151
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Janezic S, Dingle K, Alvin J, Accetto T, Didelot X, Crook DW, Lacy DB, Rupnik M. Comparative genomics of Clostridioides difficile toxinotypes identifies module-based toxin gene evolution. Microb Genom 2020; 6:mgen000449. [PMID: 33030421 PMCID: PMC7660249 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a common cause of nosocomial diarrhoea. Toxins TcdA and TcdB are considered to be the main virulence factors and are encoded by the PaLoc region, while the binary toxin encoded in the CdtLoc region also contributes to pathogenicity. Variant toxinotypes reflect the genetic diversity of a key toxin-encoding 19 kb genetic element (the PaLoc). Here, we present analysis of a comprehensive collection of all known major C. difficile toxinotypes to address the evolutionary relationships of the toxin gene variants, the mechanisms underlying the origin and development of variability in toxin genes and the PaLoc, and the relationship between structure and function in TcdB variants. The structure of both toxin genes is modular, composed of interspersed blocks of sequences corresponding to functional domains and having different evolutionary histories, as shown by the distribution of mutations along the toxin genes and by incongruences of domain phylogenies compared to overall C. difficile cluster organization. In TcdB protein, four mutation patterns could be differentiated, which correlated very well with the type of TcdB cytopathic effect (CPE) on cultured cells. Mapping these mutations to the three-dimensional structure of the TcdB showed that the majority of the variation occurs in surface residues and that point mutation at residue 449 in alpha helix 16 differentiated strains with different types of CPE. In contrast to the PaLoc, phylogenetic trees of the CdtLoc were more consistent with the core genome phylogenies, but there were clues that CdtLoc can also be exchanged between strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Janezic
- National Laboratory for Health, Environment and Food, Maribor, Slovenia
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Kate Dingle
- Oxford University, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseph Alvin
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tomaž Accetto
- Biotechnical Faculty, Animal Science Department, University of Ljubljana, Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Xavier Didelot
- School of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Derrick W. Crook
- Oxford University, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - D. Borden Lacy
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- The Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maja Rupnik
- National Laboratory for Health, Environment and Food, Maribor, Slovenia
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia
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152
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Pietrangeli P, Corpetti C, Seguella L, Del Re A, Pesce M, Vincenzi M, Lori C, Annunziata G, Mateescu MA, Sarnelli G, Esposito G, Marcocci L. Lathyrus sativus diamine oxidase reduces Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced toxicity in Caco-2 cells by rescuing RhoA-GTPase and inhibiting pp38-MAPK/NF-κB/HIF-1α activation. Phytother Res 2020; 35:415-423. [PMID: 32914548 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA) impairs the intestinal epithelial barrier, increasing the mucosa permeability and triggering a robust inflammatory response. Lathyrus sativus diamino oxidase (LSAO) is a nutraceutical compound successfully used in various gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Here, we evaluated the LSAO (0.004-0.4 μM) ability to counter TcdA-induced (30 ng/mL) toxicity and damage in Caco-2 cells, investigating its possible mechanism of action. LSAO has improved the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) score and increased cell viability in TcdA-treated cells, significantly rescuing the protein expression of Ras homolog family members, A-GTPase (RhoA-GTPase), occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). LSAO has also exhibited an anti-apoptotic effect by inhibiting the TcdA-induced expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), p50 nuclear factor-kappa-B (p50), p65nuclear factor-kappa-B (p65), and hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), and the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the cell milieu. Our data showed that LSAO exerts a protective effect on TcdA-induced toxicity in Caco-2 cells, placing itself as an interesting nutraceutical to supplement the current treatment of the Clostridium difficile infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pietrangeli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Corpetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Del Re
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Pesce
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, section of Gastroenterology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Vincenzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Lori
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mircea A Mateescu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montreal, CP8888 Branch A, Montreal (Québec), Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, section of Gastroenterology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Marcocci
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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153
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Jochems PGM, Garssen J, Rietveld PCS, Govers C, Tomassen MMM, Wichers HJ, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Masereeuw R. Novel Dietary Proteins Selectively Affect Intestinal Health In Vitro after Clostridium difficile-Secreted Toxin A Exposure. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2782. [PMID: 32932980 PMCID: PMC7551268 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial gastroenteritis forms a burden on a global scale, both socially and economically. The Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile is an inducer of gastrointestinal bacterial infections, often triggered following disruption of the microbiota by broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat other conditions. The clinical manifestatiaons, e.g., diarrhea, are driven by its toxins secretion, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). Current therapies are focused on discontinuing patient medication, including antibiotics. However, relapse rates upon therapy are high (20-25%). Here, eighteen dietary proteins were evaluated for their capacity to restore gut health upon C. difficile-derived TcdA exposure. We used bioengineered intestinal tubules to assess proteins for their beneficial effects by examining the epithelial barrier, cell viability, brush-border enzyme activity, IL-6 secretion, IL-8 secretion and nitric oxide (NO) levels upon TcdA challenge. TcdA effectively disrupted the epithelial barrier, increased mitochondrial activity, but did not affect alkaline phosphatase activity, IL-6, IL-8 and NO levels. Intervention with dietary proteins did not show a protective effect on epithelial barrier integrity or mitochondrial activity. However, bovine plasma and potato protein increased alkaline phosphatase activity, egg-white protein increased IL-6 and IL-8 release and wheat, lesser mealworm and yeast protein increased NO levels after TcdA exposure. Hence, dietary proteins can influence parameters involved in intestinal physiology and immune activation suggesting that supplementation with specific dietary proteins may be of benefit during C. difficile infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus G. M. Jochems
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.G.M.J.); (J.G.); (P.C.S.R.); (J.v.B.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.G.M.J.); (J.G.); (P.C.S.R.); (J.v.B.)
