151
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Benadiba M, Serruya R, Maor Y. Bioaccessibility of Shore Magic ® collagen, a low-molecular-weight collagen supplement, in different in vitro barrier models. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00821. [PMID: 30272033 PMCID: PMC6159004 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolyzed collagen consists of peptides, which exert important biological functions in different body systems. This study aimed at testing the biological effects of a low molecular weight collagen (LMWC), namely Shore Magic® Collagen (SMC), in a series of in vitro assays and three different in vitro barrier models with translational significance. We also compared SMC's biological activities with its trypsinized form (TSMC). SMC enhanced migration in both epithelial and endothelial cells; and increased the adhesion of epithelial cells, but surprisingly not of endothelial cells. It also diminished the tightness in the gut and blood-brain barriers in vitro while TSMC did not. SMC induced both neurogenesis and BJ epithelial cell proliferation of cells growing below the in vitro barriers. In conclusion, the intact form of SMC shows enhanced bioavailability and efficiency compared with TSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yehoshua Maor
- Phytor Lab for Drug Development, Hadassah Medical Center Hebrew University Biotechnology Park (JBP), Ein Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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152
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Nepal MR, Kang Y, Kang MJ, Nam DH, Jeong TC. A β-galactosidase-expressing E. coli culture as an alternative test to identify skin sensitizers and non-sensitizers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:288-301. [PMID: 29473800 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1440187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has adopted several in vitro methods with reasonable predictive capacity, alternative methods for identifying skin sensitizers and non-sensitizers with reliability and simplicity are still required for more efficient and economic prediction. The present study was to design an in vitro system with the use of a β-galactosidase-expressing E. coli culture for simpler but sufficiently accurate classification of skin sensitizers and non-sensitizers. A LacZ gene-containing E. coli strain that is capable of producing β-galactosidase enzyme was induced by isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside with concomitant treatment with test chemicals. After 6-hr incubation, cells were lysed and β-galactosidase enzyme activity was monitored colorimetrically by using O-nitrophenyl-D-galactopyranoside as a substrate. Following optimization of several experimental conditions, 22 skin sensitizers and 11 non-sensitizers were examined to assess predictive capacity of this method. The results indicated that predictivity was as follows: 90.9% sensitivity, 81.8% specificity, and 87.9% accuracy, when 17.3% of control activity was used as the cut-off value to separate sensitizers from non-sensitizers. Data suggested that the current bacterial system expressing β-galactosidase may serve as a useful alternative test for classifying skin sensitizers and non-sensitizers, without the utilization of animals or mammalian cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Raj Nepal
- a College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
| | - Youra Kang
- a College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Kang
- a College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Nam
- a College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
| | - Tae Cheon Jeong
- a College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
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153
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Essential chemistry for biochemists. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:401-427. [PMID: 28951470 PMCID: PMC5869253 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Within every living organism, countless reactions occur every second. These reactions typically occur more rapidly and with greater efficiency than would be possible under the same conditions in the chemical laboratory, and while using only the subset of elements that are readily available in nature. Despite these apparent differences between life and the laboratory, biological reactions are governed by the same rules as any other chemical reaction. Thus, a firm understanding of the fundamentals of chemistry is invaluable in biochemistry. There are entire textbooks devoted to the application of chemical principles in biological systems and so it is not possible to cover all of the relevant topics in depth in this short article. The aim is instead to provide a brief overview of those areas in chemistry that are most relevant to biochemistry. We summarize the basic principles, give examples of how these principles are applied in biological systems and suggest further reading on individual topics.
