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Tryfonopoulos D, Walsh S, Collins D, Flanagan L, Quinn C, Corkery B, McDermott E, Evoy D, Pierce A, O’Donovan N, Crown J, Duffy M. Src: a potential target for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:2234-40. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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152
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Walsh S, Prichard R, Hill ADK. Emerging therapies for thyroid carcinoma. Surgeon 2011; 10:53-8. [PMID: 22233555 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed endocrine malignancy. Its incidence is currently rising worldwide. The discovery of genetic mutations associated with the development of thyroid cancer, such as BRAF and RET, has lead to the development of new drugs which target the pathways which they influence. Despite recent advances, the prognosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is still unfavourable. In this review we look at emerging novel therapies for the treatment of well-differentiated and medullary thyroid carcinoma, and advances and future directions in the management of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Walsh
- Department of Surgery, RCSI Smurfitt Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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153
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Mayer EL, Baurain JF, Sparano J, Strauss L, Campone M, Fumoleau P, Rugo H, Awada A, Sy O, Llombart-Cussac A. A phase 2 trial of dasatinib in patients with advanced HER2-positive and/or hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:6897-904. [PMID: 21903773 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE SRC-family kinases (SFK) are involved in numerous oncogenic signaling pathways. A phase 2 trial of dasatinib, a potent oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor of SFKs, was carried out in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) and/or hormone receptor-positive (HR+) advanced breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with measurable tumors and progression after chemotherapy and HER2 and/or HR-targeted agents in adjuvant or metastatic settings (maximum of two prior metastatic setting regimens) received twice daily dasatinib. Primary endpoint was Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors-defined response rate. Secondary endpoints included toxicity and limited pharmacokinetics. RESULTS Seventy patients (55 years median age) were treated, 83% of HER2+ patients had received prior HER2-directed therapy, and 61% of HR+ patients had received prior endocrine therapy in the advanced setting. Dasatinib starting dose was reduced from 100 to 70 mg twice daily to limit toxicity. Median therapy duration was 1.8 months in both dose groups and most discontinuations were due to progression. Of 69 evaluable patients, three had confirmed partial responses and six had stable disease for 16 weeks or more (disease control rate = 13.0%); all nine of these tumors were HR+ (two were also HER2+). The most common drug-related toxicities were gastrointestinal complaints, headache, asthenia, and pleural effusion. Grade 3-4 toxicity occurred in 37% of patients and was comparable between doses; drug-related serious adverse events were less frequent with 70 mg twice daily than 100 mg twice daily. CONCLUSION Limited single-agent activity was observed with dasatinib in patients with advanced HR+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Mayer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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154
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Ma CY, Ji WT, Chueh FS, Yang JS, Chen PY, Yu CC, Chung JG. Butein inhibits the migration and invasion of SK-HEP-1 human hepatocarcinoma cells through suppressing the ERK, JNK, p38, and uPA signaling multiple pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9032-9038. [PMID: 21770460 DOI: 10.1021/jf202027n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and the leading cause of death in human populations. Butein, a tetrahydroxychalcone, has been shown to induce apoptosis in many human cancer cells, but the effects of butein on the migration and invasion of human liver cancer cells are not reported. Herein, we found that butein is effective in the suppression of migration and invasion in SK-HEP-1 human hepatocarcinoma cells by using the Matrigel cell migration assay and invasion system. The gelatin zymography assay indicated that butein inhibited the activity of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. Western blotting analysis indicated that butein decreased the levels of MMP-2, -7, and -9, uPA, Ras, Rho A, ROCK1, ERK1/2, JNK1/2, p-p38, and p-c-Jun in SK-HEP-1 cells. Furthermore, butein inhibited the NF-κB binding activity in SK-HEP-1 cells by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. We also found that butein decreased the ERK, JNK, and p38 in SK-HEP-1 cells by in vitro kinase assay. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that butein might be a novel anticancer agent for the treatment of hepatocarcinoma through inhibiting migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Ma
- Department of Food and Beverage Management, Technology and Science Institute of Northern Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan
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155
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Jian J, Yang Q, Huang X. Src regulates Tyr(20) phosphorylation of transferrin receptor-1 and potentiates breast cancer cell survival. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35708-35715. [PMID: 21859709 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.271585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) is a ubiquitous type II membrane receptor with 61 amino acids in the N-terminal cytoplasmic region. TfR1 is highly expressed in cancer cells, particularly under iron deficient conditions. Overexpression of TfR1 is thought to meet the increased requirement of iron uptake necessary for cell growth. In the present study, we used transferrin (Tf), a known ligand of TfR1, and gambogic acid (GA), an apoptosis-inducing agent and newly identified TfR1 ligand to investigate the signaling role of TfR1 in breast cancer cells. We found that GA but not Tf induced apoptosis in a TfR1-dependent manner in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 cells lack caspase-3 and were not responsive to GA treatment. GA activated the three major signaling pathways of the MAPK family, as well as caspase-3, -8, and Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase apoptotic pathway. Interestingly, only Src inhibitor PP2 greatly sensitized the cells to GA-mediated apoptosis. Further investigations by confocal fluorescence microscopy and immunoprecipitation revealed that Src and TfR1 are constitutively bound. Using TfR1-deficient CHO TRVB cells, point mutation studies showed that Tyr(20) within the (20)YTRF(23) motif of the cytoplasmic region of TfR1 is the phosphorylation site by Src. TfR1 Tyr(20) phosphomutants were more sensitive to GA-mediated apoptosis. Our results indicate that, albeit its iron uptake function, TfR1 is a signaling molecule and tyrosine phosphorylation at position 20 by Src enhances anti-apoptosis and potentiates breast cancer cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jian
- Departments of Medicine and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Qing Yang
- Departments of Medicine and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Xi Huang
- Departments of Medicine and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016.