- Nutricia Research, Global Center of Excellence Immunology, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pascale C. S. Rietveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.G.M.J.); (J.G.); (P.C.S.R.); (J.v.B.)
| | - Coen Govers
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.M.M.T.); (H.J.W.)
| | - Monic M. M. Tomassen
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.M.M.T.); (H.J.W.)
| | - Harry J. Wichers
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.M.M.T.); (H.J.W.)
| | - Jeroen van Bergenhenegouwen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.G.M.J.); (J.G.); (P.C.S.R.); (J.v.B.)
- Nutricia Research, Global Center of Excellence Immunology, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.G.M.J.); (J.G.); (P.C.S.R.); (J.v.B.)
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154
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Liu Y, Zheng JW, Peng XC, Li HY, Huang L, Li DW, Liu JS, Yang WD. Changes in colonic microbiotas in rat after long-term exposure to low dose of okadaic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126874. [PMID: 32361543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA), one of the most important phycotoxins, is widely distributed around the world, concerning diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP), and even colorectal cancer. Here, we found that long-term exposure of OA at a low dose (80 μg kg-1 body weight) had certain effects on colonic microbiotas and tract in rat. In the OA-exposed rat, colonic epithelium layer was damaged, and relative abundance of some microbiotas were significantly changed, especially genera in Clostridiales. However, no intestinal inflammation or significant disease was observed. Combined with the increase in relative abundance of some genera in Clostridiales induced by OA in the fermentation experiment, we proposed that OA could cause damage to the intestinal epithelium and increase the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria, thereby increasing the probability of contact between intestinal epithelium and pathogenic bacteria and leading to an easier pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jian-Wei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xi-Chun Peng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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155
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Yang Q, Wang Y, Jia A, Wang Y, Bi Y, Liu G. The crosstalk between gut bacteria and host immunity in intestinal inflammation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2239-2254. [PMID: 32853458 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The gut of mammals is considered as a harmonious ecosystem mediated by intestinal microbiota and the host. Both bacteria and mammalian immune cells show region-related distribution characteristics, and the interaction between the two could be demonstrated by synergetic roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and dysregulation in intestinal inflammation. The harmonious interplay between bacteria and host requires fine-tuned regulations by environmental and genetic factors. Thus, the disturbed immune response to microbial components or metabolites and dysbiosis related to immunodeficiency are absolute risk factors to intestinal inflammation and cancer. In this review, we discuss the crosstalk between bacteria and host immunity in the gut and highlight the critical roles of bidirectional regulation between bacteria and the mammalian immune system involved in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Anna Jia
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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156
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Chénard T, Prévost K, Dubé J, Massé E. Immune System Modulations by Products of the Gut Microbiota. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030461. [PMID: 32825559 PMCID: PMC7565937 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota, which consists of all bacteria, viruses, fungus, and protozoa living in the intestine, and the immune system have co-evolved in a symbiotic relationship since the origin of the immune system. The bacterial community forming the microbiota plays an important role in the regulation of multiple aspects of the immune system. This regulation depends, among other things, on the production of a variety of metabolites by the microbiota. These metabolites range from small molecules to large macro-molecules. All types of immune cells from the host interact with these metabolites resulting in the activation of different pathways, which result in either positive or negative responses. The understanding of these pathways and their modulations will help establish the microbiota as a therapeutic target in the prevention and treatment of a variety of immune-related diseases.
