T, Cheng H, Wei X, Guo Y, Zhao S, Zeng S, Wang S. Accelerated Construction of High-Silica RHO and CHA Zeolites via Interzeolite Transformation and Their NH3–SCR Performances after Copper Exchange. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quanli Ke
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tianjun Sun
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ya Guo
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shengsheng Zhao
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Shu Zeng
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shudong Wang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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180
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Abstract
While extensive research has been done on improving diesel engines, much less has been done on auxiliary heaters, which have their own design challenges. The study analyzes how to optimize the combustion performance of an auxiliary heater, a 6 kW diesel burner, by investigating key parameters affecting diesel combustion and their properties. A model of a small diesel heater, including a simulation of fuel injection and combustion process, was developed step-wise and verified against experimental results that can be used for scaling up to 25 kW heaters. The model was successfully applied to the burner, predicting the burner performance in comparison with experimental results. Three main variables were identified as important for the design. First, it was concluded that the distance from the ring cone to the nozzle is essential for the fluid dynamics and flame location, and that the ring cone should be moved closer to the nozzle for optimal performance. Second, the design of the swirl co-flow is important, and the swirl number of the inlet air should be kept above 0.6 to stabilize the flame location for the present burner design. Finally, the importance of the nozzle diameter to avoid divergent particle vaporization was pointed out.
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181
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Lu X, Liu X, Chen D, Liu L, Huang X. Long-term trends in NO 2 columns related to economic developments and air quality policies from 1997 to 2016 in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:146-155. [PMID: 29783115 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study detected the long-term trends in NO2 concentrations in China from 1997 to 2016 based on the NO2 columns from GOME, SCIAMACHY, and GOME-2A. Both differences in the time-overlapped NO2 columns from GOME vs. SCIAMACHAY and SCIAMACHAY vs. GOME-2A showed seasonal variations, and the annual NO2 columns from GOME were 0.9% higher than those from SCIAMACHY, which exceeded that from GOME-2A by 14%. The long-term trends of the NO2 columns on a provincial scale could be simulated by cubic models (0.60 < R2 < 0.96, p < 0.05) and presented three shapes: first decreasing then increasing and decreasing again; first decreasing then increasing; and continuously decreasing. The peak years of NO2 columns in 17 provinces occurred in 2011 and 2012. These trends in NO2 columns were determined by the economic developments and enacted air quality policies in nearly all the provinces except for Xizang and Qinghai Provinces, where the trends were determined by natural NOx emission sources. In detail, the panel data analysis showed that the simulated model had fixed effects, and the thermal power generation, consumption of diesel oil in agriculture, passenger traffic by highways, and freight traffic by highways significantly increased NO2, while the air quality policies in the 12th five-year plan decreased NO2 columns from 1997 to 2016. The benefits to decreasing NO2 columns from the air quality policies issued in the 10th and 11th five-year plans were offset by the quickly increasing economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Zhang
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wuting Zhang
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Centre for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuehe Lu
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xuejun Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Lei Liu
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xianjin Huang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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182
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Song C, Ma C, Zhang Y, Wang T, Wu L, Wang P, Liu Y, Li Q, Zhang J, Dai Q, Zou C, Sun L, Mao H. Heavy-duty diesel vehicles dominate vehicle emissions in a tunnel study in northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:431-442. [PMID: 29754078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The relative importance of contributions of gasoline vehicles (GVs) and diesel vehicles (DVs), heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) and non-HDDVs to on-road vehicle emissions remains unclear. Vehicle emission factors (EFs), including fine particulate matter (PM2.5), NO-NO2-NOx, and carbon monoxide (CO), were measured (August 4-18, 2017) in an urban tunnel in Tianjin, northern China. The average EFs (mg km-1 veh-1) of the fleet were as follows: 9.21 (95% confidence interval: 1.60, 23.07) for PM2.5, 62.08 (21.21, 138.25) for NO, 20.42 (0.79, 45.48) for NO2, 83.72 (26.29, 