151
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Goodwin D, Varamini P, Simerska P, D'Occhio MJ, Toth I. Design, synthesis and evaluation of a gonadotropin releasing hormone-based subunit vaccine in rams (Ovis aries). Vaccine 2015; 33:1453-8. [PMID: 25678242 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunocastration using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-based vaccines has been investigated in rams to reduce aggressive and sexual behaviour and to control meat quality. Despite considerable efforts, a practical GnRH vaccine has yet to be developed for rams. In the present study, a A GnRH-lipopeptide vaccine (GnRH-LP) including two copies of GnRH, 2-amino-d,l-hexadecanoic acid (C16), and a unique T helper epitope, was examined in rams. Rams received a primary and secondary vaccination of GnRH-LP without additional adjuvant (Group 1) or with the adjuvant AdjuVac™ (Group 2). In both Group 1 and 2 anti-GnRH antibody titres increased after secondary vaccination, however, the antibody titres were higher (p<0.01) for rams in Group 2. The latter rams showed a marked decrease in testicular size. The marked and sustained reduction in testicular size in rams treated with GnRH-LP+AdjuVac™ provides the basis for an effective immunocastration vaccine in rams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryn Goodwin
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pegah Varamini
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pavla Simerska
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J D'Occhio
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Camden Campus, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woollongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
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152
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Investigation of the automated solid-phase synthesis of a 38mer peptide with difficult sequence pattern under different synthesis strategies. Amino Acids 2015; 47:787-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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153
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Dias AMGC, Iranzo O, Roque ACA. An in silico and chemical approach towards small protein production and application in phosphoproteomics. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16934d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates the advantages of peptide chemical synthesis as a robust method for the production and modification of small proteins, such as the human Pin1 WW domain. The protein was immobilized on a solid support and used to enrich phosphorylated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. G. C. Dias
- UCIBIO
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
| | - Olga Iranzo
- Aix Marseille Université
- Centrale Marseille
- CNRS
- iSm2 UMR 7313
- 13397 Marseille
| | - Ana C. A. Roque
- UCIBIO
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
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154
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Abstract
Synthetic peptides are important as drugs and in research. Currently, the method of choice for producing these compounds is solid-phase peptide synthesis. In this nonspecialist review, we describe the scope and limitations of Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. Furthermore, we provide a detailed protocol for Fmoc peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Alberto Oddo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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155
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Okada Y, Hosoya S, Suzuki H, Chiba K. Total synthesis of elastin peptide using high pressure-liquid phase synthesis assisted by a soluble tag strategy. Org Lett 2014; 16:6448-51. [PMID: 25494479 DOI: 10.1021/ol5032798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A highly aggregating elastin peptide was prepared efficiently using a high pressure-liquid phase synthesis approach assisted by a soluble tag strategy. Two standard syringes were connected to each other to construct a reactor. This simple reactor was used to apply high pressure to the highly viscous reaction mixture thereby maintaining its fluidity. The reactions were completely inhibited due to aggregation when conducted in a standard flask reactor, whereas our high pressure approach accelerated the couplings to realize complete conversion within 5-7 min. All steps were conducted at 0.10 M concentration, affording grams of the desired product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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156
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Naganna N, Madhavan N. Soluble Non-Cross-Linked Poly(norbornene) Supports for Peptide Synthesis with Minimal Reagents. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11549-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502197n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nimmashetti Naganna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nandita Madhavan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036 Tamil Nadu, India
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157
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Cherkupally P, Ramesh S, de la Torre BG, Govender T, Kruger HG, Albericio F. Immobilized coupling reagents: synthesis of amides/peptides. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:579-601. [PMID: 25330282 DOI: 10.1021/co500126y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The primary idea of using immobilized reagents in organic synthetic chemistry is to simplify the downstream process, product workup and isolation, and therefore avoiding time-consuming and expensive chromatographic separations, which are intrinsic to every synthetic process. Numerous polymer-bounded reagents are commercially available and applicable to almost all kinds of synthetic chemistry conversions. Herein, we have covered all known supported-coupling reagents and bases which have had a great impact in amide/peptide bond formation. These coupling reagents have been used for the activation of a carboxyl moiety; thus generating an active acylating species that is ready to couple with an amine nucleophile liberating the amide/peptide and polymeric support which can be regenerated for reuse. This also addresses a large variety of anchored coupling reagents, additives, and bases that have only been employed in amide/peptide syntheses during the last six decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Cherkupally