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157
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Hai Z, Peng Zhen L, Juan M, Fan Y, Jin Rong C, Jing Yao L, Li Xia Z. Extraintestinal Clostridioides difficile infection. IDCases 2020; 22:e00921. [PMID: 32923365 PMCID: PMC7475194 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is the major cause of healthcare antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. However, extra-intestinal manifestations of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) (including bacteremia and tissue infection) are extremely rare. We report a case of extraintestinal CDI after surgery. The isolate of C. difficile was not the PCR ribotype 027. However, this isolate produced toxins A and B. The patient underwent a follow-up examination 30 days after discharge, which showed complete recovery. This case report adds to existing knowledge of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Hai
- Clinical Laboratory Department of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lei Peng Zhen
- Orthopedics Department of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ma Juan
- Clinical Laboratory Department of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yang Fan
- Dermatology Department of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Cang Jin Rong
- Clinical Laboratory Department of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liang Jing Yao
- Medical Laboratory and Examination Department of Chang Zhi Medical College. Chang Zhi City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhang Li Xia
- Clinical Laboratory Department of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
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158
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Trzilova D, Anjuwon-Foster BR, Torres Rivera D, Tamayo R. Rho factor mediates flagellum and toxin phase variation and impacts virulence in Clostridioides difficile. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008708. [PMID: 32785266 PMCID: PMC7446863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal pathogen Clostridioides difficile exhibits heterogeneity in motility and toxin production. This phenotypic heterogeneity is achieved through phase variation by site-specific recombination via the DNA recombinase RecV, which reversibly inverts the "flagellar switch" upstream of the flgB operon. A recV mutation prevents flagellar switch inversion and results in phenotypically locked strains. The orientation of the flagellar switch influences expression of the flgB operon post-transcription initiation, but the specific molecular mechanism is unknown. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of spontaneous suppressor mutants in the non-motile, non-toxigenic recV flg OFF background that regained motility and toxin production. The restored phenotypes corresponded with increased expression of flagellum and toxin genes. The motile suppressor mutants contained single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in rho, which encodes the bacterial transcription terminator Rho factor. Analyses using transcriptional reporters indicate that Rho contributes to heterogeneity in flagellar gene expression by preferentially terminating transcription of flg OFF mRNA within the 5' leader sequence. Additionally, Rho is important for initial colonization of the intestine in a mouse model of infection, which may in part be due to the sporulation and growth defects observed in the rho mutants. Together these data implicate Rho factor as a regulator of gene expression affecting phase variation of important virulence factors of C. difficile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Trzilova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brandon R. Anjuwon-Foster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dariana Torres Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rita Tamayo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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159
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Shen E, Zhu K, Li D, Pan Z, Luo Y, Bian Q, He L, Song X, Zhen Y, Jin D, Tao L. Subtyping analysis reveals new variants and accelerated evolution of Clostridioides difficile toxin B. Commun Biol 2020; 3:347. [PMID: 32620855 PMCID: PMC7335066 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile toxins (TcdA and TcdB) are major exotoxins responsible for C. difficile infection (CDI) associated diseases. The previously reported TcdB variants showed distinct biological features, immunoactivities, and potential pathogenicity in disease progression. Here, we performed global comparisons of amino acid sequences of both TcdA and TcdB from 3,269 C. difficile genomes and clustered them according to the evolutionary relatedness. We found that TcdB was much diverse and could be divided into eight subtypes, of which four were first described. Further analysis indicates that the tcdB gene undergoes accelerated evolution to maximize diversity. By tracing TcdB subtypes back to their original isolates, we found that the distribution of TcdB subtypes was not completely aligned with the phylogeny of C. difficile. These findings suggest that the tcdB genes not only frequently mutate, but also continuously transfer and exchange among C. difficile strains. Shen et al. compare the amino acid sequences of bacterial toxins TcdA and TcdB from 3,269 Clostridioides difficile genomes to identify four new TcdB subtypes. They find that TcdB was more diverse in amino acid sequence than TcdA. This study suggests that the tcdB genes not only frequently mutate, but they also continuously transfer and exchange among C. difficile strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enhui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Kangli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Zhenrui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310051, China.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Qiao Bian
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Liuqing He
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Xiaojun Song
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Ying Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Dazhi Jin
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
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160