162.87) for NOx, and 284.54 (18.22, 564.67) for CO. The fleet-average EFs exhibited diurnal variations, due to diurnal variations in the proportion of HDDVs in the fleet, though the hourly proportion of HDDVs never exceeded 10% during the study period. The reconstructed average EFs for on-road vehicle emissions of PM2.5, NO, NO2, and NOx, and CO were approximately 2.2, 1.7, 1.5, 2.0, and 1.6 times as much as those in the tunnel, respectively, due to the higher HDDV fractions in the whole city than those in the tunnel. The EFs of PM2.5, NO, NO2, and NOx, and CO from each HDDV were approximately 75, 81, 24, 65, and 33 times of those from each non-HDDV, respectively. HDDVs were responsible for approximately 81.92%, 83.02%, 59.79%, 79.79%, and 66.77% of the total PM2.5, NO, NO2, and NOx, and CO emissions from on-road vehicles in Tianjin, respectively. DVs, especially HDDVs, are major sources of on-road PM2.5, NO-NO2-NOx, and CO emissions in northern China. The contribution of HDDVs to fleet emissions calculated by the EFs from Chinese 'on-road vehicle emission inventory guidebook' were underestimated, as compared to our results. The EFs from on-road vehicles should be updated due to the rapid progression of vehicle technology combined with emission standards in China. The management and control of HDDV emissions have become urgent to reduction of on-road vehicle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congbo Song
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chao Ma
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chao Zou
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Luna Sun
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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183
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Dickerson AS, Hansen J, Gredal O, Weisskopf MG. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in a Danish Cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1613-1622. [PMID: 29590300 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested an increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other motor neuron diseases for persons in occupations commonly involving exposure to diesel exhaust (DE). In this study, we investigated the association between occupational exposure to DE and odds of ALS. ALS cases were identified from the Danish National Patient Registry (1982-2013) and individually matched to 100 controls per case on the basis of birth year and sex. Using information on occupational history from 1964 onward obtained from the Danish Pension Fund, we estimated cumulative DE exposures using a job exposure matrix. We evaluated associations using conditional logistic regression analyses and stratified the analyses by sex. Using a 10-year lag period, DE exposure was positively associated with ALS among men who had ever been exposed (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 1.38). For men with greater than 50% probability of DE exposure, we observed a positive association between ALS and highest-quartile exposure during the 5-year (aOR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.70) and 10-year (aOR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.79) lag periods. Our study suggests an association between consistently higher exposures to DE and ALS in men, but not in women. These findings support previous reports of associations between ALS and occupations commonly involving DE exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha S Dickerson
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Johnni Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Gredal
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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184
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Vehicle Emission Factors for Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants in an Urban Tunnel in Xi’an, China. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/8964852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban tunnels are generally used to measure traffic-related particles and gas pollutant concentrations. To understand on-road vehicle emissions and update emission factors (EFs), traffic volume data and emissions of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), hydrocarbon (HC), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for mixed vehicles were investigated at the Wenchang Gate-Peace Gate Tunnel in Xi’an over 11 days. An average fleet of 14,199 vehicles with mean speeds that ranged from 18 km·h−1 to 46 km·h−1 passed through the tunnel during the sampling period each day. A mass balance model and linear regression analysis were adopted to derive pollutant EFs for mixed vehicles, cars, and taxis, respectively. The results demonstrated that EFs during the night were higher than those during the day because goods vehicles are only allowed to travel from 22:00 to 07:00. Averaged EFs of PM2.5, CO, NOX, HC, and VOCs for the total fleet were 0.006 ± 0.005, 1.097 ± 0.398, 0.159 ± 0.092, 0.179 ± 0.089, and 0.317 ± 0.172 g·veh−1·km−1, respectively, lower than those reported from other literatures owing to the strict requirements of emission standards and improvements in vehicle technology. This method provides an approach to measure the EFs for different types of vehicles in urban traffic and evaluate traffic pollution in distinct areas.
