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Mlynarczyk C, Fontán L, Melnick A. Germinal center-derived lymphomas: The darkest side of humoral immunity. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:214-239. [PMID: 30874354 PMCID: PMC6518944 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the unusual features of germinal center (GC) B cells is that they manifest many hallmarks of cancer cells. Accordingly, most B-cell neoplasms originate from the GC reaction, and characteristically display abundant point mutations, structural genomic lesions, and clonal diversity from the genetic and epigenetic standpoints. The dominant biological theme of GC-derived lymphomas is mutation of genes involved in epigenetic regulation and immune receptor signaling, which come into play at critical transitional stages of the GC reaction. Hence, mechanistic studies of these mutations reveal fundamental insight into the biology of the normal and malignant GC B cell. The BCL6 transcription factor plays a central role in establishing the GC phenotype in B cells, and most lymphomas are dependent on BCL6 to maintain survival, proliferation, and perhaps immune evasion. Many lymphoma mutations have the commonality of enhancing the oncogenic functions of BCL6, or overcoming some of its tumor suppressive effects. Herein, we discuss how unique features of the GC reaction create vulnerabilities that select for particular lymphoma mutations. We examine the interplay between epigenetic programming, metabolism, signaling, and immune regulatory mechanisms in lymphoma, and discuss how these are leading to novel precision therapy strategies to treat lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Mlynarczyk
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
| | - Lorena Fontán
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
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153
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Cross-talk between signal transduction and metabolism in B cells. Immunol Lett 2018; 201:1-13. [PMID: 30439477 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence demonstrates that specific metabolic adaptations are needed to support B cell development and differentiation and to enable B cells to thrive in different environments. Mitogen induced activation of intracellular signaling pathways triggers nutrient uptake and metabolic remodeling to meet the cells' current needs. Reciprocally, changes in the metabolic composition of the environment, or in intracellular metabolite levels, can modulate signal transduction and thus shape cell fate and function. In summary, signal transduction and metabolic pathways operate within an integrated network to cooperatively define cellular outcomes.
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154
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Akkaya B, Roesler AS, Miozzo P, Theall BP, Al Souz J, Smelkinson MG, Kabat J, Traba J, Sack MN, Brzostowski JA, Pena M, Dorward DW, Pierce SK, Akkaya M. Increased Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Reactive Oxygen Species Production Accompany Prolonged CD4 + T Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3294-3306. [PMID: 30373851 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Activation of CD4+ T cells to proliferate drives cells toward aerobic glycolysis for energy production while using mitochondria primarily for macromolecular synthesis. In addition, the mitochondria of activated T cells increase production of reactive oxygen species, providing an important second messenger for intracellular signaling pathways. To better understand the critical changes in mitochondria that accompany prolonged T cell activation, we carried out an extensive analysis of mitochondrial remodeling using a combination of conventional strategies and a novel high-resolution imaging method. We show that for 4 d following activation, mouse CD4+ T cells sustained their commitment to glycolysis facilitated by increased glucose uptake through increased expression of GLUT transporters. Despite their limited contribution to energy production, mitochondria were active and showed increased reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, prolonged activation of CD4+ T cells led to increases in mitochondrial content and volume, in the number of mitochondria per cell and in mitochondrial biogenesis. Thus, during prolonged activation, CD4+ T cells continue to obtain energy predominantly from glycolysis but also undergo extensive mitochondrial remodeling, resulting in increased mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billur Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alexander S Roesler
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Pietro Miozzo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Brandon P Theall
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Jafar Al Souz
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Margery G Smelkinson
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Javier Traba
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Michael N Sack
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Joseph A Brzostowski
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Mirna Pena
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - David W Dorward
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Munir Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852;
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155
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Regulation of metabolic supply and demand during B cell activation and subsequent differentiation. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 57:8-14. [PMID: 30339937 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
B cell activation and differentiation are associated with marked changes in proliferative and effector functions. Each stage of B cell differentiation thus has unique metabolic demands. New studies have provided insight on how nutrient uptake and usage by B cells are regulated by B cell receptor signals, autophagy, mammalian target of rapamycin, and transcriptional control of transporters and rate-limiting enzymes. A recurring theme is that these pathways play distinct roles ranging from survival to antibody production, depending on the B cell fate. We review recently published data that define how these pathways control metabolic flux in B cells, with a particular emphasis on genetic and in vivo evidence. We further discuss how lessons from T cells can guide future directions.
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156
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From zero to sixty and back to zero again: the metabolic life of B cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 57:1-7. [PMID: 30312894 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Throughout their lifetimes B cells shift metabolic gears to move rapidly from quiescent states to full out proliferative expansion and back again. Here we discuss recent findings that shed light on how B cells rapidly shift gears to metabolically fuel expansion and then just as rapidly down shift during phases of receptor rearrangements to ensure genome stability. We also discuss the link between metabolic activity and fate decisions in B cells.
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