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Suhas Ramesh
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Chemistry, Yachay Tech, Yachay City of Knowledge, 100119 Urcuqui, Ecuador
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Chemistry, Yachay Tech, Yachay City of Knowledge, 100119 Urcuqui, Ecuador
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine-Barcelona (IRB-Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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158
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Engen K, Sävmarker J, Rosenström U, Wannberg J, Lundbäck T, Jenmalm-Jensen A, Larhed M. Microwave Heated Flow Synthesis of Spiro-oxindole Dihydroquinazolinone Based IRAP Inhibitors. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500237k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical
Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of
Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical
Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen
23A, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Annika Jenmalm-Jensen
- Chemical
Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of
Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical
Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen
23A, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
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159
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Manvar A, Shah A. Continuous Flow and Microwave-Assisted Vorbrüggen Glycosylations: Historical Perspective to High-Throughput Strategies. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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160
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Modzel M, Płóciennik H, Kluczyk A, Stefanowicz P, Szewczuk Z. Microwave-assisted18O labeling of Fmoc-protected amino acids. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:896-900. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Modzel
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Halina Płóciennik
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Alicja Kluczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Piotr Stefanowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Zbigniew Szewczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
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161
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Qvit N. Microwave-assisted synthesis of cyclic phosphopeptide on solid support. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 85:300-5. [PMID: 25042903 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphopeptides are important tools for studying intracellular signal transduction events in vitro and in vivo and are also potential drugs due to their direct competition with phosphoprotein recognition elements. Cyclization has been demonstrated to improve peptide selectivity, metabolic stability, and bioavailability. However, cyclic phosphopeptide synthesis may not be straightforward due to the sterically hindered phosphorylated side-chain amino acid derivatives. One option to overcome this hurdle is to use microwave-assisted synthesis, which has been shown to increase efficiency and reduce synthesis time. Herein, a detailed protocol is provided for synthesizing cyclic phosphopeptides using automated microwave. The overall synthesis duration was reduced and yields increased compared with a manual conventional method. This method provides a general, fast and facile way to synthesize cyclic peptides, demonstrating the synthesis of cyclic phosphorylated peptides which are known to be among the most challenging to produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Qvit
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5174, USA
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162
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Kowalczyk R, Brimble MA, Tomabechi Y, Fairbanks AJ, Fletcher M, Hay DL. Convergent chemoenzymatic synthesis of a library of glycosylated analogues of pramlintide: structure-activity relationships for amylin receptor agonism. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8142-51. [PMID: 25030939 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pramlintide (Symlin®), a synthetic analogue of the naturally occurring pancreatic hormone amylin, is currently used with insulin in adjunctive therapy for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Herein we report a systematic study into the effect that N-glycosylation of pramlintide has on activation of amylin receptors. A highly efficient convergent synthetic route, involving a combination of solid phase peptide synthesis and enzymatic glycosylation, delivered a library of N-glycosylated variants of pramlintide bearing either GlcNAc, the core N-glycan pentasaccharide [Man3(GlcNAc)2] or a complex biantennary glycan [(NeuAcGalGlcNAcMan)2Man(GlcNAc)2] at each of its six asparagine residues. The majority of glycosylated versions of pramlintide were potent receptor agonists, suggesting that N-glycosylation may be used as a tool to optimise the pharmacokinetic properties of pramlintide and so deliver improved therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kowalczyk
- The School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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163
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Rossella F, Rose HM, Witte C, Jayapaul J, Schröder L. Design and Characterization of Two Bifunctional Cryptophane A-Based Host Molecules for Xenon Magnetic Resonance Imaging Applications. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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164
