151
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Mason SD, Joyce JA. Proteolytic networks in cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:228-37. [PMID: 21232958 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are important for multiple processes during malignant progression, including tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Recent evidence reveals that tumor-promoting proteases function as part of an extensive multidirectional network of proteolytic interactions, in contrast to the unidirectional caspase cascade. These networks involve different constituents of the tumor microenvironment and key proteases, such as cathepsin B, urokinase-type plasminogen activator and several matrix metalloproteinases, occupy central nodes for amplifying proteolytic signals passing through the network. The proteolytic network interacts with other important signaling pathways in tumor biology, involving chemokines, cytokines, and kinases. Viewing these proteolytic interactions as a system of activating and inhibiting reactions provides insight into tumor biology and reveals relevant pharmaceutical targets. This review examines recent advances in understanding proteases in cancer and summarizes how the network of activity is co-opted to promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Mason
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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152
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Hamacher-Brady A, Stein HA, Turschner S, Toegel I, Mora R, Jennewein N, Efferth T, Eils R, Brady NR. Artesunate activates mitochondrial apoptosis in breast cancer cells via iron-catalyzed lysosomal reactive oxygen species production. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:6587-601. [PMID: 21149439 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.210047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimalarial agent artesunate (ART) activates programmed cell death (PCD) in cancer cells in a manner dependent on the presence of iron and the generation of reactive oxygen species. In malaria parasites, ART cytotoxicity originates from interactions with heme-derived iron within the food vacuole. The analogous digestive compartment of mammalian cells, the lysosome, similarly contains high levels of redox-active iron and in response to specific stimuli can initiate mitochondrial apoptosis. We thus investigated the role of lysosomes in ART-induced PCD and determined that in MCF-7 breast cancer cells ART activates lysosome-dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. ART impacted endolysosomal and autophagosomal compartments, inhibiting autophagosome turnover and causing perinuclear clustering of autophagosomes, early and late endosomes, and lysosomes. Lysosomal iron chelation blocked all measured parameters of ART-induced PCD, whereas lysosomal iron loading enhanced death, thus identifying lysosomal iron as the lethal source of reactive oxygen species upstream of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Moreover, lysosomal inhibitors chloroquine and bafilomycin A1 reduced ART-activated PCD, evidencing a requirement for lysosomal function during PCD signaling. ART killing did not involve activation of the BH3-only protein, Bid, yet ART enhanced TNF-mediated Bid cleavage. We additionally demonstrated the lysosomal PCD pathway in T47D and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Importantly, non-tumorigenic MCF-10A cells resisted ART-induced PCD. Together, our data suggest that ART triggers PCD via engagement of distinct, interconnected PCD pathways, with hierarchical signaling from lysosomes to mitochondria, suggesting a potential clinical use of ART for targeting lysosomes in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hamacher-Brady
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, Applied Systems Biology Group, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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153
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Abstract
The induction of cell death in immune cells by naturally occurring antibodies specific for death receptors may present an important antiinflammatory mechanism of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Conversely, the protection of tissue cells from death receptor-mediated apoptosis by blocking antibodies is thought to contribute to the beneficial effects of IVIG in certain inflammatory disorders such as toxic epidermal necrolysis, also known as Lyell's syndrome. In this review, we focus on recent insights into the role of functional antibodies against Fas, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec)-8, and Siglec-9 receptors in IVIG-mediated cell survival or death effects. In addition, we examine a variety of factors in inflammatory disease that may interplay with these cellular events and influence the therapeutic efficacy or potency of IVIG. These involve activation status of the target cell, cytokine microenvironment, pathogenesis and stage of disease, individual genetic determinants, species characteristics, and batch-to-batch variations of IVIG preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan von Gunten
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 49, Bern, Switzerland
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154
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Masson O, Bach AS, Derocq D, Prébois C, Laurent-Matha V, Pattingre S, Liaudet-Coopman E. Pathophysiological functions of cathepsin D: Targeting its catalytic activity versus its protein binding activity? Biochimie 2010; 92:1635-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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155
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Straumann A, Conus S, Degen L, Felder S, Kummer M, Engel H, Bussmann C, Beglinger C, Schoepfer A, Simon HU. Budesonide is effective in adolescent and adult patients with active eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:1526-37, 1537.e1. [PMID: 20682320 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the esophagus characterized by dense tissue eosinophilia; it is refractory to proton pump inhibitor therapy. EoE affects all age groups but most frequently individuals between 20 and 50 years of age. Topical corticosteroids are effective in pediatric patients with EoE, but no controlled studies of corticosteroids have been reported in adult patients. METHODS We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of oral budesonide (1 mg twice daily for 15 days) in adolescent and adult patients with active EoE. Pretreatment and posttreatment disease activity was assessed clinically, endoscopically, and histologically. The primary end point was reduced mean numbers of eosinophils in the esophageal epithelium (number per high-power field [hpf] = esophageal eosinophil load). Esophageal biopsy and blood samples were analyzed using immunofluorescence and immunoassays, respectively, for biomarkers of inflammation and treatment response. RESULTS A 15-day course of therapy significantly decreased the number of eosinophils in the esophageal epithelium in patients given budesonide (from 68.2 to 5.5 eosinophils/hpf; P < .0001) but not in the placebo group (from 62.3 to 56.5 eosinophils/hpf; P = .48). Dysphagia scores significantly improved among patients given budesonide compared with those given placebo (5.61 vs 2.22; P < .0001). White exudates and red furrows were reversed in patients given budesonide, based on endoscopy examination. Budesonide, but not placebo, also reduced apoptosis of epithelial cells and molecular remodeling events in the esophagus; no serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS A 15-day course of treatment with budesonide is well tolerated and highly effective in inducing a histologic and clinical remission in adolescent and adult patients with active EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Straumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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156
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Abstract
In several studies reporting cell death (CD) in lower eukaryotes and in the human protozoan parasite Leishmania, proteolytic activity was revealed using pan-caspase substrates or inhibitors such as carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK). However, most of the lower eukaryotes do not encode caspase(s) but MCA, which differs from caspase(s) in its substrate specificity and cannot be accountable for the recognition of Z-VAD-FMK. In the present study, we were interested in identifying which enzyme was capturing the Z-VAD substrate. We show that heat shock (HS) induces Leishmania CD and leads to the intracellular binding of Z-VAD-FMK. We excluded binding and inhibition of Z-VAD-FMK to Leishmania major metacaspase (LmjMCA), and identified cysteine proteinase C (LmjCPC), a cathepsin B-like (CPC) enzyme, as the Z-VAD-FMK binding enzyme. We confirmed the specific interaction of Z-VAD-FMK with CPC by showing that Z-VAD binding is absent in a Leishmania mexicana strain in which the cpc gene was deleted. We also show that parasites exposed to various stress conditions release CPC into a soluble fraction. Finally, we confirmed the role of CPC in Leishmania CD by showing that, when exposed to the oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), cpc knockout parasites survived better than wild-type parasites (WT). In conclusion, this study identified CPC as the substrate of Z-VAD-FMK in Leishmania and as a potential additional executioner protease in the CD cascade of Leishmania and possibly in other lower eukaryotes.
