151
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Costa FDN, Leitão GG. Strategies of solvent system selection for the isolation of flavonoids by countercurrent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:336-47. [PMID: 20169552 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids form a large class of important naturally occurring bioactive compounds. Their isolation and purification from natural sources can sometimes be very difficult and time-consuming when traditional phytochemical techniques are used. Countercurrent chromatography (CCC), a support-free liquid-liquid partition chromatography technique, is very useful for the isolation of polar compounds and its use is increasing in the natural products field. In this paper, we propose strategies of solvent system selection for the isolation of flavonoids by CCC, based on data from the literature, plus incorporation of own practical experiences. The selected references report the isolation of over 300 different flavonoid compounds from more than 100 plant species, using 40 different solvent systems, showing the versatility of this technique. The solvent system hexane-ethylacetate-methanol-water is proposed as a starting point for the separation of samples containing free flavonoids, as it was cited in more than 60% of the papers. A "fine tuning" step is proposed at each level of this solvent family. Other modifications include exchanging the alcohol in the system as well as introducing a fifth solvent. The solvent system ethyl-acetate-butanol-water is proposed as the starting point for glycosylated flavonoids. Other solvent systems are also discussed. The use of gradients is proposed for samples containing both free and glycosylated flavonoids, as the polarity window is larger in these cases. High-speed countercurrent chromatography was used in 89% of the reviewed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda das Neves Costa
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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152
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Johnson TA, Morgan MVC, Aratow NA, Estee SA, Sashidhara KV, Loveridge ST, Segraves NL, Crews P. Assessing pressurized liquid extraction for the high-throughput extraction of marine-sponge-derived natural products. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:359-64. [PMID: 20030364 PMCID: PMC2846233 DOI: 10.1021/np900565a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to compare the utility of standard solvent partitioning (SSP) versus accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), a series of experiments were performed and evaluated. Overall yields, solvent consumption, processing time, and chemical stability of the fractions obtained by both methods were compared. Five marine sponges were selected for processing and analysis containing 12 structurally distinct, bioactive natural products. Extracts generated using SSP and ASE were assessed for chemical degradation using comparative LC MS-ELSD. The extraction efficiency (EE) of the ASE apparatus was 3 times greater than the SSP method on average, while the total extraction yields (TEY) were roughly equivalent. Furthermore, the ASE methodology required only 2 h to process each sample versus 80 h for SSP, and the LC MS-ELSD from extracts of both methods appeared comparable. These results demonstrate that ASE can serve as an effective high-throughput methodology for extracting marine organisms to streamline the discovery of novel and bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Phillip Crews
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 831-459-2603. Fax: 831-459-2935.
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153
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Li J, Chase HA. Applications of membrane techniques for purification of natural products. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 32:601-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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154
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Teo CC, Tan SN, Yong JWH, Hew CS, Ong ES. Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE). J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2484-94. [PMID: 20060531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) has become a popular green extraction method for different classes of compounds present in numerous kinds of matrices such as environmental, food and botanical samples. PHWE is also used in sample preparation to extract organic contaminants from foodstuff for food safety analysis and soils/sediments for environmental monitoring purposes. The main parameters which influence its extraction efficiency are namely the temperature, extraction time, flow rates and addition of modifiers/additives. Among these different parameters studied, temperature is described as the most important one. It is reported that the extraction of certain compounds is rather dependent on pressurized water with different applied temperature. Thus, the stability and reduced solubilities of certain compounds at elevated temperatures are highlighted in this review. With some modifications, a scaled-up PHWE could extract a higher amount of desirable compounds from solid and powdered samples such as plant and food materials. The PHWE extracts from plants are rich in chemical compounds or metabolites which can be a potential lead for drug discovery or development of disease-resistant food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Chye Teo
- Natural Sciences and Science Education Academic Group, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore
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155
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Dossey AT. Insects and their chemical weaponry: New potential for drug discovery. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1737-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c005319h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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156
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Wu D, Jiang X, Wu S. Direct purification of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza
Bunge by high-speed counter-current chromatography without presaturation of the two-phase solvent mixture. J Sep Sci 2009; 33:67-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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157
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Separation and purification of isofraxidin from Sarcandra glabra by microwave-assisted extraction coupled with high-speed counter-current chromatography. Sep Purif Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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158
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Han QB, Wong L, Lai F, Yang NY, Song JZ, Qiao CF, Xu HX. Preparative isolation of pseudolaric acids A and B, and their glucosides from the root bark of Pseudolarix kaempferi using high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:309-13. [PMID: 19072902 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In order to provide the chemical markers for the quality control of herbal medicines, four diterpenoids, pseudolaric acids A and B (PAA and PAB), and their glucosides were isolated from the methanol extract of the Chinese herb Pseudolarix kaempferi using high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). The diphase solvent system was n-hexane/EtOAc/MeOH/H(2)O which was used at two ratios (5:5:5:5 and 1:9:4:6 by volume) in the separation of pseudolaric acids and their glycosides, respectively. As a result, PAA (14 mg), PAB (129 mg), PAA-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8 mg, PAAG), and PAB-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (42 mg, PABG) were obtained from 0.5 g of the crude extract. Their purities were determined to be above 97% by HPLC analysis. Their chemical structures were confirmed by( 1)H and( 13)C NMR analysis or HPLC comparison with the reference compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Bin Han
- Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Hong Kong Jockey Club Institute of Chinese Medicine, ShaTin N. T., Hong Kong, China
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159
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Okamoto Y, Tokeshi M, Kaji N, Baba Y. Velocity Gap Theory Developed for Magnifying Resolutions without Changing Separation Mechanisms or Separation Lengths. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2745-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802671m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, MEXT Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Health Technology Research Center, Plasma Nanotechnology Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan, and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, MEXT Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Health Technology Research Center, Plasma Nanotechnology Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan, and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Okamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, MEXT Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Health Technology Research Center, Plasma Nanotechnology Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan, and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Manabu Tokeshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, MEXT Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Health Technology Research Center, Plasma Nanotechnology Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan, and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Noritada Kaji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, MEXT Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Health Technology Research Center, Plasma Nanotechnology Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan, and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, MEXT Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Health Technology Research Center, Plasma Nanotechnology Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan, and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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160
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Rostagno MA, Villares A, Guillamón E, García-Lafuente A, Martínez JA. Sample preparation for the analysis of isoflavones from soybeans and soy foods. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2-29. [PMID: 19041977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript provides a review of the actual state and the most recent advances as well as current trends and future prospects in sample preparation and analysis for the quantification of isoflavones from soybeans and soy foods. Individual steps of the procedures used in sample preparation, including sample conservation, extraction techniques and methods, and post-extraction treatment procedures are discussed. The most commonly used methods for extraction of isoflavones with both conventional and "modern" techniques are examined in detail. These modern techniques include ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. Other aspects such as stability during extraction and analysis by high performance liquid chromatography are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rostagno
- Centro para la Calidad de los Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Universitario "Duques de Soria", 42004 Soria, Spain.
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161
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Han QB, Zhou Y, Feng C, Xu G, Huang SX, Li SL, Qiao CF, Song JZ, Chang DC, Luo KQ, Xu HX. Bioassay guided discovery of apoptosis inducers from gamboge by high-speed counter-current chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 877:401-7. [PMID: 19124287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A screening system, composed of high-speed counter-current chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, was established to find bioactive lead compound. This system succeeded in discovering apoptosis inducers from gamboge, the resin of Garcinia hanburyi. High-speed counter-current chromatography was used to provide well-separated fractions for bioassay and the resulted active fractions were rapidly identified using high-pressure liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The solvent system of n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water was optimized to the ratio of 7:3:7:3 (v/v/v/v) by a K value analysis. As a result, two active fractions were obtained. They showed apoptosis inducing effects as potent as that of taxol (500 nM) at the concentration of 1 microg/ml. Gambogenic acid (72.1%) and epimeric isogambogic acids (25.3%) were identified in one of the fractions. The other active fraction mainly contained two epimeric mixtures, gambogic acids (68.7%) and gambogoic acids (26.9%). Among them, gambogenic acid, without epimerization, has priority to be lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Bin Han
- Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Hong Kong Jockey Club Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
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162
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Labbozzetta S, Valvo L, Bertocchi P, Alimonti S, Gaudiano MC, Manna L. Focused Microwave-Assisted Extraction and LC Determination of Ketoprofen in the Presence of Preservatives in a Pharmaceutical Cream Formulation. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0892-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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163
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Lu Y, Ma W, Hu R, Berthod A, Pan Y. Rapid and preparative separation of traditional Chinese medicine Evodia rutaecarpa employing elution-extrusion and back-extrusion counter-current chromatography: comparative study. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:4140-6. [PMID: 19013581 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have attracted much attention in recent years. Elution-extrusion and/or back-extrusion counter-current chromatography (EECCC/BECCC) both take full advantage of the liquid nature of the stationary phase. They effectively extend the solute hydrophobicity window that can be studied and rendered the CCC technique particularly suitable for rapid analysis of complex samples. In this paper, a popular traditional Chinese medicine, Evodia rutaecarpa, was used as the target complex mixture for extrusion CCC separations. With a carefully selected biphasic liquid system (n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water, 3/2/3/2, v/v) and optimized conditions (V(CM)=V(C), mobile phase flow rate: 3mL/min in descending mode, sample loading: 100mg), five fractions could be obtained in only 100min on a 140-mL capacity CCC instrument using both elution- and back-extrusion methods. Each fraction was analyzed and identified compared with the data of major standards using LC/MS. Moreover, the performance of both extrusion protocols was systematically compared and summarized. EECCC could be operated continuously and was found extremely suitable for high-throughput separation; however, post-column addition of a clarifying reagent is recommended to smooth the UV-signal during the extrusion process. Considering BECCC, the practical operation is very simple by just switching a 4-port valve to change the flow direction. The change of flowing direction should be done after a sufficient amount of mobile phase has flushed the column in the classical mode so that solutes with small and medium distribution constants have been eluted. Otherwise, a significant portion of the solutes will stay in the mobile phase inside the column, mix together and produce a broad peak showing in the mobile phase eluting after the stationary phase extrusion. Compared with classical CCC or other preparative separation tools, extrusion CCC approaches exhibit distinguished superiority in the modernization process of traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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