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152
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Ferrer G, Hodgson K, Montserrat E, Moreno C. B cell activator factor and a proliferation-inducing ligand at the cross-road of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and autoimmunity. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 50:1075-82. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190903013334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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153
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Berbic M, Schulke L, Markham R, Tokushige N, Russell P, Fraser IS. Macrophage expression in endometrium of women with and without endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:325-32. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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154
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Kobayashi H, Yamada Y, Kanayama S, Furukawa N, Noguchi T, Haruta S, Yoshida S, Sakata M, Sado T, Oi H. The role of iron in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Gynecol Endocrinol 2009; 25:39-52. [PMID: 19165662 DOI: 10.1080/09513590802366204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis may cause symptoms including chronic pelvic pain and infertility, and increases susceptibility to the development of ovarian cancer. Genomic studies have started to delineate the wide array of mediators involved in the development of endometriosis. Understanding the mechanisms of endometriosis development and elucidating its pathogenesis and pathophysiology are intrinsic to prevention and the search for effective therapies. METHOD OF STUDY The present article reviews the English language literature for biological, pathogenetic and pathophysiological studies on endometriosis. Several recent genomic studies are discussed in the context of endometriosis biology. RESULTS Severe hemolysis occurring during the development of endometriosis results in high levels of free heme and iron. These compounds oxidatively modify lipids and proteins, leading to cell and DNA damage, and subsequently fibrosis development. Recent studies based on genome-wide expression analysis technology have noted specific expression of heme/iron-dependent mediators in endometriosis. The heme/iron-dependent signaling pathway of endometriosis, which is providing new insights into the regulation of inflammation, detoxification and survival, is discussed. CONCLUSION Several important endometriosis-specific genes overlap with those known to be regulated by iron. Other genes are involved in oxidative stress. Iron has a significant impact on endometriotic-cell gene expression. This review summarizes recent advances in the heme/iron-mediated signaling and its target genes, outlines the potential challenges to understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of endometriosis, and proposes a possible novel model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
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155
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Ohlsson Teague EMC, Van der Hoek KH, Van der Hoek MB, Perry N, Wagaarachchi P, Robertson SA, Print CG, Hull LM. MicroRNA-regulated pathways associated with endometriosis. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 23:265-75. [PMID: 19074548 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a prevalent gynecological disease characterized by growth of endometriotic tissue outside the uterine cavity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are naturally occurring posttranscriptional regulatory molecules that potentially play a role in endometriotic lesion development. We assessed miRNA expression by microarray analysis in paired ectopic and eutopic endometrial tissues and identified 14 up-regulated (miR-145, miR-143, miR-99a, miR-99b, miR-126, miR-100, miR-125b, miR-150, miR-125a, miR-223, miR-194, miR-365, miR-29c and miR-1) and eight down-regulated (miR-200a, miR-141, miR-200b, miR-142-3p, miR-424, miR-34c, miR-20a and miR-196b) miRNAs. The differential expression of six miRNAs was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. An in silico analysis identified 3851 mRNA transcripts as putative targets of the 22 miRNAs. Of these predicted targets, 673 were also differentially expressed in ectopic vs. eutopic endometrial tissue, as determined by microarray. Functional analysis suggested that the 673 miRNA targets constitute molecular pathways previously associated with endometriosis, including c-Jun, CREB-binding protein, protein kinase B (Akt), and cyclin D1 (CCND1) signaling. These pathways appeared to be regulated both transcriptionally as well as by miRNAs at posttranscriptional level. These data are a rich and novel resource for endometriosis and miRNA research and suggest that the 22 miRNAs and their cognate mRNA target sequences constitute pathways that promote endometriosis. Accordingly, miRNAs are potential therapeutic targets for treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maria C Ohlsson Teague
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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156
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Agic A, Djalali S, Wolfler MM, Halis G, Diedrich K, Hornung D. Combination of CCR1 mRNA, MCP1, and CA125 Measurements in Peripheral Blood as a Diagnostic Test for Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2008; 15:906-11. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719108318598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Admir Agic
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Schima Djalali
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Monika M. Wolfler
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gulden Halis
- Praxisklinik für Fertilität, Am Gendarmenmarkt, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Diedrich
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Daniela Hornung
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany,
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157
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Allhorn S, Böing C, Koch AA, Kimmig R, Gashaw I. TLR3 and TLR4 expression in healthy and diseased human endometrium. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2008; 6:40. [PMID: 18775079 PMCID: PMC2543020 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-6-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the innate immune system by initiating and directing immune response to pathogens. TLRs are expressed in the human endometrium and their regulation might be crucial for the pathogenesis of endometrial diseases. METHODS TLR3 and TLR4 expression was investigated during the menstrual cycle and in postmenopausal endometrium considering peritoneal endometriosis, hyperplasia, and endometrial adenocarcinoma specimens (grade 1 to 3). The expression studies applied quantitative RT-PCR and immunolabelling of both proteins. RESULTS TLR3 and TLR4 proteins were mostly localised to the glandular and luminal epithelium. In addition, TLR4 was present on endometrial dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages. TLR3 and TLR4 mRNA levels did not show significant changes during the menstrual cycle. In patients with peritoneal endometriosis, TLR3 and TLR4 mRNA expression decreased significantly in proliferative diseased endometrium compared to controls. Interestingly, ectopic endometriotic lesions showed a significant increase of TLR3 und TLR4 mRNA expression compared to corresponding eutopic tissues, indicating a local gain of TLR expression. Endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma revealed significantly reduced receptor levels when compared with postmenopausal controls. The lowest TLR expression levels were determined in poor differentiated carcinoma (grade 3). CONCLUSION Our data suggest an involvement of TLR3 and TLR4 in endometrial diseases as demonstrated by altered expression levels in endometriosis and endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Allhorn