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156
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Abstract
Src-family Kinases (SFKs) participate in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, autophagy, adhesion, migration, invasion and angiogenesis in normal and cancer cells. Abnormal expression of SFKs has been documented in cancers that arise in breast, colon, ovary, melanocyte, gastric mucosa, head and neck, pancreas, lung, and brain. Targeting SFKs in cancer cells has been shown to be a promising therapeutic strategy in solid tumors, particularly in ovarian, colon and breast cancers. Paclitaxel is one of most widely used chemotherapeutic agents for the management of ovarian, breast, lung and head/neck cancers. As a microtubule-stabilizing agent, paclitaxel possesses both mitosis-dependent and mitosis-independent activities against cancer cells. A variety of mechanisms such as deregulation of P-glycoprotein, alteration of tubulin isotypes, alteration of microtubule-regulatory proteins, deregulation of apoptotic signaling pathways, mutation of tubulins and overexpression of copper transporters have been implicated in the development of primary or secondary resistance to paclitaxel. By affecting cancer cell survival, proliferation, autophagy, microtubule stability, motility, and/or angiogenesis, SFKs interact with mechanisms that regulate paclitaxel sensitivity. Inhibition of SFKs can potentiate the anti-tumor activity of paclitaxel by enhancing apoptosis, autophagy and microtubule stability. Based on pre-clinical observations, administration of SFK inhibitors in combination with paclitaxel could improve treatment for ovarian, breast, lung and head/neck cancers. Identification and validation of predictive biomarkers could also permit personalization of the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Le
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
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157
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Chen PH, Peng CY, Pai HC, Teng CM, Chen CC, Yang CR. Denbinobin suppresses breast cancer metastasis through the inhibition of Src-mediated signaling pathways. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:732-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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158
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Hsu YL, Wu LY, Hou MF, Tsai EM, Lee JN, Liang HL, Jong YJ, Hung CH, Kuo PL. Glabridin, an isoflavan from licorice root, inhibits migration, invasion and angiogenesis of MDA-MB-231 human breast adenocarcinoma cells by inhibiting focal adhesion kinase/Rho signaling pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:318-27. [PMID: 20626003 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE In this study we first report the antimigration, antiinvasive effect of glabridin, a flavonoid obtained from licorice, in MDA-MB-231 human breast adenocarcinoma cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Glabridin exhibited effective inhibition of cell metastasis by decreasing cancer cell migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, glabridin also blocked human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) migration and decreased MDA-MB-231-mediated angiogenesis. Further investigation revealed that the inhibition of cancer angiogenesis by glabridin was also evident in a nude mice model. Blockade of MDA-MB-231 cells and HUVEC migration was associated with an increase of αγβ3 integrin proteosome degradation. Glabridin also decreased the active forms of FAK and Src, and enhanced levels of inactivated phosphorylated Src (Tyr 416), decreasing the interaction of FAK and Src. Inhibition of the FAK/Src complex by glabridin also blocked AKT and ERK1/2 activation, resulting in reduced activation of RhoA as well as myosin light chain phosphorylation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that glabridin may be a novel anticancer agent for the treatment of breast cancer in three different ways: inhibition of migration, invasion and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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159
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Nagaharu K, Zhang X, Yoshida T, Katoh D, Hanamura N, Kozuka Y, Ogawa T, Shiraishi T, Imanaka-Yoshida K. Tenascin C induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like change accompanied by SRC activation and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation in human breast cancer cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:754-63. [PMID: 21281808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein up-regulated in solid tumors. Higher TNC expression is shown in invading fronts of breast cancer, which correlates with poorer patient outcome. We examined whether TNC induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of invasive ductal carcinomas showed that TNC deposition was frequent in stroma with scattered cancer cells in peripheral margins of tumors. The addition of TNC to the medium of the MCF-7 breast cancer cells caused EMT-like change and delocalization of E-cadherin and β-catenin from cell-cell contact. Although amounts of E-cadherin and β-catenin were not changed after EMT in total lysates, they were increased in the Triton X-100-soluble fractions, indicating movement from the membrane into the cytosol. In wound healing assay, cells were scattered from wound edges and showed faster migration after TNC treatment. The EMT phenotype was correlated with SRC activation through phosphorylation at Y418 and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at Y861 and Y925 of SRC substrate sites. These phosphorylated proteins colocalized with αv integrin-positive adhesion plaques. A neutralizing antibody against αv or a SRC kinase inhibitor blocked EMT. TNC could induce EMT-like change showing loss of intercellular adhesion and enhanced migration in breast cancer cells, associated with FAK phosphorylation by SRC; this may be responsible for the observed promotion of TNC in breast cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiki Nagaharu
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
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160
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Knowlton ML, Selfors LM, Wrobel CN, Gu TL, Ballif BA, Gygi SP, Polakiewicz R, Brugge JS. Profiling Y561-dependent and -independent substrates of CSF-1R in epithelial cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13587. [PMID: 21049007 PMCID: PMC2964295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) activate multiple downstream cytosolic tyrosine kinases following ligand stimulation. SRC family kinases (SFKs), which are recruited to activated RTKs through SH2 domain interactions with RTK autophosphorylation sites, are targets of many subfamilies of RTKs. To date, there has not been a systematic analysis of the downstream substrates of such receptor-activated SFKs. Here, we conducted quantitative mass spectrometry utilizing stable isotope labeling (SILAC) analysis to profile candidate SRC-substrates induced by the CSF-1R tyrosine kinase by comparing the phosphotyrosine-containing peptides from cells expressing either CSF-1R or a mutant form of this RTK that is unable to bind to SFKs. This analysis identified previously uncharacterized changes in tyrosine phosphorylation induced by CSF-1R in mammary epithelial cells as well as a set of candidate substrates dependent on SRC recruitment to CSF-1R. Many of these candidates may be direct SRC targets as the amino acids flanking the phosphorylation sites in these proteins are similar to known SRC kinase phosphorylation motifs. The putative SRC-dependent proteins include known SRC substrates as well as previously unrecognized SRC targets. The collection of substrates includes proteins involved in multiple cellular processes including cell-cell adhesion, endocytosis, and signal transduction. Analyses of phosphoproteomic data from breast and lung cancer patient samples identified a subset of the SRC-dependent phosphorylation sites as being strongly correlated with SRC activation, which represent candidate markers of SRC activation downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases in human tumors. In summary, our data reveal quantitative site-specific changes in tyrosine phosphorylation induced by CSF-1R activation in epithelial cells and identify many candidate SRC-dependent substrates phosphorylated downstream of an RTK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodie L. Knowlton
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Selfors
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carolyn N. Wrobel
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ting-Lei Gu
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bryan A. Ballif
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roberto Polakiewicz
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joan S. Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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161
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Schenone S, Brullo C, Musumeci F, Botta M. Novel dual Src/Abl inhibitors for hematologic and solid malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:931-45. [PMID: 20557276 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.499898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD c-Src and Bcr-Abl are two non-receptor or cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (TKs) that play important roles in the development of solid and hematological malignancies. Indeed, Src is overexpressed or hyperactivated in a variety of solid tumors, while Bcr-Abl is the causative agent of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), where Src is also involved. The two enzymes share significant sequence homology and remarkable structural resemblance. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW ATP-competitive compounds originally developed as Src inhibitors, showed to be also potent Abl inhibitors. Dasatinib, the first dual Src/Abl inhibitor approved by the US FDA in 2006 for the treatment of imatinib-resistant CML, is currently being tested in several clinical trials for the treatment of different solid tumors. SKI-606 and AZD0530 are two other important dual Src/Abl inhibitors extensively tested in animal models and in clinical trials, but not entered into therapy yet. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN In this review we will report the latest results regarding dasatinib, SKI-606 and AZD0530, but also the knowledge on new compounds that have appeared in the literature in the last few years, including AP24163, AP24534, XL228, DC2036. We will focus on the most recent clinical trials or on preclinical studies that are in progress on these small-molecule TK inhibitors that represent a targeted therapy with high potential against cancer. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Molecularly targeted therapies, including the inhibition of specific TKs hyperactivated or overexpressed in many human cancers, could be less toxic than the classical non-specific cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents; they could offer important therapeutic effects, especially if used in association with other agents such as monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Schenone
- University of Genoa, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Viale Benedetto VX, Genoa, Italy.