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185
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McDonald BC, McKeen SA, Cui YY, Ahmadov R, Kim SW, Frost GJ, Pollack IB, Peischl J, Ryerson TB, Holloway JS, Graus M, Warneke C, Gilman JB, de Gouw JA, Kaiser J, Keutsch FN, Hanisco TF, Wolfe GM, Trainer M. Modeling Ozone in the Eastern U.S. using a Fuel-Based Mobile Source Emissions Inventory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7360-7370. [PMID: 29870662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest overestimates in current U.S. emission inventories of nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO2). Here, we expand a previously developed fuel-based inventory of motor-vehicle emissions (FIVE) to the continental U.S. for the year 2013, and evaluate our estimates of mobile source emissions with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Emissions Inventory (NEI) interpolated to 2013. We find that mobile source emissions of NO x and carbon monoxide (CO) in the NEI are higher than FIVE by 28% and 90%, respectively. Using a chemical transport model, we model mobile source emissions from FIVE, and find consistent levels of urban NO x and CO as measured during the Southeast Nexus (SENEX) Study in 2013. Lastly, we assess the sensitivity of ozone (O3) over the Eastern U.S. to uncertainties in mobile source NO x emissions and biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. The ground-level O3 is sensitive to reductions in mobile source NO x emissions, most notably in the Southeastern U.S. and during O3 exceedance events, under the revised standard proposed in 2015 (>70 ppb, 8 h maximum). This suggests that decreasing mobile source NO x emissions could help in meeting more stringent O3 standards in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C McDonald
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Stuart A McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Yu Yan Cui
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Ravan Ahmadov
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Global Systems Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Si-Wan Kim
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Gregory J Frost
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Ilana B Pollack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - John S Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Martin Graus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Joost A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Jennifer Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Thomas F Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 20771 , United States
| | - Glenn M Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 20771 , United States
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology , University of Maryland Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21228 , United States
| | - Michael Trainer
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
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186
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Heft-Neal S, Burney J, Bendavid E, Burke M. Robust relationship between air quality and infant mortality in Africa. Nature 2018; 559:254-258. [PMID: 29950722 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Poor air quality is thought to be an important mortality risk factor globally1-3, but there is little direct evidence from the developing world on how mortality risk varies with changing exposure to ambient particulate matter. Current global estimates apply exposure-response relationships that have been derived mostly from wealthy, mid-latitude countries to spatial population data4, and these estimates remain unvalidated across large portions of the globe. Here we combine household survey-based information on the location and timing of nearly 1 million births across sub-Saharan Africa with satellite-based estimates5 of exposure to ambient respirable particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) to estimate the impact of air quality on mortality rates among infants in Africa. We find that a 10 μg m-3 increase in PM2.5 concentration is associated with a 9% (95% confidence interval, 4-14%) rise in infant mortality across the dataset. This effect has not declined over the last 15 years and does not diminish with higher levels of household wealth. Our estimates suggest that PM2.5 concentrations above minimum exposure levels were responsible for 22% (95% confidence interval, 9-35%) of infant deaths in our 30 study countries and led to 449,000 (95% confidence interval, 194,000-709,000) additional deaths of infants in 2015, an estimate that is more than three times higher than existing estimates that attribute death of infants to poor air quality for these countries2,6. Upward revision of disease-burden estimates in the studied countries in Africa alone would result in a doubling of current estimates of global deaths of infants that are associated with air pollution, and modest reductions in African PM2.5 exposures are predicted to have health benefits to infants that are larger than most known health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Heft-Neal
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Burney
- School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eran Bendavid
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marshall Burke
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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187
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Frey HC. Trends in onroad transportation energy and emissions. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:514-563. [PMID: 29589998 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1454357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Globally, 1.3 billion on-road vehicles consume 79 quadrillion BTU of energy, mostly gasoline and diesel fuels, emit 5.7 gigatonnes of CO2, and emit other pollutants to which approximately 200,000 annual premature deaths are attributed. Improved vehicle energy efficiency and emission controls have helped offset growth in vehicle activity. New technologies are diffusing into the vehicle fleet in response to fuel efficiency and emission standards. Empirical assessment of vehicle emissions is challenging because of myriad fuels and technologies, intervehicle variability, multiple emission processes, variability in operating conditions, and varying capabilities of measurement methods. Fuel economy and emissions regulations have been effective in reducing total emissions of key pollutants. Real-world fuel use and emissions are consistent with official values in the United States but not in Europe or countries that adopt European standards. Portable emission measurements systems, which uncovered a recent emissions cheating scandal, have a key role in regulatory programs to ensure conformity between "real driving emissions" and emission standards. The global vehicle fleet will experience tremendous