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Jida M, Betti C, Schiller PW, Tourwé D, Ballet S. One-pot isomerization-cross metathesis-reduction (ICMR) synthesis of lipophilic tetrapeptides. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:342-51. [PMID: 24906051 PMCID: PMC4140390 DOI: 10.1021/co500020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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An efficient, versatile and rapid
method toward homologue series
of lipophilic tetrapeptide derivatives (herein, the opioid peptides
H-TIPP-OH and H-DIPP-OH) is reported. High atom economy and a minimal
number of synthetic steps resulted from a one-pot tandem isomerization-cross
metathesis-reduction sequence (ICMR), applicable both in solution
and solid phase methodology. The broadly applicable synthesis proceeds
with short reaction times and simple work-up, as illustrated in this
work for alkylated opioid tetrapeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamad Jida
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Betti
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter W. Schiller
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Avenue Des Pins Ouest, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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165
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Synthesis of truncated analogues of preptin-(1–16), and investigation of their ability to stimulate osteoblast proliferation. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3565-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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166
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Mäde V, Els-Heindl S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Automated solid-phase peptide synthesis to obtain therapeutic peptides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1197-212. [PMID: 24991269 PMCID: PMC4077397 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The great versatility and the inherent high affinities of peptides for their respective targets have led to tremendous progress for therapeutic applications in the last years. In order to increase the drugability of these frequently unstable and rapidly cleared molecules, chemical modifications are of great interest. Automated solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) offers a suitable technology to produce chemically engineered peptides. This review concentrates on the application of SPPS by Fmoc/t-Bu protecting-group strategy, which is most commonly used. Critical issues and suggestions for the synthesis are covered. The development of automated methods from conventional to essentially improved microwave-assisted instruments is discussed. In order to improve pharmacokinetic properties of peptides, lipidation and PEGylation are described as covalent conjugation methods, which can be applied by a combination of automated and manual synthesis approaches. The synthesis and application of SPPS is described for neuropeptide Y receptor analogs as an example for bioactive hormones. The applied strategies represent innovative and potent methods for the development of novel peptide drug candidates that can be manufactured with optimized automated synthesis technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Mäde
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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167
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Carrette LLG, Morii T, Madder A. Peptidosteroid Tweezers Revisited: DNA Binding Through an Optimised Design. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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168
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Simon MD, Heider PL, Adamo A, Vinogradov AA, Mong SK, Li X, Berger T, Policarpo RL, Zhang C, Zou Y, Liao X, Spokoyny AM, Jensen KF, Pentelute BL. Rapid flow-based peptide synthesis. Chembiochem 2014; 15:713-20. [PMID: 24616230 PMCID: PMC4045704 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A flow-based solid-phase peptide synthesis methodology that enables the incorporation of an amino acid residue every 1.8 min under automatic control or every 3 min under manual control is described. This is accomplished by passing a stream of reagent through a heat exchanger into a low volume, low backpressure reaction vessel, and through a UV detector. These features enable continuous delivery of heated solvents and reagents to the solid support at high flow rate, thereby maintaining maximal concentration of reagents in the reaction vessel, quickly exchanging reagents, and eliminating the need to rapidly heat reagents after they have been added to the vessel. The UV detector enables continuous monitoring of the process. To demonstrate the broad applicability and reliability of this method, it was employed in the total synthesis of a small protein, as well as dozens of peptides. The quality of the material obtained with this method is comparable to that for traditional batch methods, and, in all cases, the desired material was readily purifiable by RP-HPLC. The application of this method to the synthesis of the 113-residue Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RNase and the 130-residue DARPin pE59 is described in the accompanying manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Patrick L. Heider
- Department of Chemical Engeneering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Department of Chemical Engeneering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Alexander A. Vinogradov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Surin K. Mong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Xiyuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Tatiana Berger