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162
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Smith-Pearson PS, Greuber EK, Yogalingam G, Pendergast AM. Abl kinases are required for invadopodia formation and chemokine-induced invasion. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40201-11. [PMID: 20937825 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.147330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Abl tyrosine kinases, Abl and Arg, play a role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by modulating cell-cell adhesion and cell motility. Deregulation of both the actin cytoskeleton and Abl kinases have been implicated in cancers. Abl kinase activity is elevated in a number of metastatic cancers and these kinases are activated downstream of several oncogenic growth factor receptor signaling pathways. However, the role of Abl kinases in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton during tumor progression and invasion remains elusive. Here we identify the Abl kinases as essential regulators of invadopodia assembly and function. We show that Abl kinases are activated downstream of the chemokine receptor, CXCR4, and are required for cancer cell invasion and matrix degradation induced by SDF1α, serum growth factors, and activated Src kinase. Moreover, Abl kinases are readily detected at invadopodia assembly sites and their inhibition prevents the assembly of actin and cortactin into organized invadopodia structures. We show that active Abl kinases form complexes with membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), a critical invadopodia component required for matrix degradation. Further, loss of Abl kinase signaling induces internalization of MT1-MMP from the cell surface, promotes its accumulation in the perinuclear compartment and inhibits MT1-MMP tyrosine phosphorylation. Our findings reveal that Abl kinase signaling plays a critical role in invadopodia formation and function, and have far-reaching implications for the treatment of metastatic carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pameeka S Smith-Pearson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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163
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Abstract
C-Src is infrequently mutated in human cancers but it mediates oncogenic signals of many activated growth factor receptors and thus remains a key target for cancer therapy. However, the broad function of Src in many cell types and processes requires evaluation of Src-targeted therapeutics within a normal developmental and immune-competent environment. In an effort to understand the appropriate clinical use of Src inhibitors, we tested an Src inhibitor, SKI-606 (bosutinib), in the MMTV-PyVmT transgenic mouse model of breast cancer. Tumor formation in this model is dependent on the presence of Src, but the necessity of Src kinase activity for tumor formation has not been determined. Furthermore, Src inhibitors have not been examined in an autochthonous tumor model that permits assessment of effects on different stages of tumor progression. Here we show that oral administration of SKI-606 inhibited the phosphorylation of Src in mammary tumors and caused a rapid decrease in the Ezh2 Polycomb group histone H3K27 methyltransferase and an increase in epithelial organization. SKI-606 prevented the appearance of palpable tumors in over 50% of the animals and stopped tumor growth in older animals with pre-existing tumors. These antitumor effects were accompanied by decreased cellular proliferation, altered tumor blood vessel organization and dramatically increased differentiation to lactational and epidermal cell fates. SKI-606 controls the development of mammary tumors by inducing differentiation.
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164
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Papachristou DJ, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. Bone metastases: molecular mechanisms and novel therapeutic interventions. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:611-36. [PMID: 20818675 DOI: 10.1002/med.20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been long recognized that skeleton represents one of the most favored metastatic sites for common cancers like breast and prostate. During the last decade the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the development of bone metastasis have been gradually illuminated. It appears that the bone microenvironment has a pivotal role in this process. Metastatic tumor cells interact with bone triggering a cascade of molecular events that produce osteolytic and/or osteoblastic phenomena. In this review, we summarize and discuss the most significant factors and signaling pathways implicated in bone colonization. Moreover, based on the recent literature and data, we foresee the need for designing novel agents that will efficiently disrupt these interactions among cancer cells and bone microenvironment, bringing hope for more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios J Papachristou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, University of Patras School of Medicine, 26500, Patras, Greece
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165
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Seoane S, Montero JC, Ocaña A, Pandiella A. Effect of multikinase inhibitors on caspase-independent cell death and DNA damage in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102:1432-46. [PMID: 20811002 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor tyrosine kinase, HER2, is overexpressed in approximately 25% of patients with breast cancer and is implicated in the aggressiveness of cancer. Targeting of HER2 signaling with trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits HER2 activity, has demonstrated clinical benefits. METHODS We investigated whether the antitumor activity of trastuzumab can be potentiated by dasatinib, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on breast cancer cell lines that overexpress HER2 (BT474 and SKBR3) or have normal HER2 expression (MCF7 and T47D). Functional, biochemical, and gene expression microarray studies were performed to test the effect of trastuzumab, dasatinib, or a combination of trastuzumab and dasatinib on cell proliferation; HER activation; cell cycle; DNA damage; and apoptosis. The effect of drugs on mice (n = 6 per group) bearing xenograft tumors originating from HER2-overexpressing BT474 cells was assessed, and tumors were evaluated for an effect on volume, HER signaling, and DNA damage. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Trastuzumab and dasatinib combination showed a synergistic effect on the proliferation of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells (combination index = 0.44, 95% confidence interval = 0.30 to 0.58). The drug combination also induced a stronger inhibitory effect on HER2 activation than the individual drugs, decreased the level of proteins involved in DNA damage response, induced DNA double-strand breaks, cell cycle arrest, and caspase-independent apoptosis. Mice (n = 6 per group) bearing xenograft tumors originating from HER2-overexpressing BT474 cells showed statistically significantly reduced tumor volume on day 28 when treated with the drug combination (control vs trastuzumab and dasatinib combination; mean volume = 2.6 vs 0.5 cm(3), difference = 2.1 cm(3), 95% confidence interval = 0.76 to 3.51 cm(3), P = .01) and total regression of tumors by day 36 with no later relapse. CONCLUSIONS Results showed that HER2 and dasatinib-sensitive tyrosine kinases act in a synergistic manner to safeguard the breast cancer cells from DNA damage. The therapeutic targeting of multikinase inhibition opens new avenues for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Seoane
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer-CSIC, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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166
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Fleming IN, Gilbert FJ, Miles KA, Cameron D. Opportunities for PET to deliver clinical benefit in cancer: breast cancer as a paradigm. Cancer Imaging 2010; 10:144-52. [PMID: 20605761 PMCID: PMC2904028 DOI: 10.1102/1470-7330.2010.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucose analogue fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has demonstrated enhanced uptake in the majority of tumours as a result of increased uptake and fixation by phosphorylation. It is the most widely used radiotracer in positron emission tomography (PET), being used in >90% of scans, and is useful for diagnosis, staging and detection of residual/recurrent cancer. However, there are limits to the utility of FDG, particularly in certain tumour types. The development of new radiotracers to study molecular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and hypoxia will complement FDG by providing additional information on the cell biology of tumours. The aim of this paper is to consider how the availability of new tracers, or new applications for existing PET/CT technologies, could deliver clinical benefit in cancer, using breast cancer as a paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian N Fleming
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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167
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Huang H, Ma J, Shi J, Meng L, Jiang H, Ding J, Liu H. Discovery of novel purine derivatives with potent and selective inhibitory activity against c-Src tyrosine kinase. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:4615-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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168
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Bolós V, Gasent JM, López-Tarruella S, Grande E. The dual kinase complex FAK-Src as a promising therapeutic target in cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2010; 3:83-97. [PMID: 20616959 PMCID: PMC2895777 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s6909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and steroid receptor coactivator (Src) are intracellular (nonreceptor) tyrosine kinases that physically and functionally interact to promote a variety of cellular responses. Plenty of reports have already suggested an additional central role for this complex in cancer through its ability to promote proliferation and anoikis resistance in tumor cells. An important role for the FAK/Src complex in tumor angiogenesis has also been established. Furthermore, FAK and Src have been associated with solid tumor metastasis through their ability to promote the epithelial mesenchymal transition. In fact, a strong correlation between increased FAK/Src expression/phosphorylation and the invasive phenotype in human tumors has been found. Additionally, an association for FAK/Src with resistances to the current anticancer therapies has already been established. Currently, novel anticancer agents that target FAK or Src are under development in a broad variety of solid tumors. In this article we will review the normal cellular functions of the FAK/Src complex as an effector of integrin and/or tyrosine kinase receptor signaling. We will also collect data about their role in cancer and we will summarize the most recent data from the FAK and Src inhibitors under clinical and preclinical development. Furthermore, the association of both these proteins with chemotherapy and hormonal therapy resistances, as a rationale for new combined therapeutic approaches with these novel agents, to abrogate treatment associated resistances, will also be reviewed.
