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Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue-resident lymphocytes that promote immunity to pathogens at mucosal barriers, but the mechanisms regulating their development within tissues remain poorly understood. In this issue of Immunity, Oherle et al. identify a niche in the neonatal airway where stromal cell-derived insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) supports the proliferation of ILC precursors and protects from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory F Sonnenberg
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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152
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Domingues RG, Hepworth MR. Immunoregulatory Sensory Circuits in Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cell (ILC3) Function and Tissue Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:116. [PMID: 32117267 PMCID: PMC7015949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a revolution in our understanding of how cells of the immune system are modulated and regulated not only via complex interactions with other immune cells, but also through a range of potent inputs derived from diverse and varied biological systems. Within complex tissue environments, such as the gastrointestinal tract and lung, these systems act to orchestrate and temporally align immune responses, regulate cellular function, and ensure tissue homeostasis and protective immunity. Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC3s) are key sentinels of barrier tissue homeostasis and critical regulators of host-commensal mutualism—and respond rapidly to damage, inflammation and infection to restore tissue health. Recent findings place ILC3s as strategic integrators of environmental signals. As a consequence, ILC3s are ideally positioned to detect perturbations in cues derived from the environment—such as the diet and microbiota—as well as signals produced by the host nervous, endocrine and circadian systems. Together these cues act in concert to induce ILC3 effector function, and form critical sensory circuits that continually function to reinforce tissue homeostasis. In this review we will take a holistic, organismal view of ILC3 biology and explore the tissue sensory circuits that regulate ILC3 function and align ILC3 responses with changes within the intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita G Domingues
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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153
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An Z, Flores-Borja F, Irshad S, Deng J, Ng T. Pleiotropic Role and Bidirectional Immunomodulation of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3111. [PMID: 32117199 PMCID: PMC7010811 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are largely tissue resident and respond rapidly toward the environmental signals from surrounding tissues and other immune cells. The pleiotropic function of ILCs in diverse contexts underpins its importance in the innate arm of immune system in human health and disease. ILCs derive from common lymphoid progenitors but lack adaptive antigen receptors and functionally act as the innate counterpart to T-cell subsets. The classification of different subtypes is based on their distinct transcription factor requirement for development as well as signature cytokines that they produce. The discovery and subsequent characterization of ILCs over the past decade have mainly focused on the regulation of inflammation, tissue remodeling, and homeostasis, whereas the understanding of the multiple roles and mechanisms of ILCs in cancer is still limited. Emerging evidence of the potent immunomodulatory properties of ILCs in early host defense signifies a major advance in the use of ILCs as promising targets in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we will decipher the non-exclusive roles of ILCs associated with both protumor and antitumor activities. We will also dissect the heterogeneity, plasticity, genetic evidence, and dysregulation in different cancer contexts, providing a comprehensive understanding of the complexity and diversity. These will have implications for the therapeutic targeting in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwen An
- KCL Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Guys Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Flores-Borja
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sheeba Irshad
- KCL Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Guys Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jinhai Deng
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Ng
- KCL Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Guys Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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154
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Melo-Gonzalez F, Hepworth MR. Identification and Functional Characterization of Murine Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cell (ILC3) Subsets in the Intestinal Tract and Associated Lymphoid Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2121:37-49. [PMID: 32147784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0338-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are critical mediators of innate immune responses at mucosal barriers in both health and disease. ILC3s rapidly respond to environmental cues to reinforce barrier function and foster a mutualistic microbiota. ILC3s are defined by the expression of the master transcription factor RORγt, but can be further subdivided by the surface expression of the chemokine receptor CCR6 or the natural killer cell-associated receptor NKp46, as well as through the coexpression of the transcription factor T-bet. Importantly, while these subsets exhibit overlapping functions such as the secretion of the cytokines IL-17A and IL-22, they also differ significantly transcriptionally, functionally and by their localization within tissues. Thus, it is critical that studies investigating ILC3 biology consider the heterogeneity and tissue specificities of these subsets. Here, we describe common tools used to dissect and characterize ILC3s subset phenotypes and functions by flow cytometry and strategies for cell sorting of these cells in both the gastrointestinal tract and associated lymph nodes. Together, these approaches provide a tool kit for researchers aiming to dissect ILC3 subset responses at homeostasis, during infection, or in the context of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Melo-Gonzalez
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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155
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Motomura Y, Kobayashi T, Moro K. The Neuropeptide CGRP Induces Bipolar Syndrome in Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells. Immunity 2019; 51:598-600. [PMID: 31618650 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Nagashima et al., Wallrapp et al., and Xu et al. demonstrate that the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) fine tunes type 2 innate immune response via suppressing group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Motomura
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Moro
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, 3-1, Yamadaoka Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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156
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18F-FDG PET-Based Imaging of Myocardial Inflammation Predicts a Functional Outcome Following Transplantation of mESC-Derived Cardiac Induced Cells in a Mouse Model of Myocardial Infarction. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121613. [PMID: 31835854 PMCID: PMC6952872 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular inflammation following acute myocardial infarction has gained increasing importance as a target mechanism for therapeutic approaches. We sought to investigate the effect of syngeneic cardiac induced cells (CiC) on myocardial inflammation using 18F-FDG PET (Positron emission tomography)-based imaging and the resulting effect on cardiac pump function using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in a mouse model of myocardial infarction. Mice underwent permanent left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) ligation inducing an acute inflammatory response. The therapy group received an intramyocardial injection of 106 CiC into the border zone of the infarction. Five days after myocardial infarction, 18F-FDG PET was performed under anaesthesia with ketamine and xylazine (KX) to image the inflammatory response in the heart. Flow cytometry of the mononuclear cells in the heart was performed to analyze the inflammatory response. The effect of CiC therapy on cardiac function was determined after three weeks by CMR. The 18F-FDG PET imaging of the heart five days after myocardial infarction (MI) revealed high focal tracer accumulation in the border zone of the infarcted myocardium, whereas no difference was observed in the tracer uptake between infarct and remote myocardium. The CiC transplantation induced a shift in 18F-FDG uptake pattern, leading to significantly higher 18F-FDG uptake in the whole heart, as well as the remote area of the heart. Correspondingly, high numbers of CD11+ cells could be measured by flow cytometry in this region. The CiC transplantation significantly improved the left ventricular ejection function (LVEF) three weeks after myocardial infarction. The CiC transplantation after myocardial infarction leads to an improvement in pump function through modulation of the cellular inflammatory response five days after myocardial infarction. By combining CiC transplantation and the cardiac glucose uptake suppression protocol with KX in a mouse model, we show for the first time, that imaging of cellular inflammation after myocardial infarction using 18F-FDG PET can be used as an early prognostic tool for assessing the efficacy of cardiac stem cell therapies.