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157
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Repnik U, Turk B. Lysosomal-mitochondrial cross-talk during cell death. Mitochondrion 2010; 10:662-9. [PMID: 20696281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles, which contain an arsenal of different hydrolases, enabling them to act as the terminal degradative compartment of the endocytotic, phagocytic and autophagic pathways. During the last decade, it was convincingly shown that destabilization of lysosomal membrane and release of lysosomal content into the cytosol can initiate the lysosomal apoptotic pathway, which is dependent on mitochondria destabilization. The cleavage of BID to t-BID and degradation of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins by lysosomal cysteine cathepsins were identified as links to the mitochondrial cytochrome c release, which eventually leads to caspase activation. There have also been reports about the involvement of lysosome destabilization and lysosomal proteases in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, although the molecular mechanism is still under debate. In the present article, we discuss the cross-talk between lysosomes and mitochondria during apoptosis and its consequences for the fate of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Repnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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158
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Human myeloperoxidase in innate and acquired immunity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 500:92-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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159
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Kobayashi SD, Braughton KR, Palazzolo-Ballance AM, Kennedy AD, Sampaio E, Kristosturyan E, Whitney AR, Sturdevant DE, Dorward DW, Holland SM, Kreiswirth BN, Musser JM, DeLeo FR. Rapid neutrophil destruction following phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus. J Innate Immun 2010; 2:560-75. [PMID: 20587998 DOI: 10.1159/000317134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the enhanced virulence phenotype of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are incompletely defined, but presumably include evasion of killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils). To better understand this phenomenon, we investigated the basis of rapid PMN lysis after phagocytosis of USA300, a prominent CA-MRSA strain. Survival of USA300 clinical isolates after phagocytosis ultimately resulted in neutrophil lysis. PMNs containing ingested USA300 underwent morphological changes consistent with apoptosis, but lysed rapidly thereafter (within 6 h), whereas cells undergoing FAS-mediated apoptosis or phagocytosis-induced cell death remained intact. Phagosome membranes remained intact until the point of PMN destruction, suggesting lysis was not caused by escape of S. aureus from phagosomes or the cytolytic action of pore-forming toxins. Microarray analysis of the PMN transcriptome after phagocytosis of representative community-associated S. aureus and healthcare-associated MRSA strains revealed changes unique to community-associated S. aureus strains, such as upregulation of transcripts involved in regulation of calcium homeostasis. Collectively, the data suggest that neutrophil destruction after phagocytosis of USA300 is in part a form of programmed necrosis rather than direct lysis by S. aureus pore-forming toxins. We propose that the ability of CA-MRSA strains to induce programmed necrosis of neutrophils is a component of enhanced virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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160
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Schrader K, Huai J, Jöckel L, Oberle C, Borner C. Non-caspase proteases: triggers or amplifiers of apoptosis? Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1607-18. [PMID: 20169397 PMCID: PMC11115756 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are the most important effectors of apoptosis, the major form of programmed cell death (PCD) in multicellular organisms. This is best reflected by the appearance of serious development defects in mice deficient for caspase-8, -9, and -3. Meanwhile, caspase-independent PCD, mediated by other proteases or signaling components has been described in numerous publications. Although we do not doubt that such cell death exists, we propose that it has evolved later during evolution and is most likely not designed to execute, but to amplify and speed-up caspase-dependent cell death. This review shall provide evidence for such a concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Schrader
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (ZBMZ), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jisen Huai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (ZBMZ), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lars Jöckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (ZBMZ), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstr. 19a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Oberle
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (ZBMZ), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Present Address: Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (ZBMZ), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstr. 19a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (Bioss), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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161
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Phillips DC, Dias HKI, Kitas GD, Griffiths HR. Aberrant reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): causes and consequences for immune function, cell survival, and therapeutic intervention. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:743-85. [PMID: 19686039 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration and persistence of hematopoietic immune cells within the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) joint results in elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased reactive oxygen (ROS) and -nitrogen (RNS) species generation, that feeds a continuous self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation and destruction. Meanwhile, the controlled production of ROS is required for signaling within the normal physiological reaction to perceived "foreign matter" and for effective apoptosis. This review focuses on the signaling pathways responsible for the induction of the normal immune response and the contribution of ROS to this process. Evidence for defects in the ability of immune cells in RA to regulate the generation of ROS and the consequence for their immune function and for RA progression is considered. As the hypercellularity of the rheumatoid joint and the associated persistence of hematopoietic cells within the rheumatoid joint are symptomatic of unresponsiveness to apoptotic stimuli, the role of apoptotic signaling proteins (specifically Bcl-2 family members and the tumor suppressor p53) as regulators of ROS generation and apoptosis are considered, evaluating evidence for their aberrant expression and function in RA. We postulate that ROS generation is required for effective therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren C Phillips
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, West Midlands, United Kingdom