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Smith AB, Soto Ocana J, Zackular JP. From Nursery to Nursing Home: Emerging Concepts in Clostridioides difficile Pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00934-19. [PMID: 32122939 PMCID: PMC7309631 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00934-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium that infects the human gastrointestinal tract, causing a wide range of disorders that vary in severity from mild diarrhea to toxic megacolon and/or death. Over the past decade, incidence, severity, and costs associated with C. difficile infection (CDI) have increased dramatically in both the pediatric and adult populations. The factors driving this rapidly evolving epidemiology remain largely unknown but are likely due in part to previously unappreciated host, microbiota, and environmental factors. In this review, we will cover the risks and challenges of CDI in adult and pediatric populations and examine asymptomatic colonization in infants. We will also discuss the emerging role of diet, pharmaceutical drugs, and pathogen-microbiota interactions in C. difficile pathogenesis, as well as the impact of host-microbiota interactions in the manifestation of C. difficile-associated disease. Finally, we highlight new areas of research and novel strategies that may shed light on this complex infection and provide insights into the future of microbiota-based therapeutics for CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Smith
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua Soto Ocana
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph P Zackular
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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161
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Li Z, Lee K, Rajyaguru U, Jones CH, Janezic S, Rupnik M, Anderson AS, Liberator P. Ribotype Classification of Clostridioides difficile Isolates Is Not Predictive of the Amino Acid Sequence Diversity of the Toxin Virulence Factors TcdA and TcdB. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1310. [PMID: 32636819 PMCID: PMC7318873 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is the most commonly recognized cause of infectious diarrhea in healthcare settings. Currently there is no vaccine to prevent initial or recurrent C. difficile infection (CDI). Two large clostridial toxins, TcdA and TcdB, are the primary virulence factors for CDI. Immunological approaches to prevent CDI include antibody-mediated neutralization of the cytotoxicity of these toxins. An understanding of the sequence diversity of the two toxins expressed by disease causing isolates is critical for the interpretation of the immune response to the toxins. In this study, we determined the whole genome sequence (WGS) of 478 C. difficile isolates collected in 12 countries between 2004 and 2018 to probe toxin variant diversity. A total of 44 unique TcdA variants and 37 unique TcdB variants were identified. The amino acid sequence conservation among the TcdA variants (≥98%) is considerably greater than among the TcdB variants (as low as 86.1%), suggesting that different selection pressures may have contributed to the evolution of the two toxins. Phylogenomic analysis of the WGS data demonstrate that isolates grouped together based on ribotype or MLST code for multiple different toxin variants. These findings illustrate the importance of determining not only the ribotype but also the toxin sequence when evaluating strain coverage using vaccine strategies that target these virulence factors. We recommend that toxin variant type and sequence type (ST), be used together with ribotype data to provide a more comprehensive strain classification scheme for C. difficile surveillance during vaccine development objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Li
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, United States
| | - Kwok Lee
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, United States
| | - Urvi Rajyaguru
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, United States
| | - C Hal Jones
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, United States
| | - Sandra Janezic
- National Laboratory for Health, Environment and Food, Maribor, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Rupnik
- National Laboratory for Health, Environment and Food, Maribor, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | | | - Paul Liberator
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, United States
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162
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Martínez-Meléndez A, Morfin-Otero R, Villarreal-Treviño L, Baines SD, Camacho-Ortíz A, Garza-González E. Molecular epidemiology of predominant and emerging Clostridioides difficile ribotypes. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 175:105974. [PMID: 32531232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increase in the incidence and severity of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) worldwide, and strategies to control, monitor, and diminish the associated morbidity and mortality have been developed. Several typing methods have been used for typing of isolates and studying the epidemiology of CDI; serotyping was the first typing method, but then was replaced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). PCR ribotyping is now the gold standard method; however, multi locus sequence typing (MLST) schemes have been developed. New sequencing technologies have allowed comparing whole bacterial genomes to address genetic relatedness with a high level of resolution and discriminatory power to distinguish between closely related strains. Here, we review the most frequent C. difficile ribotypes reported worldwide, with a focus on their epidemiology and genetic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Martínez-Meléndez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Pedro de Alba S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 66450 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Rayo Morfin-Otero
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde" e Instituto de Patología Infecciosa y Experimental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara. Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, CP 44350 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Licet Villarreal-Treviño
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Pedro de Alba S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 66450 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Simon D Baines
- University of Hertfordshire, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Adrián Camacho-Ortíz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Servicio de Infectología. Av. Francisco I. Madero Pte. S/N y Av. José E. González. Col. Mitras Centro, CP 64460 Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Servicio de Infectología. Av. Francisco I. Madero Pte. S/N y Av. José E. González. Col. Mitras Centro, CP 64460 Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
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163