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169
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Vanderlaag KE, Hudak S, Bald L, Fayadat-Dilman L, Sathe M, Grein J, Janatpour MJ. Anterior gradient-2 plays a critical role in breast cancer cell growth and survival by modulating cyclin D1, estrogen receptor-alpha and survivin. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:R32. [PMID: 20525379 PMCID: PMC2917027 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anterior-gradient 2 (AGR2) is an estrogen-responsive secreted protein. Its upregulation has been well documented in a number of cancers, particularly breast cancer, for which mixed data exist on the prognostic implications of AGR2 expression. Although emerging evidence indicates that AGR2 is associated with poor prognosis, its function and impact on cancer-relevant pathways have not been elucidated in breast cancer. Methods To investigate the biologic role of AGR2 in breast cancer, AGR2 was transiently knocked down, by using siRNA, in T47 D and ZR-75-1 (estrogen receptor-α (ER)-positive) and MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 (ER-negative) human breast cancer cell lines. The impact of silencing AGR2 was evaluated in both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth (soft agar, spheroid) assays. Cell-cycle profiles in ER-positive cell lines were determined with BrdU incorporation, and cell death was measured with Annexin V, JC-1, and F7-26 staining. After transiently silencing AGR2 or stimulating with recombinant AGR2, modulation of key regulators of growth and survival pathways was assessed with Western blot. Combination studies of AGR2 knockdown with the antiestrogens tamoxifen and fulvestrant were carried out and assessed at the level of anchorage-dependent growth inhibition and target modulation (cyclin D1, ER). Results AGR2 knockdown inhibited growth in anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent assays, with a more-pronounced effect in ER-positive cell lines. Cyclin D1 levels and BrdU incorporation were reduced with AGR2 knockdown. Conversely, cyclin D1 was induced with recombinant AGR2. AGR2 knockdown induced cell death in ZR-75-1 and T47 D cells, and also downregulated survivin and c-Myc. Evidence of AGR2-ER crosstalk was demonstrated by a reduction of ER at the protein level after transiently silencing AGR2. AGR2 knockdown in combination with fulvestrant or tamoxifen did not preclude the efficacy of the antiestrogens, but enhanced it. In addition, p-Src, implicated in tamoxifen resistance, was downregulated with AGR2 knockdown. Conclusions Transiently silencing AGR2 in ER-positive breast cancer cell lines inhibited cell growth and cell-cycle progression and induced cell death. Breast cancer drivers (ER and cyclin D1) as well as cancer-signaling nodes (pSrc, c-Myc, and survivin) were demonstrated to be downstream of AGR2. Collectively, the data presented support the utility of anti-AGR2 therapy in ER-positive breast cancers because of its impact on cancer-relevant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Vanderlaag
- Schering-Plough Biopharma, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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170
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Yang SJ, Chang SC, Wen HC, Chen CY, Liao JF, Chang CH. Plumbagin activates ERK1/2 and Akt via superoxide, Src and PI3-kinase in 3T3-L1 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 638:21-8. [PMID: 20420821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Plumbagin, derived from the plant Plumbago zeylanica, has been shown to chronically activate ERK1/2 and inhibit Akt activity in cancer cells. However, the acute effects of plumbagin on ERK1/2 and Akt activities remain unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of plumbagin on ERK1/2 and Akt activities in 3T3-L1 cells. Exposure of 3T3-L1 cells to plumbagin generated superoxide and activated both ERK1/2 and Akt. The plumbagin-stimulated ERK1/2 and Akt activities were sensitive to an antioxidant NAC, superoxide dismutase mimetic MnTBAP, superoxide scavenger Tiron and NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor DPI. Plumbagin-stimulated ERK1/2 activity was attenuated by the MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 and Ras inhibitor manumycin A, whereas plumbagin-stimulated Akt activity was blocked by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Both plumbagin-stimulated ERK1/2 and Akt activities were attenuated by PP2, a Src inhibitor. Interestingly, inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), but not Akt, activity leaded to attenuation of plumbagin-stimulated ERK1/2 activity. These results suggest that plumbagin activates NAD(P)H oxidase, Src, and PI3K, and that the activated PI3K or PDK1 subsequently stimulate Akt and Ras-Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 in 3T3-L1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jung Yang
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Dasatinib is an oral, potent adenosine triphosphate-competitive inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases including BCR-ABL, c-KIT, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and Src family kinases (SFKs). It has gained much attention for its use in chronic myeloid leukemia and for the treatment of adults with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, dasatinib is also being explored in solid tumors in ongoing Phase I and II clinical trials. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The clinical efficacy of dasatinib in a wide variety of solid tumors and important Phase I/II studies utilizing dasatinib and the optimal dosage used in solid tumors. A literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, www.clinicaltrials.gov , and the American Society of Clinical Oncology websites to find relevant Phase I/II clinical trials during 1987-2009. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The understanding that the biology and mechanism of Src activation in tumors are not well understood and finding the optimal use of SFK inhibitors in the clinical setting requires further investigation. TAKE HOME MESSAGE In reviewing the clinical safety data of dasatinib in its current use as a Src inhibitor in a wide variety of solid malignancies, dasatinib appears to be safe and is a promising agent for the treatment of metastatic solid tumors refractory to standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori C Kim
- University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12902 Magnolia Drive, MCC-GME, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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Michailidi C, Giaginis C, Stolakis V, Alexandrou P, Klijanienko J, Delladetsima I, Chatzizacharias N, Tsourouflis G, Theocharis S. Evaluation of FAK and Src Expression in Human Benign and Malignant Thyroid Lesions. Pathol Oncol Res 2010; 16:497-507. [PMID: 20405349 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-010-9269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and Src have been reported to regulate tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. The present study aimed to evaluate by immunohistochemistry the clinical significance of FAK and Src expression in 108 patients with benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Total FAK expression provided a distinct discrimination between malignant and benign (p = 0.00001), as well as between papillary carcinoma and hyperplastic nodules thyroid lesions (p = 0.00005), being also associated with follicular cells' proliferative capacity (p = 0.0003). In malignant thyroid lesions, total FAK expression was associated with tumor size (p = 0.0455), and presence of capsular (p = 0.0102) and lymphatic (p = 0.0173) invasion. Total Src expression was borderline increased in cases of papillary carcinoma compared to hyperplastic nodules (p = 0.0993), being also correlated with tumor size (p = 0.0169). FAK and Src expression was ascribed to a significant extent to the phosphorylated forms of the enzymes, which provided a better discrimination between malignant and benign thyroid lesions. The current data revealed that FAK and to a lesser extent Src expression could be considered of clinical utility in thyroid neoplasia with potential use as therapeutic targets.
