151
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Moscat J, Diaz-Meco MT, Rennert P. NF-kappaB activation by protein kinase C isoforms and B-cell function. EMBO Rep 2003; 4:31-6. [PMID: 12524517 PMCID: PMC1315804 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.embor704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2002] [Accepted: 10/28/2002] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are essential to the immune response in health and disease. Results from knockout (KO) mice for different members of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) family have highlighted the importance of this transcription factor in B cell development and function. The recent generation of additional KO mice for adapters and kinases implicated in NF-kappaB activation, including several protein kinase C isoforms, has provided new insights into the roles of these proteins in B cell signalling. These studies have also given rise to a number of important questions that must be answered with further experimentation to establish accurately the signalling pathways that regulate B-cell function through NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Moscat
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Canto Blanco, Spain.
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152
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Saitoh T, Nakano H, Yamamoto N, Yamaoka S. Lymphotoxin-beta receptor mediates NEMO-independent NF-kappaB activation. FEBS Lett 2002; 532:45-51. [PMID: 12459460 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTbetaR) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily that activates nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) through the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex, the core of which is comprised of IKK1, IKK2 and NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO). We demonstrate here that the LTbetaR signaling to NF-kappaB activation does not necessarily require NEMO, which is essential for TNFR signaling. In the absence of NEMO, the p50 and RelB, but not RelA subunits of NF-kappaB are found in the nuclear DNA binding complexes induced by the LTbetaR signaling. Our results thus disclose NEMO-independent NF-kappaB activation by LTbetaR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Saitoh
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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153
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Chinanonwait N, Miura H, Yamamoto N, Yamaoka S. A recessive mutant cell line with a constitutive IkappaB kinase activity. FEBS Lett 2002; 531:553-60. [PMID: 12435610 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To search for negative regulatory components of the NF-kappaB activation pathways, we mutagenized Rat-1 fibroblasts and established a stable mutant cell line with a constitutive NF-kappaB activity. This mutant cell line, designated as TK26, showed permanently elevated I kappa B kinase (IKK) activity and a genetically recessive phenotype revealed by somatic cell hybridization between TK26 and Rat-1. Our results suggested that lack of a negative regulation of IKK could lead to permanent NF-kappaB activation. The TK26 cell line will be useful to genetically identify a component necessary for keeping the IKK complex under an inactive form in resting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netnaphis Chinanonwait
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8519, Tokyo, Japan
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154
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Wang Y, Cui H, Schroering A, Ding JL, Lane WS, McGill G, Fisher DE, Ding HF. NF-kappa B2 p100 is a pro-apoptotic protein with anti-oncogenic function. Nat Cell Biol 2002; 4:888-93. [PMID: 12389034 DOI: 10.1038/ncb872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2002] [Revised: 07/23/2002] [Accepted: 08/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) promotes cell survival by upregulating expression of anti-apoptotic genes, a process that is antagonized by inhibitors of kappa B (I kappa B) factors. The only NF-kappa B family member known to be mutated in human cancer is NF-kappa B2 p100 (ref. 2), a factor with I kappa B activity. Here, we report the isolation from irradiated mouse tumour cells of a complex that induces caspase-8 activity in cell-free assays and identify p100 as an essential component of this complex. Expression of p100 profoundly sensitizes cells to death-receptor-mediated apoptosis through a pathway that is independent of I kappa B-like activity. The carboxyl terminus of p100 contains a death domain that is absent from all known tumour-derived mutants. This death domain mediates recruitment of p100 into death machinery complexes after ligand stimulation and is essential for p100's pro-apoptotic activity. p100 also sensitizes NIH3T3 cells to apoptosis triggered by oncogenic Ras, resulting in a marked inhibition of transformation that is rescued by suppression of endogenous caspase-8. These observations thus identify an I kappa B-independent apoptotic activity of NF-kappa B2 p100 and help explain its unique tumour suppressor role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Ohio, 3035 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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155
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Coope H, Atkinson P, Huhse B, Belich M, Janzen J, Holman M, Klaus G, Johnston L, Ley S. CD40 regulates the processing of NF-kappaB2 p100 to p52. EMBO J 2002; 21:5375-85. [PMID: 12374738 PMCID: PMC129074 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2002] [Revised: 07/04/2002] [Accepted: 08/21/2002] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The nf-kb2 gene encodes the cytoplasmic NF-kappaB inhibitory protein p100 from which the active p52 NF-kappaB subunit is derived by proteasome-mediated proteolysis. Ligands which stimulate p100 processing to p52 have not been defined. Here, ligation of CD40 on transfected 293 cells is shown to trigger p52 production by stimulating p100 ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasome-mediated proteolysis. CD40-mediated p52 accumulation is dependent on de novo protein synthesis and triggers p52 translocation into the nucleus to generate active NF-kappaB dimers. Endogenous CD40 ligation on primary murine splenic B cells also stimulates p100 processing, which results in the delayed nuclear translocation of p52-RelB dimers. In both 293 cells and primary splenic B cells, the ability of CD40 to trigger p100 processing requires functional NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK). In contrast, NIK activity is not required for CD40 to stimulate the degradation of IkappaBalpha in either cell type. The regulation of p100 processing by CD40 is likely to be important for the transcriptional regulation of CD40 target genes in adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.J. Coope