growth, especially in Asia. Although existing data and modeling tools are useful, they are often based on convenience samples, small sample sizes, large variability, and unquantified uncertainty. Vehicles emit precursors to several important secondary pollutants, including ozone and secondary organic aerosols, which requires a multipollutant emissions and air quality management strategy. Gasoline and diesel are likely to persist as key energy sources to mid-century. Adoption of electric vehicles is not a panacea with regard to greenhouse gas emissions unless coupled with policies to change the power generation mix. Depending on how they are actually implemented and used, autonomous vehicles could lead to very large reductions or increases in energy consumption. Numerous other trends are addressed with regard to technology, emissions controls, vehicle operations, emission measurements, impacts on exposure, and impacts on public health. IMPLICATIONS Without specific policies to the contrary, fossil fuels are likely to continue to be the major source of on-road vehicle energy consumption. Fuel economy and emission standards are generally effective in achieving reductions per unit of vehicle activity. However, the number of vehicles and miles traveled will increase. Total energy use and emissions depend on factors such as fuels, technologies, land use, demographics, economics, road design, vehicle operation, societal values, and others that affect demand for transportation, mode choice, energy use, and emissions. Thus, there are many opportunities to influence future trends in vehicle energy use and emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Christopher Frey
- a Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering , North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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188
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Peitz D, Elsener M, Kröcher O. Impact of Catalyst Geometry on Diffusion and Selective Catalytic Reduction Kinetics under Elevated Pressures. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018; 90:795-802. [PMID: 31543520 PMCID: PMC6743712 DOI: 10.1002/cite.201700146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In marine diesel engine applications, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) upstream of the turbocharger may become the preferred technology when dealing with high sulfur fuels and low exhaust gas temperatures. The target nitrogen oxide reductions in combination with minimum ammonia slip and reduced gas diffusion rates under elevated pressures require understanding of the impact of catalyst geometry on the SCR kinetics. The extent, trends, and sources for this observation are elucidated in this work by systematic testing of catalysts with equal geometry and/or intrinsic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peitz
- Winterthur Gas & DieselSchützenstraße 1–38400WinterthurSwitzerland
- Hug EngineeringIm Geren 148352ElsauSwitzerland
| | - Martin Elsener
- Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI)Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory5232VilligenSwitzerland
| | - Oliver Kröcher
- Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI)Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory5232VilligenSwitzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering1015LausanneSwitzerland
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189
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Liu NM, Grigg J. Diesel, children and respiratory disease. BMJ Paediatr Open 2018; 2:e000210. [PMID: 29862329 PMCID: PMC5976105 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2017-000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution generated in urban areas is a global public health burden since half of the world's population live in either cities, megacities or periurban areas. Its direct effects include initiating and exacerbating disease, with indirect effects on health mediated via climate change putting the basic needs of water, air and food at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norrice M Liu
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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190
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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultrasonic Spot Welded Mg/Al Alloy Dissimilar Joints. METALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/met8040229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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191
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Zhang Y, Qu S, Zhao J, Zhu G, Zhang Y, Lu X, Sabel CE, Wang H. Quantifying regional consumption-based health impacts attributable to ambient air pollution in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 112:100-106. [PMID: 29268157 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Serious air pollution has caused about one million premature deaths per year in China recently. Besides cross-border atmospheric transport of air pollution, trade also relocates pollution and related health impacts across China as a result of the spatial separation between consumption and production. This study proposes an approach for calculating the health impacts of emissions due to a region's consumption based on a multidisciplinary methodology coupling economic, atmospheric, and epidemiological models. These analyses were performed for China's Beijing and Hebei provinces. It was found that these provinces' consumption-based premature deaths attributable to ambient PM2.5 were respectively 22,500 and 49,700, which were 23% higher and 37% lower than the numbers solely within their boundaries in 2007. The difference between the effects of trade and trade-related emissions on premature deaths attributable to air pollution in a region has also been clarified. The results illustrate the large and broad impact of domestic trade on regional air quality and the need for comprehensive consideration of supply chains in designing policy to mitigate the negative health impacts of air pollution across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shen Qu
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1041, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ge Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanxu Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xi Lu
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Clive E Sabel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Haikun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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192