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Rocco L. Policarpo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Yekui Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engeneering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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169
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Bahlinger A, Fritz SP, Wennemers H. Stereoselektive Metall-freie Synthese von β-Aminothioestern mit tertiären und quartären Stereozentren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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170
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Bahlinger A, Fritz SP, Wennemers H. Stereoselective Metal-Free Synthesis of β-Amino Thioesters with Tertiary and Quaternary Stereogenic Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8779-83. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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171
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Ben Haj Salah K, Inguimbert N. Efficient Microwave-Assisted One Shot Synthesis of Peptaibols Using Inexpensive Coupling Reagents. Org Lett 2014; 16:1783-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5003253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khoubaib Ben Haj Salah
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Recherche Insulaire
et Observatoire de l’Environnement (CRIOBE) USR CNRS 3278,
Centre de Phytopharmacie, batiment T, 58 avenue P. Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Nicolas Inguimbert
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Recherche Insulaire
et Observatoire de l’Environnement (CRIOBE) USR CNRS 3278,
Centre de Phytopharmacie, batiment T, 58 avenue P. Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
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172
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Collins JM, Porter KA, Singh SK, Vanier GS. High-efficiency solid phase peptide synthesis (HE-SPPS). Org Lett 2014; 16:940-3. [PMID: 24456219 DOI: 10.1021/ol4036825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of improvements to the standard solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) process allowing for significant gains in product purity along with only a 4 min standard cycle time and a 90% reduction in total waste produced is reported. For example, syntheses of the well-known (65-74)acyl carrier protein (ACP) and (1-42)β-amyloid peptides were accomplished with 93 and 72% purity (UPLC-MS) in only 44 and 229 min, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Collins
- CEM Corporation , 3100 Smith Farm Road, Matthews, North Carolina 28104, United States
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173
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Verzele D, Madder A. Patchwork protein chemistry: a practitioner's treatise on the advances in synthetic peptide stitchery. Chembiochem 2014; 14:1032-48. [PMID: 23775826 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the study of peptides and proteins at the heart of many scientific endeavors, the omics era heralded a multitude of opportunities for chemists and biologists alike. Across the interface with life sciences, peptide chemistry plays an indispensable role, and progress made over the past decades now allows proteins to be treated as molecular patchworks stitched together through synthetic tailoring. The continuous elaboration of sophisticated strategies notwithstanding, Merrifield's solid-phase methodology remains a cornerstone of chemical protein design. Although the non-practitioner might misjudge peptide synthesis as trivial, routine, or dull given its long history, we comment here on its many advances, obstacles, and prospects from a practitioner's point of view. While sharing our perspectives through thematic highlights across the literature, this treatise provides an interpretive overview as a guide to novices, and a recap for specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Verzele
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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174
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Palomo JM. Solid-phase peptide synthesis: an overview focused on the preparation of biologically relevant peptides. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailor-made design preparation of complex peptide sequence including posttranslational modifications, fluorescent labels, unnatural amino acids are of exceptional value for biological studies of several important diseases. The possibility to obtain these molecules in sufficient amounts in relative short time is thanks to the solid-phase approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Palomo
- Departamento of Biocatalisis
- Instituto de Catalisis (CSIC)
- Madrid, Spain
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175
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Moghaddam MM, Kappe CO. A Critical Investigation on the Existence of Selective Microwave Absorption in the Synthesis of CdSe Quantum Dots. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The existence of selective microwave absorption phenomena in the synthesis of CdSe quantum dots has been investigated. These types of microwave effects involving selective microwave absorption by specific reagents have recently been proposed in the microwave-assisted synthesis of various nanoparticles. In the present study, the microwave synthesis of CdSe quantum dots was investigated according to a protocol published by Washington and Strouse to clarify the presence of selective microwave heating. Importantly, control experiments involving conventional conductive heating were executed under otherwise (except for the heating mode) identical conditions, ensuring the same heating and cooling profiles, stirring rates, and reactor geometries. Comparison of powder X-ray diffraction, UV-vis, photoluminescence, and transmission electron microscopy data of the obtained CdSe quantum dots reveals that identical types of nanoparticles are obtained independently of the heating mode. Therefore, no evidence for a selective microwave absorption phenomenon could be obtained.