- Divisions of
Immune Cell Biology and Yeast Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK Corresponding author e-mail: H.J.Coope, P.G.P.Atkinson and B.Huhse contributed equally to this work
| | - P.G.P. Atkinson
- Divisions of
Immune Cell Biology and Yeast Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK Corresponding author e-mail: H.J.Coope, P.G.P.Atkinson and B.Huhse contributed equally to this work
| | - B. Huhse
- Divisions of
Immune Cell Biology and Yeast Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK Corresponding author e-mail: H.J.Coope, P.G.P.Atkinson and B.Huhse contributed equally to this work
| | - M. Belich
- Divisions of
Immune Cell Biology and Yeast Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK Corresponding author e-mail: H.J.Coope, P.G.P.Atkinson and B.Huhse contributed equally to this work
| | - J. Janzen
- Divisions of
Immune Cell Biology and Yeast Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK Corresponding author e-mail: H.J.Coope, P.G.P.Atkinson and B.Huhse contributed equally to this work
| | - M.J. Holman
- Divisions of
Immune Cell Biology and Yeast Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK Corresponding author e-mail: H.J.Coope, P.G.P.Atkinson and B.Huhse contributed equally to this work
| | - G.G.B. Klaus
- Divisions of
Immune Cell Biology and Yeast Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK Corresponding author e-mail: H.J.Coope, P.G.P.Atkinson and B.Huhse contributed equally to this work
| | - L.H. Johnston
- Divisions of
Immune Cell Biology and Yeast Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK Corresponding author e-mail: H.J.Coope, P.G.P.Atkinson and B.Huhse contributed equally to this work
| | - S.C. Ley
- Divisions of
Immune Cell Biology and Yeast Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK Corresponding author e-mail: H.J.Coope, P.G.P.Atkinson and B.Huhse contributed equally to this work
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156
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Dejardin E, Droin NM, Delhase M, Haas E, Cao Y, Makris C, Li ZW, Karin M, Ware CF, Green DR. The lymphotoxin-beta receptor induces different patterns of gene expression via two NF-kappaB pathways. Immunity 2002; 17:525-35. [PMID: 12387745 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 732] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTbetaR) plays critical roles in inflammation and lymphoid organogenesis through activation of NF-kappaB. In addition to activation of the classical NF-kappaB, ligation of this receptor induces the processing of the cytosolic NF-kappaB2/p100 precursor to yield the mature p52 subunit, followed by translocation of p52 to the nucleus. This activation of NF-kappaB2 requires NIK and IKKalpha, while NEMO/IKKgamma is dispensable for p100 processing. IKKbeta-dependent activation of canonical NF-kappaB is required for the expression but not processing of p100 and for the expression of proinflammatory molecules including VCAM-1, MIP-1beta, and MIP-2 in response to LTbetaR ligation. In contrast, IKKalpha controls the induction by LTbetaR ligation of chemokines and cytokines involved in lymphoid organogenesis, including SLC, BLC, ELC, SDF1, and BAFF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Dejardin
- Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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157
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Claudio E, Brown K, Park S, Wang H, Siebenlist U. BAFF-induced NEMO-independent processing of NF-kappa B2 in maturing B cells. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:958-65. [PMID: 12352969 DOI: 10.1038/ni842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2002] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
NF-kappa B is usually activated by signal-induced, ubiquitin-mediated degradation of its inhibitor, I kappa B. This process is initiated by phosphorylation of I kappa B by the I kappa B kinase (IKK) complex, predominantly by the IKK beta catalytic subunit, and requires the regulatory subunit IKK gamma (NEMO). Another activation pathway, with no known physiological inducers, involves ubiquitin-mediated processing of the NF-kappa B2 inhibitory protein p100 and is dependent on phosphorylation of p100 by IKK alpha. We show here that B cell-activating factor (BAFF) activates this second pathway and that this requires the BAFF receptor (BAFF-R), the NF-kappa B-inducing kinase (NIK) and protein synthesis, but not NEMO. This NEMO-independent cascade is physiologically relevant for the survival and, hence, progression of maturing splenic B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Claudio
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1876, USA
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158
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Pasparakis M, Schmidt-Supprian M, Rajewsky K. IkappaB kinase signaling is essential for maintenance of mature B cells. J Exp Med 2002; 196:743-52. [PMID: 12235208 PMCID: PMC2194059 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB proteins play crucial roles in immune responses and cellular survival. Activation of NF-kappaB is mediated by the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex, which is composed of two kinases, IKK1 and IKK2, and a regulatory subunit termed NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO). IKK2- and NEMO-deficient mice die at early embryonic stages. We therefore used conditional gene targeting to evaluate the role of these proteins in B cells in adult mice. B lineage-specific disruption of either IKK signaling by deletion of NEMO, or of IKK2-specific signals by ablation of IKK2 activity leads to the disappearance of mature B lymphocytes. We conclude that maintenance of mature B cells depends on IKK-mediated activation of NF-kappaB.