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Knobelspies S, Bierer B, Daus A, Takabayashi A, Salvatore GA, Cantarella G, Ortiz Perez A, Wöllenstein J, Palzer S, Tröster G. Photo-Induced Room-Temperature Gas Sensing with a-IGZO Based Thin-Film Transistors Fabricated on Flexible Plastic Foil. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020358. [PMID: 29373524 PMCID: PMC5855925 DOI: 10.3390/s18020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a gas sensitive thin-film transistor (TFT) based on an amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide (a-IGZO) semiconductor as the sensing layer, which is fabricated on a free-standing flexible polyimide foil. The photo-induced sensor response to NO₂ gas at room temperature and the cross-sensitivity to humidity are investigated. We combine the advantages of a transistor based sensor with flexible electronics technology to demonstrate the first flexible a-IGZO based gas sensitive TFT. Since flexible plastic substrates prohibit the use of high operating temperatures, the charge generation is promoted with the help of UV-light absorption, which ultimately triggers the reversible chemical reaction with the trace gas. Furthermore, the device fabrication process flow can be directly implemented in standard TFT technology, allowing for the parallel integration of the sensor and analog or logical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Knobelspies
- Electronics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Benedikt Bierer
- Laboratory for Gas Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Alwin Daus
- Electronics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Alain Takabayashi
- Electronics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Giovanni Antonio Salvatore
- Electronics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Giuseppe Cantarella
- Electronics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Alvaro Ortiz Perez
- Laboratory for Gas Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Wöllenstein
- Laboratory for Gas Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Palzer
- Department of Computer Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente 11, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gerhard Tröster
- Electronics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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193
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Feng Y, Ling L, Nie J, Han K, Chen X, Bian Z, Li H, Wang ZL. Self-Powered Electrostatic Filter with Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Formaldehyde Based on Built-in Triboelectric Nanogenerators. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12411-12418. [PMID: 29188991 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, atmospheric pollution caused by particulate matter or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has become a serious issue to threaten human health. Consequently, it is highly desirable to develop an efficient purifying technique with simple structure and low cost. In this study, by combining a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and a photocatalysis technique, we demonstrated a concept of a self-powered filtering method for removing pollutants from indoor atmosphere. The photocatalyst P25 or Pt/P25 was embedded on the surface of polymer-coated stainless steel wires, and such steel wires were woven into a filtering network. A strong electric field can be induced on this filtering network by TENG, while both electrostatic adsorption effect and TENG-enhanced photocatalytic effect can be achieved. Rhodamine B (RhB) steam was selected as the pollutant for demonstration. The absorbed RhB on the filter network with TENG in 1 min was almost the same amount of absorption achieved in 15 min without using TENG. Meanwhile, the degradation of RhB was increased over 50% under the drive of TENG. Furthermore, such a device was applied for the degradation of formaldehyde, where degradation efficiency was doubled under the drive of TENG. This work extended the application for the TENG in self-powered electrochemistry, design and concept of which can be possibly applied in the field of haze governance, indoor air cleaning, and photocatalytic pollution removal for environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Feng
- Education Ministry Key and International Joint Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Lab of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Lili Ling
- Education Ministry Key and International Joint Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Lab of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Jinhui Nie
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Kai Han
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zhenfeng Bian
- Education Ministry Key and International Joint Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Lab of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Hexing Li
- Education Ministry Key and International Joint Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Lab of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, PR China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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194
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Li M, Liu H, Geng G, Hong C, Liu F, Song Y, Tong D, Zheng B, Cui H, Man H, Zhang Q, He K. Anthropogenic emission inventories in China: a review. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- now at Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guannan Geng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chaopeng Hong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dan Tong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongyang Cui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanyang Man
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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195
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Air pollution significantly affects health, causing up to 7 million premature deaths annually with an even larger number of hospitalizations and days of sick leave. Climate change could alter the dispersion of primary pollutants, particularly particulate matter, and intensify the formation of secondary pollutants, such as near-surface ozone. The purpose of the review is to evaluate the recent evidence on the impacts of climate change on air pollution and air pollution-related health impacts and identify knowledge gaps for future research. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies modelled future ozone and particulate matter concentrations and calculated the resulting health impacts under different climate scenarios. Due to climate change, ozone- and fine particle-related mortalities are expected to increase in most studies; however, results differ by region, assumed climate change scenario and other factors such as population and background emissions. This review explores the relationships between climate change, air pollution and air pollution-related health impacts. The results highly depend on the climate change scenario used and on projections of future air pollution emissions, with relatively high uncertainty. Studies primarily focused on mortality; projections on the effects on morbidity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Orru
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.
