151
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Etkind PR, Stewart AF, Wiernik PH. Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-like DNA sequences in the breast tumors of father, mother, and daughter. Infect Agent Cancer 2008; 3:2. [PMID: 18307792 PMCID: PMC2277433 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of late onset breast cancer in a father, mother, and daughter living in the same house for decades suggested the possibility of an environmental agent as a common etiological factor. Both molecular and epidemiological data have indicated a possible role for the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), the etiological agent of breast cancer in mice, in a certain percentage of human breast tumors. The aim of this study was to determine if MMTV might be involved in the breast cancer of this cluster of three family members. Results MMTV-like envelope (env) and long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences containing the MMTV superantigen gene (sag) were detected in the malignant tissues of all three family members. The amplified env gene sequences were 98.0%–99.6% homologous to the MMTV env sequences found in the GR, C3H, and BR6 mouse strains. The amplified LTR sequences containing sag sequences segregated to specific branches of the MMTV phylogenetic tree and did not form a distinct branch of their own. Conclusion The presence of MMTV-like DNA sequences in the malignant tissues of all three family members suggests the possibility of MMTV as an etiological agent. Phylogenetic data suggest that the MMTV-like DNA sequences are mouse and not human derived and that the ultimate reservoir of MMTV is most likely the mouse. Although the route by which these family members came to be infected with MMTV is unknown, the possibility exists that such infection may have resulted from a shared exposure to mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly R Etkind
- Our Lady of Mercy Medical Center-Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York Medical College, Bronx, New York, USA.
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152
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Weinstein B. Relevance of the concept of oncogene addiction to hormonal carcinogenesis and molecular targeting in cancer prevention and therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 617:3-13. [PMID: 18497026 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69080-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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153
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common male malignancy and the second or third leading cause of cancer death among men in the West. The descriptive epidemiology of prostate cancer suggests that it is a preventable disease. Prevention has the theoretical advantage of not only saving lives, but also reduce the morbidity of radical prostate cancer therapy. This article reviews the past, present, and future of prostate cancer prevention. In particular, the evidence and scientific data of a variety of prevention strategies are reviewed. Strategies reviewed include dietary fat reduction and supplementation with vitamins D and E, and selenium. Dietary intake of soy, green tea, and tomato-rich products (lycopene) are also reviewed. Data regarding pharmacological intervention with cyclo-oxygenease inhibitors, antiestrogens, and in particular 5-alpha reductase inhibitors are reviewed. The results of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial including the controversy surrounding higher-grade cancers among men randomized to finasteride are also summarized. Finally, a variety of trial designs as well as a roster of current phase 2 trials are presented. Probably no cancer is being investigated more thoroughly in the context of prevention as prostate cancer in 2007. Definitive answers to pivotal phase 3 trials will be available in the coming 2 to 7 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Fleshner
- Division of Urology, University Health Network, and Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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154
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Silverman RH. Viral encounters with 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and RNase L during the interferon antiviral response. J Virol 2007; 81:12720-9. [PMID: 17804500 PMCID: PMC2169107 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01471-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue NB40, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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155
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Borden EC, Sen GC, Uze G, Silverman RH, Ransohoff RM, Foster GR, Stark GR. Interferons at age 50: past, current and future impact on biomedicine. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:975-90. [PMID: 18049472 PMCID: PMC7097588 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 854] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The family of interferon (IFN) proteins has now more than reached the potential envisioned by early discovering virologists: IFNs are not only antivirals with a spectrum of clinical effectiveness against both RNA and DNA viruses, but are also the prototypic biological response modifiers for oncology, and show effectiveness in suppressing manifestations of multiple sclerosis. Studies of IFNs have resulted in fundamental insights into cellular signalling mechanisms, gene transcription and innate and acquired immunity. Further elucidation of the multitude of IFN-induced genes, as well as drug development strategies targeting IFN production via the activation of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), will almost certainly lead to newer and more efficacious therapeutics. Our goal is to offer a molecular and clinical perspective that will enable IFNs or their TLR agonist inducers to reach their full clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest C. Borden
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
| | - Ganes C. Sen
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
| | - Gilles Uze
- CNRS UMR 5235, Place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier, Cedex 5 FR34095 France
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
| | - Graham R. Foster
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary's School of Medicine, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 4AT UK
| | - George R. Stark
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
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156