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162
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Malik M, Sheikh AM, Wen G, Spivack W, Brown WT, Li X. Expression of inflammatory cytokines, Bcl2 and cathepsin D are altered in lymphoblasts of autistic subjects. Immunobiology 2010; 216:80-5. [PMID: 20399529 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To determine whether inflammation and apoptosis are involved in the pathogenesis of autism, we examined cytokines, Bcl2 expression and cathepsin D protease activity in the lymphoblasts of autistic subjects and age-matched controls. We found increased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, but decreased Bcl2 expression in lymphoblasts of autistic subjects. We also found that cathepsin D mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased in autistic lymphoblasts. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that inflammation and apoptosis may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of autism, and cathepsin D may participate in the regulation of cytokine-induced inflammation and apoptosis in autistic lymphoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Malik
- Department of Neurochemistry, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
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163
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Schmidt-Mende J, Geering B, Yousefi S, Simon HU. Lysosomal degradation of RhoH protein upon antigen receptor activation in T but not B cells. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:525-9. [PMID: 19950172 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RhoH is a member of the Rho (ras homologous) GTPase family, yet it lacks GTPase activity and thus remains in its active conformation. Unlike other Rho GTPases, the RhoH gene transcript is restricted to hematopoietic cells and RhoH was shown to be required for adequate T-cell activation through the TCR. Here, we demonstrate that both blood T and B cells, but not neutrophils or monocytes, express RhoH protein under physiological conditions. Upon TCR complex activation, RhoH was degraded in lysosomes of primary and Jurkat T cells. Pharmacologic activation of T cells distal to the TCR complex had no effect on RhoH protein levels suggesting that early events during T-cell activation are required for RhoH protein degradation. In contrast to T cells, activation of the BCR in blood B cells was not associated with changes in RhoH levels. These data suggest that RhoH function might be regulated by lysosomal degradation of RhoH protein following TCR complex but not BCR activation. This newly discovered regulatory pathway of RhoH expression might limit TCR signaling and subsequent T-cell activation upon Ag contact.
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164
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Colbert JD, Matthews SP, Miller G, Watts C. Diverse regulatory roles for lysosomal proteases in the immune response. Eur J Immunol 2010; 39:2955-65. [PMID: 19637232 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune system utilise endocytic protease activity to promote functional immune responses. Cysteine and aspartic proteases (cathepsins) constitute a subset of endocytic proteases, the immune function of which has been described extensively. Although historically these studies have focused on their role in processes such as antigen presentation and zymogen processing within the endocytic compartment, recent discoveries have demonstrated a critical role for these proteases in other intracellular compartments, and within the extracellular milieu. It has also become clear that their pattern of expression and substrate specificities are more diverse than was first envisaged. Here, we discuss recent advances addressing the role of lysosomal proteases in various aspects of the immune response. We pay attention to reports demonstrating cathepsin activity outside of its canonical endosome/lysosome microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff D Colbert
- Division of Cell biology & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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165
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Berent-Maoz B, Salemi S, Mankuta D, Simon HU, Levi-Schaffer F. Human mast cells express intracellular TRAIL. Cell Immunol 2010; 262:80-3. [PMID: 20189551 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently we demonstrated that human mast cells (MC) express functional TRAIL death receptors. Here we assessed the expression of TRAIL on both mRNA and protein level in cord blood derived MC (CBMC) and HMC-1. The TRAIL release either spontaneous or induced by LPS, IFN-gamma and IgE-dependent activation, was evaluated as well. The protein location was restricted to the intracellular compartment in CBMC, but not in HMC-1. The intracellular TRAIL was not localized inside the granules. The treatment with IFN-gamma and LPS up-regulated intracellular TRAIL expression in CBMC, but did not induce its release. These in vitro data show that human MC can produce and express intracellular TRAIL whose location could not be altered by different stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Berent-Maoz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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166
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Grdović N, Vidaković M, Mihailović M, Dinić S, Uskoković A, Arambasić J, Poznanović G. Proteolytic events in cryonecrotic cell death: Proteolytic activation of endonuclease P23. Cryobiology 2010; 60:271-80. [PMID: 20132808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although cryosurgery is attaining increasing clinical acceptance, our understanding of the mechanisms of cryogenic cell destruction remains incomplete. While it is generally accepted that cryoinjured cells die by necrosis, the involvement of apoptosis was recently shown. Our studies of liver cell death by cryogenic temperature revealed the activation of endonuclease p23 and its de novo association with the nuclear matrix. This finding is strongly suggestive of a programmed-type of cell death process. The presumed order underlying cryonecrotic cell death is addressed here by examining the mechanism of p23 activation. To that end, nuclear proteins that were prepared from fresh liver, which is devoid of p23 activity, were incubated with protein fractions isolated from liver exposed to freezing/thawing that possessed a presumed p23 activation factor. We observed that the activation of p23 was the result of a proteolytic event in which cathepsin D played a major role. Different patterns of proteolytic cleavage of nuclear proteins after in vitro incubation of nuclei and in samples isolated from frozen/thawed liver were observed. Although both processes induced p23 activation, the incubation experiments generated proteolytic hallmarks of apoptosis, while freezing/thawing of whole liver resulted in typical necrotic PARP-1 cleavage products and intact lamin B. As an explanation we offer a hypothesis that after freezing, cells possess the potential to die through necrotic as well as apoptotic mechanisms, based on our finding that the cytosol of cells exposed to cryogenic temperatures contains both necrotic and apoptotic executors of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Grdović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stanković, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