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176
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Manvar A, Shah A. Subtle Mitsunobu couplings under super-heating: the role of high-throughput continuous flow and microwave strategies. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8112-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01432d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fragile Mitsunobu reaction can efficiently be performed under super-heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Manvar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
- Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anamik Shah
- National Facility for Drug Discovery
- Centre of Excellence
- Saurashtra University
- Rajkot-360005, India
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177
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Guan X, Chaffey PK, Zeng C, Tan Z. New Methods for Chemical Protein Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 363:155-92. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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178
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Kappe CO. How to measure reaction temperature in microwave-heated transformations. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4977-90. [PMID: 23443140 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs00010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-speed microwave chemistry has attracted considerable attention in the past two decades with new and innovative applications in organic and peptide synthesis, polymer chemistry, material sciences, nanotechnology and biochemical processes continuously being reported in the literature. In particular the introduction of benchtop single-mode microwave reactors just over ten years ago has revolutionized the way many scientists today perform reactions in the laboratory. Unfortunately, the accurate measurement of reaction temperature in these devices is far from being trivial and requires both a basic understanding of microwave dielectric heating effects and use of appropriate temperature monitoring devices. In this tutorial review frequently occurring problems in the determination of accurate reaction temperatures in single-mode microwave reactors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oliver Kappe
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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179
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Echalier C, Al-Halifa S, Kreiter A, Enjalbal C, Sanchez P, Ronga L, Puget K, Verdié P, Amblard M, Martinez J, Subra G. Heating and microwave assisted SPPS of C-terminal acid peptides on trityl resin: the truth behind the yield. Amino Acids 2013; 45:1395-403. [PMID: 24142338 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite correct purity of crude peptides prepared on trityl resin by Fmoc/tBu microwave assisted solid phase peptide synthesis, surprisingly, lower yields than those expected were obtained while preparing C-terminal acid peptides. This could be explained by cyclization/cleavage through diketopiperazine formation during the second amino acid deprotection and third amino acid coupling. However, we provide here evidence that this is not the case and that this yield loss was due to high temperature promoted hydrolysis of the 2-chlorotrityl ester, yielding premature cleavage of the C-terminal acid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Echalier
- Genepep Domaine des Pins, 48 Impasse des Eglantiers, 34980, Saint Clément de Rivière, France
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180
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Obermayer D, Damm M, Kappe CO. Simulating Microwave Chemistry in a Resistance-Heated Autoclave Made of Semiconducting Silicon Carbide Ceramic. Chemistry 2013; 19:15827-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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181
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Identification of novel benzimidazole derivatives as anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents: solid-phase synthesis, structure–activity relationships and molecular docking studies. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1719-32. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In this paper, we report the solid-phase synthesis of 33 novel 1,2,5-tri-substituted benzimidazole derivatives and their in vitro activity on cruzipain and Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Results: Seven compounds were potent inhibitors of T. cruzi growth with IC50 values in the range 6–16 µM. Applying structure–activity relationships and principal component analysis strategies we were able to determine ring substituent effects and physicochemical properties that are important for the antichagasic activity of these novel derivatives, as well as get an insight into their possible mechanisms of action. Molecular docking studies revealed the binding orientation of the ligands in the active site of cruzipain providing new guidelines for the further design of better inhibitors. Conclusion: Compound 2a constitute a promising hit compound for novel anti-T. cruzi agents showing that the benzimidazole scaffold may represent an interesting therapeutic alternative for the treatment of Chagas disease.