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154
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Yeste M, Morató R, Rodríguez-Gil JE, Bonet S, Prieto-Martínez N. Aquaporins in the male reproductive tract and sperm: Functional implications and cryobiology. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 52 Suppl 4:12-27. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Yeste
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm); Unit of Cell Biology; Department of Biology; Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology; Faculty of Sciences; University of Girona; Girona Spain
| | - R Morató
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm); Unit of Cell Biology; Department of Biology; Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology; Faculty of Sciences; University of Girona; Girona Spain
- Unit of Animal Reproduction; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
| | - JE Rodríguez-Gil
- Unit of Animal Reproduction; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
| | - S Bonet
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm); Unit of Cell Biology; Department of Biology; Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology; Faculty of Sciences; University of Girona; Girona Spain
| | - N Prieto-Martínez
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm); Unit of Cell Biology; Department of Biology; Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology; Faculty of Sciences; University of Girona; Girona Spain
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155
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Yuan P, McCracken JM, Gross DE, Braun PV, Moore JS, Nuzzo RG. A programmable soft chemo-mechanical actuator exploiting a catalyzed photochemical water-oxidation reaction. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:7312-7317. [PMID: 28975958 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01600j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a composite hydrogel containing an embedding coupled chemistry for light-sensitized catalytic reactions that enables chemo-mechanical actuation of poly(acrylic acid)-based gels. In these materials, a photosensitizer and catalyst-ruthenium trisbipyridine and iridium dioxide nanoparticles, respectively-are incorporated into the hydrogel where together, with visible light irradiation, they undergo a catalytic water-oxidation reaction that lowers the pH and induces a dissipative/chemically-driven strain change in the gel. To demonstrate the capacity for 3D chemo-mechanical actuation, a layer of non-pH responsive poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) is added to the photo-active composite gel to create a model bimorph actuator. Triggering and terminating the water-oxidation reaction leads to a programmatic expansion and contraction of the active layer, which induces different modes of biomimetic curling motions in the bimorph actuator in light and dark environments. The efficiency of this system is fundamentally limited by the system-level design, which provides no capacity to sustain a local pH gradient against diffusive mixing. Even so, if the initial pH of the background solution is reestablished either actively or passively between each reaction cycle, it is possible to realize multiple cycles of reversible actuation. We describe a thermodynamic analysis of this system which identifies specific features mediating efficiency losses and conceptual requirements for mesoscopic design rules for optimization of this system and for advancing soft actuation systems in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yuan
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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156
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Chan HCS, McCarthy D, Li J, Palczewski K, Yuan S. Designing Safer Analgesics via μ-Opioid Receptor Pathways. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:1016-1037. [PMID: 28935293 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pain is both a major clinical and economic problem, affecting more people than diabetes, heart disease, and cancer combined. While a variety of prescribed or over-the-counter (OTC) medications are available for pain management, opioid medications, especially those acting on the μ-opioid receptor (μOR) and related pathways, have proven to be the most effective, despite some serious side effects including respiration depression, pruritus, dependence, and constipation. It is therefore imperative that both academia and industry develop novel μOR analgesics which retain their opioid analgesic properties but with fewer or no adverse effects. In this review we outline recent progress towards the discovery of safer opioid analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Stephen Chan
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH B3 495 (Bâtiment CH) Station 6, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Dillon McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shuguang Yuan
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH B3 495 (Bâtiment CH) Station 6, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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157
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Edlinger C, Einfalt T, Spulber M, Car A, Meier W, Palivan CG. Biomimetic Strategy To Reversibly Trigger Functionality of Catalytic Nanocompartments by the Insertion of pH-Responsive Biovalves. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5790-5798. [PMID: 28851220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe an innovative strategy to generate catalytic compartments with triggered functionality at the nanoscale level by combining pH-reversible biovalves and enzyme-loaded synthetic compartments. The biovalve has been engineered by the attachment of stimuli-responsive peptides to a genetically modified channel porin, enabling a reversible change of the molecular flow through the pores of the porin in response to a pH change in the local environment. The biovalve functionality triggers the reaction inside the cavity of the enzyme-loaded compartments by switching the in situ activity of the enzymes on/off based on a reversible change of the permeability of the membrane, which blocks or allows the passage of substrates and products. The complex functionality of our catalytic compartments is based on the preservation of the integrity of the compartments to protect encapsulated enzymes. An increase of the in situ activity compared to that of the free enzyme and a reversible on/off switch of the activity upon the presence of a specific stimulus is achieved. This strategy provides straightforward solutions for the development of catalytic nanocompartments efficiently producing desired molecules in a controlled, stimuli-responsive manner with high potential in areas, such as medicine, analytical chemistry, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Edlinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomaz Einfalt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Spulber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Car
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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