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167
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Lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin release is a Bax/Bak-dependent, amplifying event of apoptosis in fibroblasts and monocytes. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:1167-78. [PMID: 20094062 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic stimuli have been shown to trigger lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP), leading to the release of cathepsins, which activate death signaling pathways in the cytosol. However, it is unknown whether this process is an initiating or amplifying event in apoptosis. In this study, we used fibroblasts and monocytes exposed to etoposide, ultraviolet light, FasL or deprived of interleukin-3 (IL-3) to show that LMP and the cytosolic release of cathepsins B, L and D consistently depends on Bax/Bak and components of the apoptosome. Neither Bax nor Bak resided on the lysosomes, indicating that lysosomes were not directly perforated by Bax/Bak but by effectors downstream of the apoptosome. Detailed kinetic analysis of cells lacking cathepsin B or L or treated with the cysteine protease inhibitor, E64d, revealed a delay in these cells in etoposide- and IL-3 deprivation-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis induction but not clonogenic survival, indicating that cathepsins amplify rather than initiate apoptosis.
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168
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Almaguel FG, Liu JW, Pacheco FJ, De Leon D, Casiano CA, De Leon M. Lipotoxicity-mediated cell dysfunction and death involve lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin L activity. Brain Res 2010; 1318:133-43. [PMID: 20043885 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity, which is triggered when cells are exposed to elevated levels of free fatty acids, involves cell dysfunction and apoptosis and is emerging as an underlying factor contributing to various pathological conditions including disorders of the central nervous system and diabetes. We have shown that palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipotoxicity (PA-LTx) in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 (NGFDPC12) cells is linked to an augmented state of cellular oxidative stress (ASCOS) and apoptosis and that these events are inhibited by docosahexanoic acid (DHA). The mechanisms of PA-LTx in nerve cells are not well understood, but our previous findings indicate that it involves ROS generation, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP), and caspase activation. The present study used nerve growth factor differentiated PC12 cells (NGFDPC12 cells) and found that lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) is an early event during PA-induced lipotoxicity that precedes MMP and apoptosis. Cathepsin L, but not cathepsin B, is an important contributor in this process since its pharmacological inhibition significantly attenuated LMP, MMP, and apoptosis. In addition, co-treatment of NGFDPC12 cells undergoing lipotoxicity with DHA significantly reduced LMP, suggesting that DHA acts by antagonizing upstream signals leading to lysosomal dysfunction. These results suggest that LMP is a key early mediator of lipotoxicity and underscore the value of interventions targeting upstream signals leading to LMP for the treatment of pathological conditions associated with lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankis G Almaguel
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Mortensen Hall 142, 11085 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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169
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Sheikh A, Li X, Wen G, Tauqeer Z, Brown W, Malik M. Cathepsin D and apoptosis related proteins are elevated in the brain of autistic subjects. Neuroscience 2010; 165:363-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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170
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Bird PI, Trapani JA, Villadangos JA. Endolysosomal proteases and their inhibitors in immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:871-82. [PMID: 19935806 DOI: 10.1038/nri2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The cellular endolysosomal compartment is dynamic, complex and incompletely understood. Its organelles and constituents vary between different cell types, but endolysosomal proteases are key components of this compartment in all cells. In immune cells, these proteases function in pathogen recognition and elimination, signal processing and cell homeostasis, and they are regulated by dedicated inhibitors. Pathogens can produce analogous proteases to subvert the host immune response. The balance in activity between a protease and its inhibitor can tune the immune response or cause damage as a result of mislocalized proteolysis. In this Review, we highlight recent developments in this area and emphasize the importance of studying the role of endolysosomal proteases, and their natural inhibitors, in the initiation and regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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171
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Filep JÃG, Kebir DE. Neutrophil apoptosis: A target for enhancing the resolution of inflammation. J Cell Biochem 2009; 108:1039-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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172
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Dejouvencel T, Féron D, Rossignol P, Sapoval M, Kauffmann C, Piot JM, Michel JB, Fruitier-Arnaudin I, Meilhac O. Hemorphin 7 reflects hemoglobin proteolysis in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 30:269-75. [PMID: 19910633 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.198309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In human abdominal aortic aneurysm, the accumulation of blood-derived cells and proteases within the mural thrombus plays a pivotal role in the evolution toward vessel wall rupture. We sought to identify peptides released from abdominal aortic aneurysm specimens, characterized by an intraluminal thrombus. METHODS AND RESULTS Intraluminal thrombus samples were analyzed by differential proteomics, using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A 1309-Da peptide was detected in larger amounts in the newly formed luminal thrombus layer relative to older layers. It was identified as being LVVYPWTQRF (known as LVV-Hemorphin 7), a peptide generated from hemoglobin by cathepsin D. By immunohistochemical analysis, we showed that Hemorphin 7 (H7) colocalizes with cathepsin D and cathepsin G in the luminal layer of the intraluminal thrombus. In vitro, cathepsin G was able to generate H7 peptides at pH 7.4, whereas cathepsin D was only active in acidic conditions. Finally, H7 peptides were shown to be increased 3- to 4-fold in sera of abdominal aortic aneurysm patients relative to controls, and their levels were positively correlated with the volume of the thrombus. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that circulating H7 peptides may reflect proteolysis of hemoglobin in the aneurysmal intraluminal thrombus and may be used as a biological marker of pathological vascular remodeling.