- Institute of Anatomy II, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Carsten Böing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea A Koch
- Institute of Anatomy II, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Isabella Gashaw
- Institute of Anatomy II, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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158
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Gaetje R, Holtrich U, Engels K, Kissler S, Rody A, Karn T, Kaufmann M. Differential expression of claudins in human endometrium and endometriosis. Gynecol Endocrinol 2008; 24:442-9. [PMID: 18850381 DOI: 10.1080/09513590802242694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins of the claudin superfamily are important components of cellular tight and adherens junctions. Although their exact function remains unclear, these proteins may play a role in tissue remodeling, a process which is associated with several diseases including endometriosis. In the present work we analyzed the expression of 13 members of the claudin family in the endometrium and peritoneum by microarray analysis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry in human endometrium and peritoneal endometriotic lesions were performed for validation of the expression of claudin-1, -3, -4, -5 and -7. Diminished expression of claudin-3, -4 and -7 in ectopic endometrium was frequently observed as indicated by all three methods. In contrast to a higher expression of claudin-5 mRNA detected in bulk biopsies of ectopic endometrium, immunohistochemistry revealed no alteration of claudin-5 protein expression in glandular cells of endometriosis samples. The downregulation of various members of the claudin family may contribute to endometrial cell detachment and increase the number of cells invading pelvic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Gaetje
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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159
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OuYang Z, Hirota Y, Osuga Y, Hamasaki K, Hasegawa A, Tajima T, Hirata T, Koga K, Yoshino O, Harada M, Takemura Y, Nose E, Yano T, Taketani Y. Interleukin-4 stimulates proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:463-9. [PMID: 18599603 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that the Th2 immune response is associated with endometriosis. Although an increased concentration of interleukin (IL)-4, a typical Th2 cytokine, has been reported in endometriotic tissues, the implication of this for endometriosis has not been determined. To investigate a possible role of IL-4 in the development of endometriosis, we examined the presence of IL-4-producing cells in endometriotic tissues and the effect of IL-4 on proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells. Endometriotic stromal cells were isolated from endometriotic tissues obtained from women undergoing surgery for endometrioma. Immunohistochemistry of endometriotic tissues revealed that IL-4-positive cells were abundant in the stroma. The effect of IL-4 on proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells was studied using cell counting and BrdU incorporation assays. IL-4 (0.1 to 10 ng/ml) significantly increased cell number and BrdU incorporation in a dose-dependent manner, and the proliferative effect of IL-4 was inhibited by anti-IL-4 receptor antibody. IL-4-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in endometriotic stromal cells was examined by Western blotting. IL-4 induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun kinase, and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and inhibitors of these kinases suppressed IL-4-induced proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells. These findings suggest that proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells induced by locally produced IL-4 is involved in the development of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo OuYang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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160
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Langat DL, Wheaton DA, Platt JS, Sifers T, Hunt JS. Signaling pathways for B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) in human placenta. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1303-11. [PMID: 18403603 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis superfamily (TNFSF) contains two soluble ligands that are involved in B lymphocyte development, BAFF (B cell activating factor, BlyS, TALL-1, CD257, TNFSF13B) and APRIL (a proliferation inducing ligand, CD256, TNFSF13). These two ligands signal through three receptors: the exclusive BAFF receptor (BAFF-R, CD268, TNFRSF17) and two receptors that recognize both BAFF and APRIL, TACI (transmembrane-activator-1 and calcium-modulator- and cyclophilin ligand-interactor CD267, TNFRSF13B) and BCMA (B cell maturation antigen, CD269, TNFRSF13C). All but BAFF-R are known to be synthesized in term placentas. In this study, expression of the ligands and receptors were distinguished in two embryologically discrete subpopulations of placental cells, villous cytotrophoblast (vCTB) cells and mesenchymal cells (MCs). Real-Time PCR showed that vCTB cells contain low levels of BAFF and APRIL transcripts whereas MCs contain high levels. Both Real-Time PCR and immunohistochemistry identified BAFF-R and BCMA mRNA and proteins in vCTB cells but essentially no TACI. By contrast, MCs contained readily detectable levels of all three receptors. These results illustrating potential autocrine and paracrine pathways for BAFF and APRIL signaling in human placentas suggest that lineage-specific regulation of placental cell viability, differentiation and/or other activities may be novel functions of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daudi L Langat
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160-7400, USA
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161
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Borroni EM, Bonecchi R, Buracchi C, Savino B, Mantovani A, Locati M. Chemokine decoy receptors: new players in reproductive immunology. Immunol Invest 2008; 37:483-97. [PMID: 18716935 DOI: 10.1080/08820130802191318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are multifunctional molecules with roles in leukocyte trafficking and developmental processes. Both fetal and maternal components of the placenta produce chemokines, which control leukocyte trafficking observed in the placenta. Thus, chemokines play roles in the balance between protection of the developing embryo/fetus and tolerance of its hemiallogeneic tissues. Recently, a group of chemokine receptors, which include D6, DARC, and CCX-CKR, have been described as "silent" receptors by virtue of their inability to activate signal transduction events leading to cell chemoattraction. Here we review in vitro and in vivo evidence indicating that chemokine "silent" receptors regulate innate and adaptive immunity behaving as decoy receptors that support internalization and degradation of chemotactic factors, and discuss available information on their potential role in reproductive immunology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Chemokines/agonists
- Chemokines/immunology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Duffy Blood-Group System/immunology
- Duffy Blood-Group System/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Placenta/immunology
- Placenta/metabolism
- Placental Circulation/immunology
- Pregnancy/immunology
- Receptors, CCR10/agonists
- Receptors, CCR10/immunology
- Receptors, CCR10/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/immunology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Reproductive Medicine
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Chemokine Receptor D6
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