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182
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Bagley MC, Fusillo V, Jenkins RL, Lubinu MC, Mason C. One-step synthesis of pyridines and dihydropyridines in a continuous flow microwave reactor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1957-68. [PMID: 24204407 PMCID: PMC3817555 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bohlmann-Rahtz pyridine synthesis and the Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis can be carried out in a microwave flow reactor or using a conductive heating flow platform for the continuous processing of material. In the Bohlmann-Rahtz reaction, the use of a Brønsted acid catalyst allows Michael addition and cyclodehydration to be carried out in a single step without isolation of intermediates to give the corresponding trisubstituted pyridine as a single regioisomer in good yield. Furthermore, 3-substituted propargyl aldehydes undergo Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis in preference to Bohlmann-Rahtz reaction in a very high yielding process that is readily transferred to continuous flow processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Bagley
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK
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183
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Dinda M, Chakraborty S, Samanta S, Bhatt C, Maiti S, Roy S, Kadam Y, Ghosh PK. Solar photothermochemical reaction and supercritical CO2 work up for a fully green process of preparation of pure p-nitrobenzyl bromide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10535-10540. [PMID: 23930913 DOI: 10.1021/es4019282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported by us recently that p-nitrobenzyl bromide (PNBBr) can be synthesized from p-nitrotoluene (PNT) in high isolated yield with respect to available bromine in 2:1 Br(-)-BrO3(-) employed as brominating reagent. The reaction was conducted in ethylene dichloride (EDC) and the substrate was taken in excess to suppress dibromo impurity formation. The product was "cold crystallized" from the reaction mass and the mother liquor was recycled in the subsequent batch thereby eliminating organic discharge. The present work attempts to further advance the synthesis of this commercially important molecule employed in protection-deprotection strategies. Herein its successful synthesis employing neat substrate and solar radiation as the sole energy source to drive this photothermochemical reaction is reported. Further, 100% pure PNBBr could be isolated from the solid reaction mass in 87% yield by leaching out the excess substrate through supercritical CO2 (Sc-CO2) extraction. The reaction was therefore accomplished cleanly in all respects and with low carbon footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Dinda
- AcSIR-CSMCRI , G. B. Marg,Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
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184
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Rosa R, Veronesi P, Leonelli C. Microwave selective thermal development of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces: potentialities of the method and preliminary experimental results. J Forensic Sci 2013; 58:1314-1321. [PMID: 23865392 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The thermal development of latent fingerprints on paper surfaces is a simple, safe, and chemicals-free method, based on the faster heating of the substrate underlying the print residue. Microwave heating is proposed for the first time for the development of latent fingerprints on cellulose-based substrate, in order to add to the thermal development mechanism the further characteristic of being able to heat the fingerprint residues to a different extent with respect to the substrate, due to the intrinsic difference in their dielectric properties. Numerical simulation was performed to confirm and highlight the selectivity of microwaves, and preliminary experimental results point out the great potentialities of this technique, which allowed developing both latent sebaceous-rich and latent eccrine-rich fingerprints on different porous surfaces, in less than 30 sec time with an applied output power of 500 W. Microwaves demonstrated more effectiveness in the development of eccrine-rich residues, aged up to 12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rosa
- Interdepartmental Center for Research on Security and Safety (CRIS), Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Vignolese 905, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Veronesi
- Interdepartmental Center for Research on Security and Safety (CRIS), Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Vignolese 905, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Leonelli
- Interdepartmental Center for Research on Security and Safety (CRIS), Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Vignolese 905, 41125, Modena, Italy
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185
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186
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Jensen KJ. Leonidas Zervas award lecture:
Abiotic ligands for new quaternary architectures of peptides and proteins. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:537-44. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Knud J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 DK-1871 Frederiksberg Denmark
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187