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Kobayashi SD. Role of neutrophils in innate immunity: a systems biology-level approach. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 1:309-333. [PMID: 20836000 PMCID: PMC3501127 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of host defense against invading microorganisms. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils) are the most abundant leukocyte in humans and essential to the innate immune response against invading pathogens. Compared with the acquired immune response, which requires time to develop and is dependent on previous interaction with specific microbes, the ability of neutrophils to kill microorganisms is immediate, non-specific, and not dependent on previous exposure to microorganisms. Historically, studies on PMN-pathogen interaction focused on the events leading to killing of microorganisms, such as recruitment/chemotaxis, transmigration, phagocytosis, and activation, whereas post-phagocytosis sequelae were infrequently considered. In addition, it was widely accepted that human neutrophils possessed limited capacity for new gene transcription and thus, relatively little biosynthetic capacity. This notion has changed dramatically within the past decade. Further, there is now more effort directed to understand the events occurring in PMNs after killing of microbes. Herein we review the systems biology-level approaches that have been used to gain an enhanced view of the role of neutrophils during host-pathogen interaction. We anticipate that these and future systems-level studies will ultimately provide information critical to our understanding, treatment, and control of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
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174
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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175
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Weber P, Wang P, Maddens S, Wang PS, Wu R, Miksa M, Dong W, Mortimore M, Golec JMC, Charlton P. VX-166: a novel potent small molecule caspase inhibitor as a potential therapy for sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2009; 13:R146. [PMID: 19740426 PMCID: PMC2784364 DOI: 10.1186/cc8041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Prevention of lymphocyte apoptosis by caspase inhibition has been proposed as a novel treatment approach in sepsis. However, it has not been clearly demonstrated that caspase inhibitors improve survival in sepsis models when dosed post-insult. Also, there are concerns that caspase inhibitors might suppress the immune response. Here we characterize VX-166, a broad caspase inhibitor, as a novel potential treatment for sepsis. Methods VX-166 was studied in a number of enzymatic and cellular assays. The compound was then tested in a murine model of endotoxic shock (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 20 mg/kg IV) and a 10 d rat model of polymicrobial sepsis by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Results VX-166 showed potent anti-apoptotic activity in vitro and inhibited the release of interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18. In the LPS model, VX-166 administered 0, 4, 8 and 12 h post-LPS significantly improved survival in a dose-dependent fashion (P < 0.0028). In the CLP model, VX-166 continuously administered by mini-osmotic pump significantly improved survival when dosed 3 h after insult, (40% to 92%, P = 0.009). When dosed 8 h post-CLP, VX-166 improved survival from 40% to 66% (P = 0.19). Mode of action studies in the CLP model confirmed that VX-166 significantly inhibited thymic atrophy and lymphocyte apoptosis as determined by flow cytometry (P < 0.01). VX-166 reduced plasma endotoxin levels (P < 0.05), suggesting an improved clearance of bacteria from the bloodstream. Release of IL-1beta in vivo or T-cell activation in vitro were moderately affected. Conclusions Our studies enhance the case for the use of caspase inhibitors in sepsis. VX-166 itself has promise as a therapy for the treatment of sepsis in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Weber
- Biology Department, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Europe Limited, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK.
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176
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Transition from atherosclerosis to aortic aneurysm in humans coincides with an increased expression of RAS components. Atherosclerosis 2009; 205:396-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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177
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Viable neutrophils release mitochondrial DNA to form neutrophil extracellular traps. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:1438-44. [PMID: 19609275 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent extracellular structures able to bind and kill microorganisms. It is believed that they are generated by neutrophils undergoing cell death, allowing these dying or dead cells to kill microbes. We show that, following priming with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and subsequent short-term toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or complement factor 5a (C5a) receptor stimulation, viable neutrophils are able to generate NETs. Strikingly, NETs formed by living cells contain mitochondrial, but no nuclear, DNA. Pharmacological or genetic approaches to block reactive oxygen species (ROS) production suggested that NET formation is ROS dependent. Moreover, neutrophil populations stimulated with GM-CSF and C5a showed increased survival compared with resting neutrophils, which did not generate NETs. In conclusion, mitochondrial DNA release by neutrophils and NET formation do not require neutrophil death and do also not limit the lifespan of these cells.
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178
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Analyses of the spleen proteome of chickens infected with Marek's disease virus. Virology 2009; 390:356-67. [PMID: 19540544 PMCID: PMC7103390 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV), which causes a lymphoproliferative disease in chickens, is known to induce host responses leading to protection against disease in a manner dependent on genetic background of chickens and virulence of the virus. In the present study, changes in the spleen proteome at 7, 14 and 21 days post-infection in response to MDV infection were studied using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Differentially expressed proteins were identified using one-dimensional liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (1D LC ESI MS/MS). Comparative analysis of multiple gels revealed that the majority of changes had occurred at early stages of the disease. In total, 61 protein spots representing 48 host proteins were detected as either quantitatively (false discovery rate (FDR)<or=0.05 and fold change>or=2) or qualitatively differentially expressed at least once during different sampling points. Overall, the proteins identified in the present study are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as the antigen processing and presentation, ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation (UPP), formation of the cytoskeleton, cellular metabolism, signal transduction and regulation of translation. Notably, early stages of the disease were characterized by changes in the UPP, and antigen presentation. Furthermore, changes indicative of active cell proliferation as well as apoptosis together with significant changes in cytoskeletal components that were observed throughout the experimental period suggested the complexity of the pathogenesis. The present findings provide a basis for further studies aimed at elucidation of the role of these proteins in MDV interactions with its host.