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157
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Chun E, Lavoie S, Fonseca-Pereira D, Bae S, Michaud M, Hoveyda HR, Fraser GL, Gallini Comeau CA, Glickman JN, Fuller MH, Layden BT, Garrett WS. Metabolite-Sensing Receptor Ffar2 Regulates Colonic Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells and Gut Immunity. Immunity 2019; 51:871-884.e6. [PMID: 31628054 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) sense environmental signals that are critical for gut homeostasis and host defense. However, the metabolite-sensing G-protein-coupled receptors that regulate colonic ILC3s remain poorly understood. We found that colonic ILC3s expressed Ffar2, a microbial metabolite-sensing receptor, and that Ffar2 agonism promoted ILC3 expansion and function. Deficiency of Ffar2 in ILC3s decreased their in situ proliferation and ILC3-derived interleukin-22 (IL-22) production. This led to impaired gut epithelial function characterized by altered mucus-associated proteins and antimicrobial peptides and increased susceptibility to colonic injury and bacterial infection. Ffar2 increased IL-22+ CCR6+ ILC3s and influenced ILC3 abundance in colonic lymphoid tissues. Ffar2 agonism differentially activated AKT or ERK signaling and increased ILC3-derived IL-22 via an AKT and STAT3 axis. Our findings suggest that Ffar2 regulates colonic ILC3 proliferation and function, and they identify an ILC3-receptor signaling pathway modulating gut homeostasis and pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Chun
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sydney Lavoie
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diogo Fonseca-Pereira
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sena Bae
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Monia Michaud
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Carey Ann Gallini Comeau
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan N Glickman
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Miles H Fuller
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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158
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Teng F, Goc J, Zhou L, Chu C, Shah MA, Eberl G, Sonnenberg GF. A circadian clock is essential for homeostasis of group 3 innate lymphoid cells in the gut. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaax1215. [PMID: 31586011 PMCID: PMC7008004 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) critically orchestrate host-microbe interactions in the healthy mammalian intestine and become substantially impaired in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the molecular pathways controlling the homeostasis of ILC3s remain incompletely defined. Here, we identify that intestinal ILC3s are highly enriched in expression of genes involved in the circadian clock and exhibit diurnal oscillations of these pathways in response to light cues. Classical ILC3 effector functions also exhibited diurnal oscillations, and lineage-specific deletion of BMAL1, a master regulator of the circadian clock, resulted in markedly reduced ILC3s selectively in the intestine. BMAL1-deficient ILC3s exhibit impaired expression of Nr1d1 and Per3, hyperactivation of RORγt-dependent target genes, and elevated proapoptotic pathways. Depletion of the microbiota with antibiotics partially reduced the hyperactivation of BMAL1-deficient ILC3s and restored cellular homeostasis in the intestine. Last, ILC3s isolated from the inflamed intestine of patients with IBD exhibit substantial alterations in expression of several circadian-related genes. Our results collectively define that circadian regulation is essential for the homeostasis of ILC3s in the presence of a complex intestinal microbiota and that this pathway is disrupted in the context of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy Goc
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Zhou
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Coco Chu
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manish A Shah
- Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Gregory F Sonnenberg
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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159
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Huang Q, Cao W, Mielke LA, Seillet C, Belz GT, Jacquelot N. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Colorectal Cancers: A Double-Edged Sword. Front Immunol 2019; 10:3080. [PMID: 32010138 PMCID: PMC6974476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a fundamental role at mucosal barriers in maintaining tissue homeostasis. This is particularly true for the gut where cells are flooded with microbial-derived signals and antigens, which constantly challenge the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Multiple immune cell populations equipped with both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions reside in the gut tissue and these cells tightly regulate intestinal health and functions. Dysregulation of this finely tuned system can progressively lead to autoimmune disease and inflammation-driven carcinogenesis. Over the last decade, the contribution of the adaptive immune system in controlling colorectal cancer has been studied in detail, but the role of the innate system, particularly innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), have been largely overlooked. By sensing their microenvironment, ILCs are essential in supporting gut epithelium repair and controling bacterial- and helminth-mediated intestinal infections, highlighting their important role in maintaining tissue integrity. Accumulating evidence also suggests that they may play an important role in carcinogenesis including intestinal cancers. In this review, we will explore the current knowledge about the pro- and anti-tumor functions of ILCs in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiutong Huang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Wang Cao
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Anna Mielke
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Cyril Seillet
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T. Belz
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Gabrielle T. Belz
| | - Nicolas Jacquelot
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Nicolas Jacquelot
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