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173
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Venkitaraman R. Triple-negative/basal-like breast cancer: clinical, pathologic and molecular features. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010; 10:199-207. [PMID: 20131996 DOI: 10.1586/era.09.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Review of the spectrum of breast cancer tumor subtypes, which include basal-like, triple-negative and BRCA1-positive tumors, suggest that they have overlapping clinical, pathologic and molecular features, which are different from endocrine responsive breast cancers. Although response to chemotherapy is high in the neoadjuvant setting, the overall prognosis of this subset of tumors remains poor. Gene-profiling studies of this heterogeneous subset have lead to a better understanding of the molecular pathology of these aggressive tumors and the identification of possible therapeutic targets. Ongoing clinical studies of newer targeted agents, along with optimal chemotherapy, portend an improved clinical outcome for patients with aggressive basal-like/triple-negative breast cancer in the future.
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174
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Silva E, Kabil A, Kortenkamp A. Cross-talk between non-genomic and genomic signalling pathways--distinct effect profiles of environmental estrogens. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 245:160-70. [PMID: 20206645 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) transcriptional cross-talk after activation by 17beta-estradiol (E2) has been studied in considerable detail, but comparatively little is known about the ways in which synthetic estrogen-like chemicals, so-called xenoestrogens, interfere with these signalling pathways. E2 can stimulate rapid, non-genomic signalling events, such as activation of the Src/Ras/Erk signalling pathway. We investigated how activation of this pathway by E2, the estrogenic environmental contaminants o,p'-DDT, beta-HCH and p,p'-DDE, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) influences the expression of ER target genes, such as TFF1, ER, PR, BRCA1 and CCND1, and the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Despite commonalities in their estrogenicity as judged by cell proliferation assays, the environmental contaminants exhibited striking differences in their non-genomic and genomic signalling. The gene expression profiles of o,p'-DDT and beta-HCH resembled the effects observed with E2. In the case of beta-HCH this is surprising, considering its reported lack of affinity to the "classical" ER. The expression profiles seen with p,p'-DDE showed some similarities with E2, but overall, p,p'-DDE was a fairly weak transcriptional inducer of TFF1, ER, PR, BRCA1 and CCND1. We observed distinct differences in the non-genomic signalling of the tested compounds. p,p'-DDE was unable to stimulate Src and Erk1/Erk2 activations. The effects of E2 on Src and Erk1/Erk2 phosphorylation were transient and weak when compared to EGF, but beta-HCH induced strong and sustained activation of all tested kinases. Transcription of TFF1, ER, PR and BRCA1 by E2, o,p'-DDT and beta-HCH could be suppressed partially by inhibiting the Src/Ras/Erk pathway with PD 98059. However, this was not seen with p,p'-DDE. Our investigations show that the cellular activities of estrogens and xenoestrogens are the result of a combination of extranuclear (non-genomic) and nuclear (genomic) events and highlight the need to take non-genomic effects and signalling cross-talk into consideration, when screening for environmental estrogens. Otherwise, chemicals devoid of ER affinity, such as beta-HCH, but with an effect profile otherwise similar to estrogens might be overlooked in safety testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Silva
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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175
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Whyte J, Bergin O, Bianchi A, McNally S, Martin F. Key signalling nodes in mammary gland development and cancer. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in experimental models of breast cancer progression and in mammary gland development. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 11:209. [PMID: 19818165 PMCID: PMC2790844 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven classes of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) intracellular signalling cascades exist, four of which are implicated in breast disease and function in mammary epithelial cells. These are the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 pathway, the ERK5 pathway, the p38 pathway and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. In some forms of human breast cancer and in many experimental models of breast cancer progression, signalling through the ERK1/2 pathway, in particular, has been implicated as being important. We review the influence of ERK1/2 activity on the organised three-dimensional association of mammary epithelial cells, and in models of breast cancer cell invasion. We assess the importance of epidermal growth factor receptor family signalling through ERK1/2 in models of breast cancer progression and the influence of ERK1/2 on its substrate, the oestrogen receptor, in this context. In parallel, we consider the importance of these MAPK-centred signalling cascades during the cycle of mammary gland development. Although less extensively studied, we highlight the instances of signalling through the p38, JNK and ERK5 pathways involved in breast cancer progression and mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Whyte
- Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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176
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Rose AAN, Siegel PM. Emerging therapeutic targets in breast cancer bone metastasis. Future Oncol 2010; 6:55-74. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie breast cancer pathology and progression has dramatically improved. Using this knowledge, we have identified additional targets and developed novel therapeutic interventions in breast cancer. Together, these translational research efforts are helping to usher us into an age of personalized cancer therapy. Metastasis to bone is a common and devastating consequence of breast cancer. Bisphosphonates, which represent the current gold standard in bone metastasis therapies, are being improved with newer and more efficacious generations of these compounds being developed. Breast cancer growth in the bone requires activation of various signaling pathways in both cancer cells and stromal cells, including those that are stimulated by TGF-β and RANKL, and mediated through the Src tyrosine kinase. Bone cells and cancer cells alike express promising targets for therapeutic intervention, including Cathepsin K, CXCR4 and GPNMB. In this article we discuss the molecular mechanisms behind these pro-metastatic molecules and review the most recent findings in the clinical development of their associated targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- April AN Rose
- Departments of Medicine, Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Ave. West, Room 513, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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177
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Petrelli F, Cabiddu M, Ghilardi M, Barni S. Current data of targeted therapies for the treatment of triple-negative advanced breast cancer: empiricism or evidence-based? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:1467-77. [PMID: 19737114 DOI: 10.1517/13543780903222268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 10 - 15% of breast carcinomas (BCs) are known to be 'triple-negative (TN) receptor' (i.e., not expressing ER or PR and not exhibiting overexpression and/or gene amplification of HER2-neu). Triple-negative BCs comprise approximately 85% of all basal-type tumours. Classically, basal-like BCs have been characterised by low expression of ER, PR, and HER2 neu and high expression of CK5, CK14, caveolin-1, CAIX, p63, and EGFR (HER1), which reflects the mammary gland basal/myoepithelial cell component. Although there is no standard first-line chemotherapy regimen for metastatic TN BCs, anthracycline- and taxane-containing regimens are acceptable treatments. A large number of agents, including DNA-damaging agents, EGFR inhibitors, antiangiogenic agents and novel taxane formulations are currently being tested in clinical trials for first-line and pretreated patients. Limited experiences with platinum salts, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, cetuximab, bevacizumab and ixabepilone have been published in recent years and will be reported. Novel immunohistochemistry analysis for identification of basal like/TN phenotype are awaited to correctly select this population. The clinical trials investigating new agents have to be designed for a specific (and possibly large) subset of patients with BC. In the future, a gene array platform with greater sensitivity for distinguishing the various BC subtypes, as well as having the power to predict the molecular biology of the disease, will be an indispensible tool for treatment selection. Currently, treatment of TN BC is more empirical than evidence-based. The cornerstone of treatment is chemotherapy, but in the near future, novel target agents will emerge as possible partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Petrelli
- Treviglio Hospital, Oncology Unit, Piazzale Ospedale 1, 24047 Treviglio (BG), Italy.