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179
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Elbim C, Katsikis PD, Estaquier J. Neutrophil apoptosis during viral infections. Open Virol J 2009; 3:52-9. [PMID: 19572056 PMCID: PMC2703832 DOI: 10.2174/1874357900903010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a highly conserved cellular suicide mechanism. Apoptosis is critical to the effective resolution of inflammation, particularly in regulating the lifespan of neutrophils. Neutrophils are key components of the first line of defense against microorganisms. Thus, subversion of this critical host defense mechanism by pathogens can contribute to susceptibility to severe and recurrent infections. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms involved in PMN death in relationship with viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Elbim
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR S 872, Paris, F-75006 France ; Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 872, Paris, F-75006 France ; INSERM, U872, Paris, F-75006, France
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180
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Daryadel A, Yousefi S, Troi D, Schmid I, Schmidt-Mende J, Mordasini C, Dahinden CA, Ziemiecki A, Simon HU. RhoH/TTF negatively regulates leukotriene production in neutrophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6527-32. [PMID: 19414807 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) is an important proinflammatory lipid mediator generated by neutrophils upon activation. GM-CSF stimulation is known to enhance agonist-mediated LTB(4) production of neutrophils within minutes, a process called "priming". In this study, we demonstrate that GM-CSF also limits the production of LTB(4) by neutrophils via a transcriptional mechanism at later time points. We identified hemopoietic-specific Ras homologous (RhoH)/translocation three four (TTF), which was induced following GM-CSF stimulation in neutrophils, as a key regulator in this process. Neutrophils derived from RhoH/TTF-deficient (Rhoh(-/-)) mice demonstrated increased LTB(4) production upon activation compared with normal mouse neutrophils. Moreover, neutrophils from cystic fibrosis patients expressed enhanced levels of RhoH/TTF and generated less LTB(4) upon activation compared with normal human neutrophils. Taken together, these data suggest that RhoH/TTF represents an inducible feedback inhibitor in neutrophils that is involved in the limitation of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Daryadel
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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181
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Moriceau S, Kantari C, Mocek J, Davezac N, Gabillet J, Guerrera IC, Brouillard F, Tondelier D, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Danel C, Lenoir G, Daniel S, Edelman A, Witko-Sarsat V. Coronin-1 Is Associated with Neutrophil Survival and Is Cleaved during Apoptosis: Potential Implication in Neutrophils from Cystic Fibrosis Patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7254-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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182
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Andina N, Conus S, Schneider EM, Fey MF, Simon HU. Induction of Bim limits cytokine-mediated prolonged survival of neutrophils. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:1248-55. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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183
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Tran TM, Temkin V, Shi B, Pagliari L, Daniel S, Ferran C, Pope RM. TNFalpha-induced macrophage death via caspase-dependent and independent pathways. Apoptosis 2009; 14:320-32. [PMID: 19152111 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are the principal source of TNFalpha, yet they are highly resistant to TNFalpha-mediated cell death. Previously, employing in vitro differentiated human macrophages, we showed that following the inhibition of NF-kappaB, TNFalpha-induced caspase-8 activation contributes to DNA fragmentation but is not necessary for the loss of the inner mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsim) or cell death. We here extend these observations to demonstrate that, when NF-kappaB is inhibited in macrophages, TNFalpha alters lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP). This results in the release of cathepsin B with subsequent loss of DeltaPsim and caspase-8 independent cell death. Interestingly, the cytoprotective, NF-kappaB-dependent protein A20 was rapidly induced in macrophages treated with TNFalpha. Ectopic expression of A20 in macrophages preserves LMP following treatment with TNFalpha, and as a result, mitochondrial integrity is safeguarded and macrophages are protected from cell death. These observations demonstrate that TNFalpha triggers both caspase 8-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in macrophages and identify a novel mechanism by which A20 protects these cells against both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri M Tran
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E. Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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184
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Kato T, Ikemoto M, Hato F, Kitagawa S. Granule swelling and cleavage of mitogen-activated protein kinases in human neutrophils undergoing apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 381:434-8. [PMID: 19233135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 have been shown to be cleaved in human neutrophils undergoing apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and cycloheximide. However, the cleavage products of these molecules were undetected when apoptotic neutrophils were pretreated with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride or disrupted by nitrogen cavitation before preparation of cell lysates. The electron microscopy revealed that granules in apoptotic neutrophils were significantly swollen than those in control cells. These findings suggest that granule membrane may become destabilized during neutrophil apoptosis, leading to rapid proteolysis of these molecules by granule-derived serine proteases during preparation of cell lysates with the conventional lysis buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kato