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Memarzadeh S, Xin L, Mulholland DJ, Mansukhani A, Wu H, Teitell MA, Witte ON. Enhanced paracrine FGF10 expression promotes formation of multifocal prostate adenocarcinoma and an increase in epithelial androgen receptor. Cancer Cell 2007; 12:572-85. [PMID: 18068633 PMCID: PMC2931420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced mesenchymal expression of FGF10 led to the formation of multifocal PIN or prostate cancer. Inhibition of epithelial FGFR1 signaling using DN FGFR1 led to reversal of the cancer phenotype. A subset of the FGF10-induced carcinoma was serially transplantable. Paracrine FGF10 led to an increase in epithelial androgen receptor and synergized with cell-autonomous activated AKT. Our observations indicate that stromal FGF10 expression may facilitate the multifocal histology observed in prostate adenocarcinoma and suggest the FGF10/FGFR1 axis as a potential therapeutic target in treating hormone-sensitive or refractory prostate cancer. We also show that transient exposure to a paracrine growth factor may be sufficient for the initiation of oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Memarzadeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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157
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Role of APOBEC3 in genetic diversity among endogenous murine leukemia viruses. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:2014-22. [PMID: 17967065 PMCID: PMC2041998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of human and murine APOBECs (specifically, APOBEC3) to inhibit infecting retroviruses and retrotransposition of some mobile elements is becoming established. Less clear is the effect that they have had on the establishment of the endogenous proviruses resident in the human and mouse genomes. We used the mouse genome sequence to study diversity and genetic traits of nonecotropic murine leukemia viruses (polytropic [Pmv], modified polytropic [Mpmv], and xenotropic [Xmv] subgroups), the best-characterized large set of recently integrated proviruses. We identified 49 proviruses. In phylogenetic analyses, Pmvs and Mpmvs were monophyletic, whereas Xmvs were divided into several clades, implying a greater number of replication cycles between the integration events. Four distinct primer binding site types (Pro, Gln1, Gln2 and Thr) were dispersed within the phylogeny, indicating frequent mispriming. We analyzed the frequency and context of G-to-A mutations for the role of mA3 in formation of these proviruses. In the Pmv and Mpmv (but not Xmv) groups, mutations attributable to mA3 constituted a large fraction of the total. A significant number of nonsense mutations suggests the absence of purifying selection following mutation. A strong bias of G-to-A relative to C-to-T changes was seen, implying a strand specificity that can only have occurred prior to integration. The optimal sequence context of G-to-A mutations, TTC, was consistent with mA3. At least in the Pmv group, a significant 5′ to 3′ gradient of G-to-A mutations was consistent with mA3 editing. Altogether, our results for the first time suggest mA3 editing immediately preceding the integration event that led to retroviral endogenization, contributing to inactivation of infectivity. Vertebrate genomes are littered with remnants from earlier retroviral infections, in the form of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Cellular host defenses against retroviruses, including the APOBEC3 family of cytidine deaminases, have been described previously. APOBEC3 proteins have been shown to edit some retroviruses and other retrotransposing elements during their replication by deamination of C to U during negative-strand synthesis, resulting in G-to-A mutations in the sense strand. Here, we studied the possible effects that the APOBEC-protein family might have had in the establishing ERVs. We identified 49 endogenous (nonecotropic) murine leukemia viruses, divided into three groups; polytropic, modified polytropic, and xenotropic, in the sequenced C57BL/6J mouse genome. We analyzed genetic variation within and among subgroups and found mutation patterns consistent with APOBEC3 editing of Pmv and Mpmv, but not Xmv proviruses. Evidence such as (i) significantly higher G-to-A mutation frequencies compared to controls and large fractions leading to inactivating stop mutations, (ii) optimal sequence contexts surrounding the mutation positions, and (iii) editing gradient following the time course of retroviral replication, implicate APOBEC3 as a factor contributing to inactivation of these ERVs in the mouse genome.
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158
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Taichman RS, Loberg RD, Mehra R, Pienta KJ. The evolving biology and treatment of prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2351-61. [PMID: 17786228 PMCID: PMC1952634 DOI: 10.1172/jci31791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the effectiveness of androgen deprivation for treatment of advanced prostate cancer was first demonstrated, prevention strategies and medical therapies for prostate cancer have been based on understanding the biologic underpinnings of the disease. Prostate cancer treatment is one of the best examples of a systematic therapeutic approach to target not only the cancer cells themselves, but the microenvironment in which they are proliferating. As the population ages and prostate cancer prevalence increases, challenges remain in the diagnosis of clinically relevant prostate cancer as well as the management of the metastatic and androgen-independent metastatic disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel S. Taichman
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Periodontics and Department of Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Department of Urology, and
Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert D. Loberg
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Periodontics and Department of Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Department of Urology, and
Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rohit Mehra
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Periodontics and Department of Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Department of Urology, and
Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Periodontics and Department of Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Department of Urology, and
Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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159
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Krause H, Schrader M, Miller K. Molekulare translationale Forschung – eine Gegenüberstellung internationaler Entwicklungen und eigener Forschungsansätze. Urologe A 2007; 46:1163-5. [PMID: 17628770 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-007-1459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Krause
- Urologische Klinik und Hochschulambulanz, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindeburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin.
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160
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Darlix JL, Sitbon M. Le cancer de la prostate conduit à la découverte d’un nouveau rétrovirus infectieux humain. Med Sci (Paris) 2007; 23:690-1. [PMID: 17875280 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20072389690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Darlix
- Laborétro, Unité de virologie humaine, IFR128, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon et INSERM 46, allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France.