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178
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Hurvitz SA, Finn RS. What's positive about 'triple-negative' breast cancer? Future Oncol 2009; 5:1015-25. [PMID: 19792970 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular heterogeneity and pathogenesis of breast cancer has led to significant improvements in patients' survival. The observation of steroid hormone dependence has led to the successful implementation of tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors and other estrogen receptor modulators in both the adjuvant and advanced setting. Similarly, the observation of HER2 amplification and the successful targeting of HER2 with trastuzumab, and more recently lapatinib, have improved the outcome for this subgroup of patients as well. Still, there is a group of women that represent approximately 15-20% of breast cancer diagnoses that do not demonstrate evidence of estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor expression, or HER2 amplification, which often has an aggressive clinical course dictated, not only owing to its underlying biology, but also due to the lack of treatment options available other than chemotherapy. Recent advances in our ability to analyze clinical tissue has allowed for genome-wide screening in an attempt to identify the driving molecular alterations in this subgroup. These studies are increasing our understanding of this group and are leading to the integration of new therapeutic approaches in this disease. In reality, the classification of 'triple-negative' defines this group by the absence of something 'positive'. Here, we will review the current molecular understanding of 'triple-negative' breast cancer and highlight current clinical research in this challenging group of patients.
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179
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Allam H, Ali N. Initiation factor eIF2-independent mode of c-Src mRNA translation occurs via an internal ribosome entry site. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5713-25. [PMID: 20028973 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.029462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression and activation of the c-Src protein have been linked to the development of a wide variety of cancers. The molecular mechanism(s) of c-Src overexpression in cancer cells is not clear. We report here an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the c-Src mRNA that is constituted by both 5'-noncoding and -coding regions. The inhibition of cap-dependent translation by m(7)GDP in the cell-free translation system or induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatoma-derived cells resulted in stimulation of the c-Src IRES activities. Sucrose density gradient analyses revealed formation of a stable binary complex between the c-Src IRES and purified HeLa 40 S ribosomal subunit in the absence of initiation factors. We further demonstrate eIF2-independent assembly of 80 S initiation complex on the c-Src IRES. These features of the c-Src IRES appear to be reminiscent of that of hepatitis C virus-like IRESs and translation initiation in prokaryotes. Transfection studies and genetic analysis revealed that the c-Src IRES permitted initiation at the authentic AUG351, which is also used for conventional translation initiation of the c-Src mRNA. Our studies unveiled a novel regulatory mechanism of c-Src synthesis mediated by an IRES element, which exhibits enhanced activity during cellular stress and is likely to cause c-Src overexpression during oncogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Allam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208-0183, USA
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180
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Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) have a critical role in cell adhesion, invasion, proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis during tumor development. SFKs comprise nine family members that share similar structure and function. Overexpression or high activation of SFKs occurs frequently in tumor tissues and they are central mediators in multiple signaling pathways that are important in oncogenesis. SFKs can interact with tyrosine kinase receptors, such as EGFR and the VEGF receptor. SFKs can affect cell proliferation via the Ras/ERK/MAPK pathway and can regulate gene expression via transcription factors such as STAT molecules. SFKs can also affect cell adhesion and migration via interaction with integrins, actins, GTPase-activating proteins, scaffold proteins, such as p130(CAS) and paxillin, and kinases such as focal adhesion kinases. Furthermore, SFKs can regulate angiogenesis via gene expression of angiogenic growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factor, VEGF, and interleukin 8. On the basis of these important findings, small-molecule SFK inhibitors have been developed and are undergoing early phase clinical testing. In preclinical studies these agents can suppress tumor growth and metastases. The agents seem to be safe in humans and could add to the therapeutic arsenal against subsets of cancers.
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181
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Schuh NR, Guerrero MS, Schrecengost RS, Bouton AH. BCAR3 regulates Src/p130 Cas association, Src kinase activity, and breast cancer adhesion signaling. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:2309-17. [PMID: 19940159 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.046631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase c-Src is frequently overexpressed and/or activated in a variety of cancers, including those of the breast. Several heterologous binding partners of c-Src have been shown to regulate its catalytic activity by relieving intramolecular autoinhibitory interactions. One such protein, p130(Cas) (Cas), is expressed at high levels in both breast cancer cell lines and breast tumors, providing a potential mechanism for c-Src activation in breast cancers. The Cas-binding protein BCAR3 (breast cancer antiestrogen resistance-3) is expressed at high levels in invasive breast cancer cell lines, and this molecule has previously been shown to coordinate with Cas to increase c-Src activity in COS-1 cells. In this study, we show for the first time using gain- and loss-of-function approaches that BCAR3 regulates c-Src activity in the endogenous setting of breast cancer cells. We further show that BCAR3 regulates the interaction between Cas and c-Src, both qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Finally, we present evidence that the coordinated activity of these proteins contributes to breast cancer cell adhesion signaling and spreading. Based on these data, we propose that the c-Src/Cas/BCAR3 signaling axis is a prominent regulator of c-Src activity, which in turn controls cell behaviors that lead to aggressive and invasive breast tumor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha R Schuh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Tingting Ren
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xinchang Lu
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
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183
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Fernández Y, Cueva J, Palomo AG, Ramos M, de Juan A, Calvo L, García-Mata J, García-Teijido P, Peláez I, García-Estévez L. Novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 36:33-42. [PMID: 19883980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is ultimately an incurable disease, although recent data have shown that its incidence is decreasing and that patients with metastatic breast cancer live longer. This improvement in survival seems to be linked with the introduction of new therapeutic agents, novel combinations of existing therapies and targeted therapies. Our increasing understanding of the molecular biology of metastatic disease has allowed the development of therapies aimed at specific molecular targets. Some of these have already been approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in combination with cytotoxics, and others have shown promising results regarding disease-free survival, overall response rates and time to disease progression. Given the enormous amount of information about drug discovery in cancer, it is important to be familiar with the present state of the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the development of some of the most promising novel agents and treatment strategies in metastatic breast cancer.