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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185
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Moles A, Tarrats N, Fernández-Checa JC, Marí M. Cathepsins B and D drive hepatic stellate cell proliferation and promote their fibrogenic potential. Hepatology 2009; 49:1297-307. [PMID: 19116891 PMCID: PMC2670444 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cathepsins have been best characterized in tumorigenesis and cell death and implicated in liver fibrosis; however, whether cathepsins directly regulate hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and proliferation, hence modulating their fibrogenic potential, is largely unknown. Here, we show that expression of cathepsin B (CtsB) and cathepsin D (CtsD) is negligible in quiescent HSCs but parallels the increase of alpha-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor-beta during in vitro mouse HSC activation. Both cathepsins are necessary for HSC transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts, because their silencing or inhibition decreased HSC proliferation and the expression of phenotypic markers of HSC activation, with similar results observed with the human HSC cell line LX2. CtsB inhibition blunted AKT phosphorylation in activated HSCs in response to platelet-derived growth factor. Moreover, during in vivo liver fibrogenesis caused by CCl(4) administration, CtsB expression increased in HSCs but not in hepatocytes, and its inactivation mitigated CCl(4)-induced inflammation, HSC activation, and collagen deposition. CONCLUSION These findings support a critical role for cathepsins in HSC activation, suggesting that the antagonism of cathepsins in HSCs may be of relevance for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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186
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Suzuki T, Yamashita C, Zemans RL, Briones N, Van Linden A, Downey GP. Leukocyte elastase induces lung epithelial apoptosis via a PAR-1-, NF-kappaB-, and p53-dependent pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41:742-55. [PMID: 19307610 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0157oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte elastase induces apoptosis of lung epithelial cells via alterations in mitochondrial permeability, but the signaling pathways regulating this response remain uncertain. Here we investigated the involvement of proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), the transcription factor NF-kappaB, and the protooncogene p53 in this pathway. Elastase-induced apoptosis of lung epithelial cells correlated temporally with activation of NF-kappaB, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of p53, increased p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) expression, and mitochondrial translocation of Bax resulting in enhanced permeability. Elastase-induced apoptosis was also prevented by pharmacologic inhibitors of NF-kappaB and p53 and by short interfering RNA knockdown of PAR-1, p53, or PUMA. These inhibitors prevented elastase-induced PUMA expression, mitochondrial translocation of Bax, increased mitochondrial permeability, and attenuated apoptosis. NF-kappaB inhibitors also reduced p53 phosphorylation. We conclude that elastase-induced apoptosis of lung epithelial cells is mediated by a PAR-1-triggered pathway involving activation of NF-kappaB and p53, and a PUMA- and Bax-dependent increase in mitochondrial permeability leading to activation of distal caspases. Further, p53 contributes to elastase-induced apoptosis by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Suzuki
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute of the University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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187
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Proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus 1, but not phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, is essential in the antiapoptotic signaling cascade initiated by IL-5 in eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:603-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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188
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Autefage H, Albinet V, Garcia V, Berges H, Nicolau ML, Therville N, Altié MF, Caillaud C, Levade T, Andrieu-Abadie N. Lysosomal serine protease CLN2 regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated apoptosis in a Bid-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:11507-16. [PMID: 19246452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807151200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly organized, energy-dependent program by which multicellular organisms eliminate damaged, superfluous, and potentially harmful cells. Although caspases are the most prominent group of proteases involved in the apoptotic process, the role of lysosomes has only recently been unmasked. This study investigated the role of the lysosomal serine protease CLN2 in apoptosis. We report that cells isolated from patients affected with late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) having a deficient activity of CLN2 are resistant to the toxic effect of death ligands such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), CD95 ligand, or tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) but not to receptor-independent stress agents. CLN2-deficient cells exhibited a defect in TNF-induced Bid cleavage, release of cytochrome c, and caspase-9 and -3 activation. Moreover, extracts from CLN2-overexpressing cells or a CLN2 recombinant protein were able to catalyze the in vitro cleavage of Bid. Noteworthy, correction of the lysosomal enzyme defect of LINCL fibroblasts using a medium enriched in CLN2 protein enabled restoration of TNF-induced Bid and caspase-3 processing and toxicity. Conversely, transfection of CLN2-corrected cells with small interfering RNA targeting Bid abrogated TNF-induced cell death. Altogether, our study demonstrates that genetic deletion of the lysosomal serine protease CLN2 and the subsequent loss of its catalytic function confer resistance to TNF in non-neuronal somatic cells, indicating that CLN2 plays a yet unsuspected role in TNF-induced cell death.