| | - K L Ebi
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B Forsberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
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196
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Neagu D, Papaioannou EI, Ramli WKW, Miller DN, Murdoch BJ, Ménard H, Umar A, Barlow AJ, Cumpson PJ, Irvine JTS, Metcalfe IS. Demonstration of chemistry at a point through restructuring and catalytic activation at anchored nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1855. [PMID: 29187751 PMCID: PMC5707356 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles prepared by exsolution at the surface of perovskite oxides have been recently shown to enable new dimensions in catalysis and energy conversion and storage technologies owing to their socketed, well-anchored structure. Here we show that contrary to general belief, exsolved particles do not necessarily re-dissolve back into the underlying perovskite upon oxidation. Instead, they may remain pinned to their initial locations, allowing one to subject them to further chemical transformations to alter their composition, structure and functionality dramatically, while preserving their initial spatial arrangement. We refer to this concept as chemistry at a point and illustrate it by tracking individual nanoparticles throughout various chemical transformations. We demonstrate its remarkable practical utility by preparing a nanostructured earth abundant metal catalyst which rivals platinum on a weight basis over hundreds of hours of operation. Our concept enables the design of compositionally diverse confined oxide particles with superior stability and catalytic reactivity. Metal nanoparticles prepared by exsolution at the surface of perovskite oxides are key species in catalysis and energy fields. Here, the authors develop a chemistry at a point concept by tracking individual nanoparticles with excellent activity and stability throughout various chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Neagu
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | | | - Wan K W Ramli
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.,School of Bioprocess Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - David N Miller
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Billy J Murdoch
- National EPSRC XPS Users' Service (NEXUS), School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | - Ahmed Umar
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Anders J Barlow
- National EPSRC XPS Users' Service (NEXUS), School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Peter J Cumpson
- National EPSRC XPS Users' Service (NEXUS), School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - John T S Irvine
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Ian S Metcalfe
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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197
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Lelieveld
- Jos Lelieveld is director of atmospheric chemistry at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz, Germany; and institute professor at the Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Ulrich Pöschl is director of multiphase chemistry at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz, Germany
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198
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Pérez-Martínez PJ, de Fátima Andrade M, de Miranda RM. Heavy truck restrictions and air quality implications in São Paulo, Brazil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 202:55-68. [PMID: 28719822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study quantified the effects of traffic restrictions on diesel fuel heavy vehicles (HVs) on the air quality of the Bandeirantes corridor using hourly data obtained by continuous monitoring of traffic and air quality at sites located on this avenue. The study addressed the air quality of a city impacted by vehicular emissions and that PM10 and NOX concentrations are mainly due to diesel burning. Data collection was split into two time periods, a period of no traffic constraint on HVs (Nov 2008 and 2009) and a period of constraint (Nov 2010, 2011 and 2012). We found that pollutants on this corridor, mainly PM10 and NOX, decreased significantly during the period from 2008 to 2012 (28 and 43%, 15.8 and 86.9 ppb) as a direct consequence of HV traffic restrictions (a 72% reduction). Rebound effects in the form of increased traffic of light vehicles (LVs) during this time had impacts on the concentration levels, explaining the differences between rates of reduction in HV traffic and pollutants. Reductions in the number of trucks resulted in longer travel times and increased traffic congestion as a consequence of the modal shift towards LVs. We found that a 51% decrease in PM10 (28.8 μg m-3) was due to a reduction in HV traffic (vehicle emissions were estimated to be 71% of total sources, 40.1 μg m-3). This percentage was partially offset by 10% more PM10 emissions related to an increase in LV traffic, while other causes, such as climatic conditions, contributed to a 13% increase in PM10 concentrations. The relationships analyzed in this research served to highlight the need to apply urban transport policies aimed at decreasing pollutant concentrations in São Paulo, especially in heavily congested urban corridors on working days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro José Pérez-Martínez
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil.