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184
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Okunieff P, Kachnic LA, Constine LS, Fuller CD, Gaspar LE, Hayes DF, Hooks J, Ling C, Meyskens FL, Philip PA, Raben D, Smalley SR, Swanson GP, Teicher BA, Thomas CR, Vikram B, Zelefsky MJ, Baker LH. Report from the Radiation Therapy Committee of the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG): Research Objectives Workshop 2008. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5663-70. [PMID: 19723641 PMCID: PMC2978526 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Strategic planning for the Radiation Therapy Committee of the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) is comprehensively evaluated every six years in an effort to maintain a current and relevant scientific focus, and to provide a standard platform for future development of protocol concepts. Participants in the 2008 Strategic Planning Workshop included clinical trial experts from multiple specialties, industry representatives from both pharmaceuticals and equipment manufacturers, and basic scientists. High-priority research areas such as image-guided radiation therapy for control of limited metastatic disease, analysis of biomarkers for treatment response and late toxicity, assessment of novel agents in combination with radiation, standardization of radiation target delineation, and the assessment of new imaging techniques to individualize cancer therapy, were discussed. Research priorities included clinical study designs featuring translational end points that identify patients most likely to benefit from combined modality therapy; intervention including combination radiation with standard chemotherapy; radiation with radiosensitizing molecular-targeted therapies; and stereotactic radiation for treatment of patients with regard to asymptomatic metastasis and radiation-induced tumor autoimmunity. The Committee concluded that the future research opportunities are among the most exciting to have developed in the last decade, and work is in progress to embark on these plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Okunieff
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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185
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Wöhrle FU, Daly RJ, Brummer T. Function, regulation and pathological roles of the Gab/DOS docking proteins. Cell Commun Signal 2009; 7:22. [PMID: 19737390 PMCID: PMC2747914 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery a little more than a decade ago, the docking proteins of the Gab/DOS family have emerged as important signalling elements in metazoans. Gab/DOS proteins integrate and amplify signals from a wide variety of sources including growth factor, cytokine and antigen receptors as well as cell adhesion molecules. They also contribute to signal diversification by channelling the information from activated receptors into signalling pathways with distinct biological functions. Recent approaches in protein biochemistry and systems biology have revealed that Gab proteins are subject to complex regulation by feed-forward and feedback phosphorylation events as well as protein-protein interactions. Thus, Gab/DOS docking proteins are at the centre of entire signalling subsystems and fulfil an important if not essential role in many physiological processes. Furthermore, aberrant signalling by Gab proteins has been increasingly linked to human diseases from various forms of neoplasia to Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the structure, effector functions, regulation and evolution of the Gab/DOS family. We also summarize recent findings implicating Gab proteins, in particular the Gab2 isoform, in leukaemia, solid tumours and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska U Wöhrle
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany.
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186
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Abstract
Metastasis may arise years after removal of a primary tumor. The mechanisms allowing latent disseminated cancer cells to survive are unknown. We report that a gene expression signature of Src activation is associated with late-onset bone metastasis in breast cancer. This link is independent of hormone receptor status or breast cancer subtype. In breast cancer cells, Src is dispensable for homing to the bones or lungs but is critical for the survival and outgrowth of these cells in the bone marrow. Src mediates AKT regulation and cancer cell survival responses to CXCL12 and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), factors that are distinctively expressed in the bone metastasis microenvironment. Breast cancer cells that lodge in the bone marrow succumb in this environment when deprived of Src activity.
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187
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Zou D, Yoon HS, Anjomshoaa A, Perez D, Fukuzawa R, Guilford P, Humar B. Increased levels of active c-Src distinguish invasive from in situ lobular lesions. Breast Cancer Res 2009; 11:R45. [PMID: 19583841 PMCID: PMC2750104 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mounting molecular evidence suggests that invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is developing from in situ lesions, atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). However, little is known about the mechanisms promoting the progression of lobular breast cancer (LBC) to invasive disease. Here, we investigated whether c-Src kinase, an established inducer of invasive states, contributes to the progression from ALH/LCIS to ILC. Methods Immunochemistry for c-Src and other cancer-related molecules was performed on archived tissue specimens from 57 LBC patients. Relative c-Src activity was estimated by comparing fluorescence intensity of ILC with that of adjacent ALH/LCIS and nonneoplastic epithelia after staining with an antibody against active c-Src. Expression of active c-Src was correlated with markers of invasion and malignancy and with relapse among LBC patients. Results Levels of activated c-Src were increased in ILC relative to ALH/LCIS (1.63-fold ± 0.24 SD) and nonneoplastic epithelia (1.47 ± 0.18 SD). Increased c-Src levels correlated with the activation of c-Src downstream targets (Fak, Stat-3) and the expression of mesenchymal markers. ILC cells with activated c-Src co-expressed metastatic markers (Opn, Cxcr4) and included cells positive for the cancer stem cell marker Aldh1. A tendency for high c-Src levels (P = 0.072) was observed among the seven LBC patients with relapsed disease. Conclusions Our data indicate elevated c-Src activity in ILC relative to noninvasive neoplastic tissue. The associated molecular changes suggest that c-Src promotes LBC invasiveness by inducing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Therefore, c-Src antagonists might counteract the acquisition of invasiveness during LBC progression. Inhibition of c-Src may also affect ILC cells thought to have a high metastatic potential and to be capable of initiating/maintaining tumor growth. Together with the possible association between high c-Src levels and disease recurrence, our findings encourage the evaluation of c-Src antagonists for the treatment of LBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Zou
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, 710 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9054, Aotearoa New Zealand.