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Kappe CO. Unraveling the mysteries of microwave chemistry using silicon carbide reactor technology. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:1579-87. [PMID: 23463987 DOI: 10.1021/ar300318c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, the use of microwave energy to heat chemical reactions has become an increasingly popular theme in the scientific community. This nonclassical heating technique has slowly progressed from a laboratory curiosity to an established method commonly used both in academia and in industry. Because of its efficiency, microwave heating dramatically reduces reaction times (from days and hours to minutes and seconds) and improves product purities or material properties among other advantages. Since the early days of microwave chemistry, researchers have observed rate-accelerations and, in some cases, altered product distributions as compared with reactions carried out using classical oil-bath heating. As a result, researchers have speculated that so-called specific or nonthermal microwave effects could be responsible for these differences. Much of the debate has centered on the question of whether the electromagnetic field can exert a direct influence on a chemical transformation outside of the simple macroscopic change in bulk reaction temperature. In 2009, our group developed a relatively simple "trick" that allows us to rapidly evaluate whether an observed effect seen in a microwave-assisted reaction results from a purely thermal phenomenon, or involves specific or nonthermal microwave effects. We use a microwave reaction vessel made from silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic. Because of its high microwave absorptivity, the vessel shields its contents from the electromagnetic field. As a result, we can easily mimic a conventionally heated autoclave experiment inside a microwave reactor under carefully controlled reaction conditions. The switch from an almost microwave transparent glass (Pyrex) to a strongly microwave absorbing SiC reaction vial under otherwise identical reaction conditions (temperature profiles, pressure, stirring speed) then allows us to carefully evaluate the influence of the electromagnetic field on the particular chemical transformation. Over the past five years we have subjected a wide variety of chemical transformations, including organic reactions, preparations of inorganic nanoparticles, and the hydrolysis of proteins, to the "SiC test." In nearly all of the studied examples, we obtained identical results from reactions carried out in Pyrex vials and those carried out in SiC vials. The data obtained from these investigations confirm that in the overwhelming majority of cases a bulk temperature phenomenon drives the enhancements in microwave chemistry and that the electromagnetic field has no direct influence on the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Oliver Kappe
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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188
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Mallevre F, Roget A, Minon T, Kervella Y, Ropartz D, Ralet MC, Canut H, Livache T. Microwave heating for the rapid generation of glycosylhydrazides. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1264-9. [PMID: 23731134 DOI: 10.1021/bc300667b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Conditions for simple derivatization of reducing carbohydrates via adipic acid dihydrazide microwave-assisted condensation are described. We demonstrate with a diverse set of oligo- and polysaccharides how to improve a restrictive and labor intensive conventional conjugation protocol by using microwave-assisted chemistry. We show that 5 min of microwave heating in basic or acidic conditions are adequate to generate, in increased yields, intact and functional glycosylhydrazides, whereas hours to days and acidic conditions are generally required under conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mallevre
- CREAB, INAC CEA Grenoble, UMR SPrAM 5819 (CEA, CNRS, UJF), 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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189
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Subirós-Funosas R, Nieto-Rodriguez L, Jensen KJ, Albericio F. COMU: scope and limitations of the latest innovation in peptide acyl transfer reagents. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:408-14. [PMID: 23712932 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The methodology for peptide bond formation is undergoing a continuous evolution where the main actors are being renewed. In recent years, coupling reagents based on the Oxyma scaffold, such as the uronium salt COMU, has been a groundbreaking contribution to the field. The advantages of COMU over classic benzotriazole-based reagents (HATU, HBTU, HCTU, TBTU) were proven in terms of solubility and coupling efficiency in bulky junctions in our groups and others. However, some aspects of the use of COMU need to be revised and improved, such as the stability of commercial samples in organic solvents, which hampers the compatibility with long synthesis in automated synthesizers. In this review, an overview of the main features and suggestions to improve the use of COMU are presented, along with a discussion on the best conditions for its use in microwave-assisted peptide robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Subirós-Funosas
- Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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190
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Chemical methods for peptide and protein production. Molecules 2013; 18:4373-88. [PMID: 23584057 PMCID: PMC6270108 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the invention of solid phase synthetic methods by Merrifield in 1963, the number of research groups focusing on peptide synthesis has grown exponentially. However, the original step-by-step synthesis had limitations: the purity of the final product decreased with the number of coupling steps. After the development of Boc and Fmoc protecting groups, novel amino acid protecting groups and new techniques were introduced to provide high quality and quantity peptide products. Fragment condensation was a popular method for peptide production in the 1980s, but unfortunately the rate of racemization and reaction difficulties proved less than ideal. Kent and co-workers revolutionized peptide coupling by introducing the chemoselective reaction of unprotected peptides, called native chemical ligation. Subsequently, research has focused on the development of novel ligating techniques including the famous click reaction, ligation of peptide hydrazides, and the recently reported α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine ligations with 5-oxaproline. Several companies have been formed all over the world to prepare high quality Good Manufacturing Practice peptide products on a multi-kilogram scale. This review describes the advances in peptide chemistry including the variety of synthetic peptide methods currently available and the broad application of peptides in medicinal chemistry.