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189
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Huang WC, Lin YS, Chen CL, Wang CY, Chiu WH, Lin CF. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced lysosomal apoptosis in leukemia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:524-31. [PMID: 19188482 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.148122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta may modulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Our data showed that human monocytic leukemia/lymphoma U937 and acute myeloid leukemia HL-60, but not chronic myeloid leukemia K562, cells were susceptible to apoptosis induced by ER stressor tunicamycin, a protein glycosylation inhibitor. Tunicamycin caused early activation of caspase-2, -3, -4, and -8, followed by apoptosis, whereas caspase-9 was slowly activated. Inhibiting caspase-2 reduced activation of caspase-8 and -3 but had no effect on caspase-4. Tunicamycin induced apoptosis independently of the mitochondrial pathway but caused lysosomal destabilization followed by lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), cathepsin B relocation from lysosomes to the cytosol, and caspase-8 and -3 activation. It is notable that caspase-2 mediated lysosomal destabilization. Inhibiting GSK-3beta comprehensively reduced lysosomal apoptosis after caspase-2 inhibition. Unlike U937 and HL-60 cells, K562 cells showed nonresponsive ER stress and failure of activation of GSK-3beta and caspase-2 in response to tunicamycin. Activating GSK-3beta caused K562 cells to be susceptible to tunicamycin-induced apoptosis. Taken together, we show that GSK-3beta exhibits a mechanism of ER stress-induced lysosomal apoptosis in leukemia involving caspase-2-induced LMP and cathepsin B relocation, which result in caspase-8 and -3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ching Huang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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190
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Yousefi S, Gold JA, Andina N, Lee JJ, Kelly AM, Kozlowski E, Schmid I, Straumann A, Reichenbach J, Gleich GJ, Simon HU. Catapult-like release of mitochondrial DNA by eosinophils contributes to antibacterial defense. Nat Med 2008; 14:949-53. [PMID: 18690244 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although eosinophils are considered useful in defense mechanisms against parasites, their exact function in innate immunity remains unclear. The aim of this study is to better understand the role of eosinophils within the gastrointestinal immune system. We show here that lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria activates interleukin-5 (IL-5)- or interferon-gamma-primed eosinophils to release mitochondrial DNA in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner, but independent of eosinophil death. Notably, the process of DNA release occurs rapidly in a catapult-like manner--in less than one second. In the extracellular space, the mitochondrial DNA and the granule proteins form extracellular structures able to bind and kill bacteria both in vitro and under inflammatory conditions in vivo. Moreover, after cecal ligation and puncture, Il5-transgenic but not wild-type mice show intestinal eosinophil infiltration and extracellular DNA deposition in association with protection against microbial sepsis. These data suggest a previously undescribed mechanism of eosinophil-mediated innate immune responses that might be crucial for maintaining the intestinal barrier function after inflammation-associated epithelial cell damage, preventing the host from uncontrolled invasion of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 49, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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191
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Lugli E, Ferraresi R, Roat E, Troiano L, Pinti M, Nasi M, Nemes E, Bertoncelli L, Gibellini L, Salomoni P, Cooper EL, Cossarizza A. Quercetin inhibits lymphocyte activation and proliferation without inducing apoptosis in peripheral mononuclear cells. Leuk Res 2008; 33:140-50. [PMID: 18774171 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2008.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs towards normal cells is a serious side effect of cancer treatment. Thus, finding of molecules with low toxicity for normal cells is crucial. Several natural compounds, such as flavonoid quercertin, are receiving a growing attention as "chemopreventers". Quercetin kills tumour-derived cell lines, but little is known about its effects on normal cells. Here we show that although quercetin exerts a higher apoptotic potential on leukemic cell lines than on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and does not sensitize PBMCs to CD95-induced apoptosis, it is able to inhibit normal immune functions such as T cell proliferation and activation. Quercetin sensitivity is independent on cell cycle progression since it was not abrogated in serum-starved U937 cells, nor proliferating PBMCs underwent apoptosis after quercetin treatment. However, quercetin prevented PHA-induced PBMC proliferation and SEB-induced upregulation of activation markers. Our data suggest that quercetin, while incapable of inducing apoptosis in normal cells under several conditions, could interfere with effector T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Lugli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chair of Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy
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192
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Zaidi N, Maurer A, Nieke S, Kalbacher H. Cathepsin D: a cellular roadmap. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 376:5-9. [PMID: 18762174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D is a normal and major component of lysosomes, it is found in almost all cells and tissues of mammals. Present review describes different events in cellular life of cathepsin D mainly its biosynthesis, co-translational and posttranslational modifications, targeting to lysosomes and proteolytic processing and maturation within lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nousheen Zaidi
- Medical and Natural Sciences Research Centre, University of Tubingen, Ob dem Himmerlreich 7, 72074 Tubingen, Germany
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193
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Conus S, Simon HU. Cathepsins: key modulators of cell death and inflammatory responses. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:1374-82. [PMID: 18762176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a key mechanism in the build up and maintenance of both innate and adaptive immunity as well as in the regulation of cellular homeostasis in almost every organ and tissue. Central to the apoptotic process is a family of intracellular cysteine proteases with aspartate-specificity, called caspases. Nevertheless, there is growing evidence that other non-caspase proteases, in particular lysosomal cathepsins, can play an important role in the regulation of apoptosis. In this review, the players and the molecular mechanisms involved in the lysosomal apoptotic pathways will be discussed as well as the importance of these pathways in the immune system and the pathogenesis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Conus
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 49, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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194
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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor delays neutrophil apoptosis by inhibition of calpains upstream of caspase-3. Blood 2008; 112:2046-54. [PMID: 18524991 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-149575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils have a very short life span and undergo apoptosis within 24 hours after leaving the bone marrow. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is essential for the recruitment of fresh neutrophils from the bone marrow but also delays apoptosis of mature neutrophils. To determine the mechanism by which G-CSF inhibits neutrophil apoptosis, the kinetics of neutrophil apoptosis during 24 hours in the absence or presence of G-CSF were analyzed in vitro. G-CSF delayed neutrophil apoptosis for approximately 12 hours and inhibited caspase-9 and -3 activation, but had virtually no effect on caspase-8 and little effect on the release of proapoptotic proteins from the mitochondria. However, G-CSF strongly inhibited the activation of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases calpains, upstream of caspase-3, via apparent control of Ca(2+)-influx. Calpain inhibition resulted in the stabilization of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) and hence inhibited caspase-9 and -3 in human neutrophils. Thus, neutrophil apoptosis is controlled by G-CSF after initial activation of caspase-8 and mitochondrial permeabilization by the control of postmitochondrial calpain activity.
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195
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Hallett JM, Leitch AE, Riley NA, Duffin R, Haslett C, Rossi AG. Novel pharmacological strategies for driving inflammatory cell apoptosis and enhancing the resolution of inflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29:250-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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196
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Tufet M. Killing neutrophils the cathepsin way. Nat Rev Immunol 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/nri2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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197
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Conus S, Perozzo R, Reinheckel T, Peters C, Scapozza L, Yousefi S, Simon HU. Caspase-8 is activated by cathepsin D-initiating neutrophil apoptosis during the resolution of inflammation. J Cell Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb1805oia14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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