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161
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Abstract
The antiviral and antitumor actions of interferons are caused, in part, by a remarkable regulated RNA cleavage pathway known as the 2-5A/RNase L system. 2'-5' linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) are produced from ATP by interferon-inducible synthetases. 2-5A activates pre-existing RNase L, resulting in the cleavage of RNAs within single-stranded regions. Activation of RNase L by 2-5A leads to an antiviral response, although precisely how this happens is a subject of ongoing investigations. Recently, RNase L was identified as the hereditary prostate cancer 1 gene. That finding has led to the discovery of a novel human retrovirus, XMRV. My scientific journey through the 2-5A system recounts some of the highlights of these efforts. Knowledge gained from studies on the 2-5A system could have an impact on development of therapies for important viral pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, NB40 Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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162
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prostate cancer, a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world, ought to be a preventable disease. This review focuses on prostate cancer prevention in the context of new mechanistic insights into human prostatic carcinogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence is accumulating to implicate infection and inflammation as contributors to prostate cancer development. Inherited prostate cancer susceptibility genes discovered thus far encode participants in host responses to infection. Proliferative inflammatory atrophy, a prostate cancer precursor lesion, ties inflammatory responses to prostatic carcinogenesis. Somatic epigenetic alterations, present in all prostate cancers, appear to arise in the setting of inflammation. Finally, a newly identified somatic genome change, involving a fusion between an androgen-regulated gene, TMPRSS2, and genes encoding members of the ETS family of transcription factors, may provide a clue as to why prostate cancer cells exhibit androgen dependence for growth and survival. SUMMARY The contributions of infection and inflammation to the early development of prostate cancer suggest prevention strategies featuring prevention or eradication of infection, amelioration of inflammation, or attenuation of genome-damaging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The acquisition of androgen dependence later during prostate cancer pathogenesis suggests the use of approaches targeting androgen signaling, including inhibitors of 5alpha-reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Nelson
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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163
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Thakur CS, Jha BK, Dong B, Das Gupta J, Silverman KM, Mao H, Sawai H, Nakamura AO, Banerjee AK, Gudkov A, Silverman RH. Small-molecule activators of RNase L with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:9585-90. [PMID: 17535916 PMCID: PMC1877983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700590104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNase L, a principal mediator of innate immunity to viral infections in higher vertebrates, is required for a complete IFN antiviral response against certain RNA stranded viruses. dsRNA produced during viral infections activates IFN-inducible synthetases that produce 5'-phosphorylated, 2',5'-oligoadenylates (2-5A) from ATP. 2-5A activates RNase L in a wide range of different mammalian cell types, thus blocking viral replication. However, 2-5A has unfavorable pharmacologic properties; it is rapidly degraded, does not transit cell membranes, and leads to apoptosis. To obtain activators of RNase L with improved drug-like properties, high-throughput screening was performed on chemical libraries by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Seven compounds were obtained that activated RNase L at micromolar concentrations, and structure-activity relationship studies resulted in identification of an additional four active compounds. Two lead compounds were shown to have a similar mechanistic path toward RNase L activation as the natural activator 2-5A. The compounds bound to the 2-5A-binding domain of RNase L (as determined by surface plasmon resonance and confirmed by computational docking), and the compounds induced RNase L dimerization and activation. Interestingly, the low-molecular-weight activators of RNase L had broad-spectrum antiviral activity against diverse types of RNA viruses, including the human pathogen human parainfluenza virus type 3, yet these compounds by themselves were not cytotoxic at the effective concentrations. Therefore, these RNase L activators are prototypes for a previously uncharacterized class of broad-spectrum antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandar S. Thakur
- Departments of *Cancer Biology and
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Euclid Avenue at East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Hongxia Mao
- Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Hiro Sawai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Akiko O. Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Amiya K. Banerjee
- Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Andrei Gudkov
- Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
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164
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Research highlights. Nat Genet 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/ng0307-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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165
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Bisbal C, Silverman RH. Diverse functions of RNase L and implications in pathology. Biochimie 2007; 89:789-98. [PMID: 17400356 PMCID: PMC2706398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The endoribonuclease L (RNase L) is the effector of the 2-5A system, a major enzymatic pathway involved in the molecular mechanism of interferons (IFNs). RNase L is a very unusual nuclease with a complex mechanism of regulation. It is a latent enzyme, expressed in nearly every mammalian cell type. Its activation requires its binding to a small oligonucleotide, 2-5A. 2-5A is a series of unique 5'-triphosphorylated oligoadenylates with 2'-5' phosphodiester bonds. By regulating viral and cellular RNA expression, RNase L plays an important role in the antiviral and antiproliferative activities of IFN and contributes to innate immunity and cell metabolism. The 2-5A/RNase L pathway is implicated in mediating apoptosis in response to viral infections and to several types of external stimuli. Several recent studies have suggested that RNase L could have a role in cancer biology and evidence of a tumor suppressor function of RNase L has emerged from studies on the genetics of hereditary prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bisbal
- IGH UPR CNRS 1142. 141 rue de la Cardonille. 34396. Montpellier France. E-mail address: , Phone: 33 (0)4 99 61 99 73, Fax: 33 (0)4 99 61 99 01
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue NB40, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH 44195 USA, E-mail address: , Phone: (1) 216 445 9650, Fax: (1) 216 445 6269
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166
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Fan
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3905, USA.
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