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191
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Monbaliu JCM, Dive G, Stevens CV, Katritzky AR. Governing Parameters of Long-Range Intramolecular S-to-N Acyl Transfers within (S)-Acyl Isopeptides. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:927-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ct300830k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds,
Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georges Dive
- Center of Protein Engineering,
Institut de Chimie, University of Liège, Bâtiment B.6, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alan R. Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds,
Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
- Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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192
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Malik L, Jensen KJ. Microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis using the biotage Syro Wave™. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1047:225-234. [PMID: 23943490 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-544-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fast and precise heating by microwave irradiation during solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) can reduce reaction times as well as provide better purities and greater yields for the synthesis of difficult peptides. Microwave- assisted SPPS has proven to be a useful and reliable tool for the synthesis of peptides as well as small proteins. It is particularly well suited for sequences with a high propensity to form β-sheet-type structures and for sterically difficult couplings. In this protocol, conditions and detailed procedures are described for performing microwave-assisted SPPS using the Syro Wave™. Here we describe the synthesis of two difficult peptide sequences: the first is derived from the C-terminus of the MuLV CTL epitope, the second is a de novo designed peptide with a C-terminal alkyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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193
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Roodbeen R, Jensen KJ. Synthesis of N-methylated peptides: on-resin methylation and microwave-assisted couplings. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1047:141-149. [PMID: 23943484 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-544-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
N-methylation may positively influence the pharmacokinetic properties of peptides by improving oral availability and in vivo half-life. Additionally, target affinity and specificity may be improved. Here, we describe the solid-phase N-methylation of peptides using direct alkylation. This method allows a rapid N-methyl scan of synthetic, bioactive peptides. Additionally, a microwave-enhanced method for the difficult coupling onto the methylated N terminus is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Roodbeen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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194
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Abstract
Phosphopeptides are generally prepared by incorporation of suitable, protected phosphoamino acid derivatives during peptide synthesis using routine coupling protocols. The feasibility of chemical synthesis of phosphorylated peptides by Fmoc-SPPS was greatly enhanced by the introduction of the monobenzyl protecting group for the phosphate group. This minimized β-elimination of the phosphate group and made Fmoc-based synthesis of phosphopeptides the preferred synthesis strategy. Described here is our strategy for the synthesis of phosphopeptides attached to the solid support PEGA via a backbone amide linker type. This linker allows removal of side-chain protection groups without releasing the phosphopeptide from the solid support, thus enabling solid-phase-based pull-down reactions and peptide-protein interaction studies.
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195
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Hussein WM, Liu TY, Toth I, Skwarczynski M. Microwave-assisted synthesis of difficult sequence-containing peptides using the isopeptide method. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2370-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob00030c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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196
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Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to and overview of peptide chemistry with a focus on solid-phase peptide synthesis. The background, the most common reagents, and some mechanisms are presented. This chapter also points to the different chapters and puts them into perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knud J Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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197
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Vanier GS. Microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis based on the Fmoc protecting group strategy (CEM). Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1047:235-49. [PMID: 23943491 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-544-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted peptide synthesis has become one of the most widely used tools by peptide chemists for the synthesis of both routine and difficult peptide sequences. Microwave technology significantly reduces the synthesis time while also improving the quality of the peptides produced. Microwave energy allows most amino acid couplings to be completed in just 5 min. The Fmoc removal can also be accelerated in the microwave decreasing the reaction time from at least 15 min to only 3 min in most cases. Common side reactions such as racemization and aspartimide formation are easily controllable with optimized methods that can be applied routinely. This protocol outlines the detailed procedure for performing both manual and automated microwave-assisted peptide synthesis of two difficult peptide sequences, ACP (65-74) and β-amyloid, in high purity and yield.
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198
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Mahindra A, Nooney K, Uraon S, Sharma KK, Jain R. Microwave-assisted solution phase peptide synthesis in neat water. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43040e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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199
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Kitada S, Takahashi M, Yamaguchi Y, Okada Y, Chiba K. Soluble-support-assisted electrochemical reactions: application to anodic disulfide bond formation. Org Lett 2012. [PMID: 23194319 DOI: 10.1021/ol302863r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A soluble-support-assisted technique was successfully applied to electrochemical reactions, leading to anodic disulfide bond formation. The support-bound peptide was soluble in electrolyte solution, allowing electron transfer at the surface of the electrodes. After completion of the reaction, the support-bound product was recovered as a precipitate by simple dilution of the reaction mixture with poor solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kitada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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200
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Roodbeen R, Pedersen SL, Hosseini M, Jensen KJ. Microwave Heating in the Solid-Phase Synthesis ofN-Methylated Peptides: When Is Room Temperature Better? European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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