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188
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Zhang XHF, Wang Q, Gerald W, Hudis CA, Norton L, Smid M, Foekens JA, Massagué J. Latent bone metastasis in breast cancer tied to Src-dependent survival signals. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:67-78. [PMID: 19573813 PMCID: PMC2749247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis may arise years after removal of a primary tumor. The mechanisms allowing latent disseminated cancer cells to survive are unknown. We report that a gene expression signature of Src activation is associated with late-onset bone metastasis in breast cancer. This link is independent of hormone receptor status or breast cancer subtype. In breast cancer cells, Src is dispensable for homing to the bones or lungs but is critical for the survival and outgrowth of these cells in the bone marrow. Src mediates AKT regulation and cancer cell survival responses to CXCL12 and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), factors that are distinctively expressed in the bone metastasis microenvironment. Breast cancer cells that lodge in the bone marrow succumb in this environment when deprived of Src activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang H.-F. Zhang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qiongqing Wang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William Gerald
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clifford A. Hudis
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Larry Norton
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcel Smid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Cancer Genomics Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John A. Foekens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Cancer Genomics Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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189
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Abstract
Bone metastases are a major cause of breast cancer morbidity and mortality. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Zhang and colleagues identify a Src activation expression signature associated with late-onset breast cancer bone metastases and provide evidence for Src as a key mediator of survival signals in latent bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C Sgroi
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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190
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Rajeshkumar NV, Tan AC, De Oliveira E, Womack C, Wombwell H, Morgan S, Warren MV, Walker J, Green TP, Jimeno A, Messersmith WA, Hidalgo M. Antitumor effects and biomarkers of activity of AZD0530, a Src inhibitor, in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4138-46. [PMID: 19509160 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the efficacy of AZD0530, an orally active small molecule Src inhibitor, in human pancreatic cancer xenografts and to seek biomarkers predictive of activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sixteen patient-derived pancreatic cancer xenografts from the PancXenoBank collection at Johns Hopkins were treated with AZD0530 (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 28 days. Baseline gene expression profiles of differently expressed genes in 16 tumors by Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 gene array were used to predict AZD0530 sensitivity in an independent group of eight tumors using the K-Top Scoring Pairs (K-TSP) method. RESULTS Three patient tumors of 16 were found to be sensitive to AZD0530, defined as tumor growth <50% compared with control tumors (100%). Western blot and/or immunohistochemistry results showed that AZD0530 administration resulted in the down-regulation of Src, FAK, p-FAK, p-paxillin, p-STAT-3, and XIAP in sensitive tumor xenografts compared with control tumors. The K-TSP classifier identified one gene pair (LRRC19 and IGFBP2) from the 16 training cases based on a decision rule. The classifier achieved 100% and 83.3% of sensitivity and specificity in an independent test set that consists of eight xenograft cases. CONCLUSIONS AZD0530 treatment significantly inhibits the tumor growth in a subset of human pancreatic tumor xenografts. One gene pair (LRRC19 and IGFBP2) identified by the K-TSP classifier has high predictive power for AZD0530 sensitivity, suggesting the potential for this gene pair as biomarker for pancreatic tumor sensitivity to AZD0530.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Rajeshkumar
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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191
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Staphylococcal superantigen-like 10 inhibits CXCL12-induced human tumor cell migration. Neoplasia 2009; 11:333-44. [PMID: 19308288 DOI: 10.1593/neo.81508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor cell migration and metastasis share many similarities with leukocyte trafficking, which is critically regulated by chemokines and their receptors. CXCR4 is the most widely expressed chemokine receptor in many different types of cancer and has been linked to tumor dissemination and poor prognosis. Several CXCR4 antagonists have been synthesized. A totally novel approach to discover chemokine receptor antagonists is the use of bacteria. Bacteria produce chemokine receptor inhibitors to prevent neutrophil extravasation and migration toward the infection site to escape clearance by innate immune cells. The aim of the current study was to find and identify the mechanism of a bacterial protein that specifically targets CXCR4, a chemokine receptor shared by neutrophils and cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Several staphylococcal proteins were screened for their capacity to prevent binding of a function-blocking antibody against CXCR4. RESULTS Staphylococcal superantigen-like 10 was found to bind CXCR4 expressed on human T acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma, and cervical carcinoma cell lines. It potently inhibited CXCL12-induced calcium mobilization and cell migration. CONCLUSIONS Staphylococcal superantigen-like 10 is a potential lead in the development of new anticancer compounds preventing metastasis by targeting CXCR4.
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192
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Abstract
Src is a tyrosine kinase involved in the regulation of a range of cellular processes including proliferation, adhesion, motility and survival. In addition, it is a key regulator of bone metabolism. Src has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of cancers, and has been found to be overexpressed in breast, prostate, colorectal, pancreatic and nonsmall-cell lung tumors. There is also evidence that aberrant Src signaling may contribute to the increased osteoclastic activity associated with bone metastases. Bone metastases frequently occur in cancer patients with advanced disease. The metastasized cells disrupt normal bone remodeling pathways resulting in the release of growth factors that further promote tumor growth. Thus, a cycle of metastatic bone destruction is initiated, leading to compromised skeletal integrity and substantially reduced quality of life. Because of the role of Src in both cancer development and in bone metabolism, it may provide a therapeutic target for patients with bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Araujo
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-3721, USA.
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193
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Park WC, Kim LS, Kim TH, Park BW, Park HY, Song BJ, Lee JB, Jeon CW, Choi UJ. Molecular Targets for Treatment of Breast Cancer. J Breast Cancer 2009. [DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2009.12.4.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Chan Park
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Target Molecule Study Group of Korean Breast Cancer Society, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lee Su Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
- Target Molecule Study Group of Korean Breast Cancer Society, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
- Target Molecule Study Group of Korean Breast Cancer Society, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong-Woo Park
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Target Molecule Study Group of Korean Breast Cancer Society, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Yong Park
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Target Molecule Study Group of Korean Breast Cancer Society, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Joo Song
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Target Molecule Study Group of Korean Breast Cancer Society, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Bok Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Target Molecule Study Group of Korean Breast Cancer Society, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Wan Jeon
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kosin Unversity, Busan, Korea
- Target Molecule Study Group of Korean Breast Cancer Society, Seoul, Korea
| | - Un-Jong Choi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
- Target Molecule Study Group of Korean Breast Cancer Society, Seoul, Korea
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194
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Piazza TM, Lu JC, Carver KC, Schuler LA. SRC family kinases accelerate prolactin receptor internalization, modulating trafficking and signaling in breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 23:202-12. [PMID: 19056863 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing body of evidence supporting prolactin (PRL) actions in human breast cancer, little is known regarding PRL regulation of its own receptor in these cells. Ligand-initiated endocytosis is a key process in the regulation of receptor availability and signaling cascades that may lead to oncogenic actions. Although exposure to exogenous PRL accelerates degradation of the long isoform of the PRL receptor (lPRLR), neither the signals initiated by PRL that lead to lPRLR internalization and subsequent down-regulation, nor the relationship to downstream pathways are understood in breast cancer cells. In this study, we showed that PRL-induced down-regulation of the lPRLR was reduced by inhibition of src family kinases (SFKs), but not Janus kinase 2, in MCF-7 cells. Inhibition of SFKs also resulted in accumulation of a PRL-induced PRLR fragment containing the extracellular domain, which appeared to be generated from newly synthesized PRLR. lPRLR was constitutively associated with SFKs in lipid rafts. PRL-induced SFK activation led to recruitment of the guanosine triphosphatase, dynamin-2, to an internalization complex, resulting in endocytosis. Inhibition of endocytosis by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of dynamin-2 blocked PRL-induced down-regulation of lPRLR, confirming that internalization is essential for this process. Endocytosis also was required for optimal phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt, but not for Janus kinase 2 or signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, indicating that internalization selectively modulates signaling cascades. Together, these data indicate that SFKs are key mediators of ligand-initiated lPRLR internalization, down-regulation, and signal transduction in breast cancer cells, and underscore the importance of target cell context in receptor trafficking and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Piazza
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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195
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The role of Lyn kinase in the development of imatinib resistance in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Oncol Rev 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-008-0059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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