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159
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Abstract
We review our current understanding of the molecular determinants and mechanisms of lymphocyte apoptosis and identify the key regulators of these death-signaling pathways. In addition, we describe the key molecular aberrations that underlie the resistance of lymphomas to conventional therapy, and highlight the enormous promise of potential therapeutic strategies that could circumvent or overcome these genetic impediments to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Ravi
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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160
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O'Sullivan BJ, Thomas R. CD40 ligation conditions dendritic cell antigen-presenting function through sustained activation of NF-kappaB. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5491-8. [PMID: 12023343 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the biochemical control of dendritic cell (DC) differentiation/activation is essential for improving T cell immunity by various immunotherapeutic approaches, including DC immunization. Ligation of CD40 enhances DC function, including conditioning for CTL priming. NF-kappaB, and particularly RelB, is an essential control pathway for myeloid DC differentiation. Furthermore, RelB regulates B cell Ag-presenting function. We hypothesized that CD40 ligand (CD40L) and TNF-alpha, which differ in their capacity to condition DC, would also differ in their capacity to activate NF-kappaB. DC differentiated for 2 days from monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 were used as a model, as NF-kappaB activity was constitutively low. The capacity of DC to activate T cells following CD40L treatment was enhanced compared with TNF-alpha treatment, and this was NF-kappaB dependent. Whereas RelB/p50 translocation induced by TNF-alpha was attenuated after 6 h, RelB/p50 nuclear translocation induced by CD40L was sustained for at least 24 h. The mechanism of this difference related to enhanced degradation of IkappaBalpha following CD40L stimulation. However, NF-kappaB activation induced by TNF-alpha could be sustained by blocking autocrine IL-10. These data indicate that NF-kappaB activation is essential for T cell activation by DC, and that this function is enhanced if DC NF-kappaB activation is prolonged. Because IL-10 moderates DC NF-kappaB activation by TNF-alpha, sustained NF-kappaB activation can be achieved by blocking IL-10 in the presence of stimuli that induce TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan John O'Sullivan
- Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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161
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Abstract
Nuclear factor of kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a sequence-specific transcription factor that is known to be involved in the inflammatory and innate immune responses. Although the importance of NF-KB in immunity is undisputed, recent evidence indicates that NF-kappaB and the signalling pathways that are involved in its activation are also important for tumour development. NF-kappaB should therefore receive as much attention from cancer researchers as it has already from immunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA.
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162
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Abstract
The regulation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB activity occurs at several levels including controlled cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling and modulation of its transcriptional activity. A critical component in NF-kappaB regulation is the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex. This review is focused on recent progress as well as unanswered questions regarding the regulation and function of NF-kappaB and IKK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Ghosh
- Section of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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163
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Abstract
The choice between life and death is one of the major events in regulation of the immune system. T cells that specifically recognize viral or bacterial antigens are selected to survive and proliferate in response to infection, whereas those that are self-reactive are eliminated via apoptosis. Even the survival of alloreactive T cells requires their proper costimulation and, when infection subsides, the activated T cells are eliminated. A major regulator of such life or death decisions is the transcription factor NF-kappaB. However, NF-kappaB cannot function alone. A variety of mechanisms exist to modulate its activity and thereby affect the ultimate outcome of a cell's fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA.
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