| | - María de Fátima Andrade
- Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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199
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Peitzmeier C, Loschke C, Wiedenhaus H, Klemm O. Real-world vehicle emissions as measured by in situ analysis of exhaust plumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:23279-23289. [PMID: 28836085 PMCID: PMC5630643 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a 60-day roadside measurement campaign on a busy street in Münster, Germany, during summer 2016. We used gas and particle concentration measurements with high temporal resolution (10 Hz) to quantify both the emission ratios of nitrogen oxides per carbon dioxide (NO x /CO2) for over 70,000 individual exhaust plumes as well as the emission ratios for size-resolved particle numbers per carbon dioxide (d(PN CO2-1)/dlogD) for about 10,000 plumes. The real-world fleet passing by the measurement station consisted of passenger cars (85%), buses (5.9%), light duty commercial vehicles (5.7%), trucks (1.7%), and motorcycles (1.6%). The median measured NO x /CO2 ratio was 3.33 g kg-1. The median measured PN/CO2 emission ratio for particles with diameters between 0.03 and 10 μm was 5.6 × 1014 kg-1. We compared our results with the Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) and the Euro 5 and Euro 6 emission standards by employing traffic counts, assuming the diesel-to-gasoline ratios of vehicles according to registration statistics, and estimating that stop-and-go traffic occurred 65% of the time. Using a conservative estimate, our median ratios exceeded the HBEFA data by more than 65% for NO x /CO and by a factor of about 100 for PN/CO2. Furthermore, our median NO x emission per kilometer travelled (NO x km-1) exceeded the Euro 5 emission limit for diesel cars by a factor of 3 and exceeded the Euro 6 limit by almost a factor of 7. Additionally, our median particle number emission (PN km-1) exceeded the Euro 5 and Euro 6 limits of diesel cars by a factor of almost 150. These results confirm the presumption that the emissions of a real-world traffic fleet comprehensively exceed the legal limits. Very likely, the widespread presence of defeat devices in vehicle emission control systems plays a major role in this discrepancy. This has a strong impact on the apparent inability of authorities to comply with the legal limits of the NO2 concentrations in urban air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peitzmeier
- Institute of Landscape Ecology - Climatology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Munster, Germany.
| | - Carmen Loschke
- Institute of Landscape Ecology - Climatology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Munster, Germany
| | - Hanna Wiedenhaus
- Institute of Landscape Ecology - Climatology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Munster, Germany
| | - Otto Klemm
- Institute of Landscape Ecology - Climatology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Munster, Germany
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200
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Kim JW, Porte Y, Ko KY, Kim H, Myoung JM. Micropatternable Double-Faced ZnO Nanoflowers for Flexible Gas Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:32876-32886. [PMID: 28882036 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Micropatternable double-faced (DF) zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoflowers (NFs) for flexible gas sensors have been successfully fabricated on a polyimide (PI) substrate with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as electrode. The fabricated sensor comprises ZnO nanoshells laid out on a PI substrate at regular intervals, on which ZnO nanorods (NRs) were grown in- and outside the shells to maximize the surface area and form a connected network. This three-dimensional network structure possesses multiple gas diffusion channels and the micropatterned island structure allows the stability of the flexible devices to be enhanced by dispersing the strain into the empty spaces of the substrate. Moreover, the micropatterning technique on a flexible substrate enables highly integrated nanodevices to be fabricated. The SWCNTs were chosen as the electrode for their flexibility and the Schottky barrier they form with ZnO, improving the sensing performance. The devices exhibited high selectivity toward NO2 as well as outstanding sensing characteristics with a stable response of 218.1, fast rising and decay times of 25.0 and 14.1 s, respectively, and percent recovery greater than 98% upon NO2 exposure. The superior sensing properties arose from a combination of high surface area, numerous active junction points, donor point defects in the ZnO NRs, and the use of the SWCNT electrode. Furthermore, the DF-ZnO NF gas sensor showed sustainable mechanical stability. Despite the physical degradation observed, the devices still demonstrated outstanding sensing characteristics after 10 000 bending cycles at a curvature radius of 5 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Woo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Soedaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoann Porte
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Soedaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yong Ko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Soedaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Soedaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Myoung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Soedaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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