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Piewngam P, Chiou J, Chatterjee P, Otto M. Alternative approaches to treat bacterial infections: targeting quorum-sensing. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:499-510. [PMID: 32243194 PMCID: PMC11032741 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1750951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The emergence of multi- and pan-drug-resistant bacteria represents a global crisis that calls for the development of alternative anti-infective strategies. These comprise anti-virulence approaches, which target pathogenicity without exerting a bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect and are claimed to reduce the development of resistance. Because in many pathogens, quorum-sensing (QS) systems control the expression of virulence factors, interference with QS, or quorum-quenching, is often proposed as a strategy with a broad anti-virulence effect.Areas covered: We discuss the role and regulatory targets of QS control in selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, focusing on those with clinical importance and QS control of virulence. We present the components of QS systems that form possible targets for the development of anti-virulence drugs and discuss recent research on quorum-quenching approaches to control bacterial infection.Expert opinion: While there has been extensive research on QS systems and quorum-quenching approaches, there is a paucity of in-vivo research using adequate animal models to substantiate applicability. In-vivo research on QS blockers needs to be intensified and optimized to use clinically relevant setups, in order to underscore that such drugs can be used effectively to overcome problems associated with the treatment of severe infections by antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pipat Piewngam
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Janice Chiou
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Priyanka Chatterjee
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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164
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Farrow MA, Chumber NM, Bloch SC, King M, Moton-Melancon K, Shupe J, Washington MK, Spiller BW, Lacy DB. Small Molecule Inhibitor Screen Reveals Calcium Channel Signaling as a Mechanistic Mediator of Clostridium difficile TcdB-Induced Necrosis. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1212-1221. [PMID: 31909964 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the United States. The primary virulence factors are two homologous glucosyltransferase toxins, TcdA and TcdB, that inactivate host Rho-family GTPases. The glucosyltransferase activity has been linked to a "cytopathic" disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and contributes to the disruption of tight junctions and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. TcdB is also a potent cytotoxin that causes epithelium necrotic damage through an NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent mechanism. We conducted a small molecule screen to identify compounds that confer protection against TcdB-induced necrosis. We identified an enrichment of "hit compounds" with a dihydropyridine (DHP) core which led to the discovery of a key early stage calcium signal that serves as a mechanistic link between TcdB-induced NOX activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Disruption of TcdB-induced calcium signaling (with both DHP and non-DHP molecules) is sufficient to ablate ROS production and prevent subsequent necrosis in cells and in a mouse model of intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Farrow
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A4116A Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363, United States
| | - Nicole M. Chumber
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A4116A Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363, United States
| | - Sarah C. Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A4116A Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363, United States
| | - McKenzie King
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A4116A Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363, United States
| | - Kaycei Moton-Melancon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A4116A Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363, United States
| | - John Shupe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A4116A Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363, United States
| | - Mary K. Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A4116A Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363, United States
| | - Benjamin W. Spiller
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A4116A Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - D. Borden Lacy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A4116A Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363, United States
- The Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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165
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Engevik MA, Danhof HA, Chang-Graham AL, Spinler JK, Engevik KA, Herrmann B, Endres BT, Garey KW, Hyser JM, Britton RA, Versalovic J. Human intestinal enteroids as a model of Clostridioides difficile-induced enteritis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G870-G888. [PMID: 32223302 PMCID: PMC7272722 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00045.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is an important nosocomial pathogen that produces toxins to cause life-threatening diarrhea and colitis. Toxins bind to epithelial receptors and promote the collapse of the actin cytoskeleton. C. difficile toxin activity is commonly studied in cancer-derived and immortalized cell lines. However, the biological relevance of these models is limited. Moreover, no model is available for examining C. difficile-induced enteritis, an understudied health problem. We hypothesized that human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) express toxin receptors and provide a new model to dissect C. difficile cytotoxicity in the small intestine. We generated biopsy-derived jejunal HIE and Vero cells, which stably express LifeAct-Ruby, a fluorescent label of F-actin, to monitor actin cytoskeleton rearrangement by live-cell microscopy. Imaging analysis revealed that toxins from pathogenic C. difficile strains elicited cell rounding in a strain-dependent manner, and HIEs were tenfold more sensitive to toxin A (TcdA) than toxin B (TcdB). By quantitative PCR, we paradoxically found that HIEs expressed greater quantities of toxin receptor mRNA and yet exhibited decreased sensitivity to toxins when compared with traditionally used cell lines. We reasoned that these differences may be explained by components, such as mucins, that are present in HIEs cultures, that are absent in immortalized cell lines. Addition of human-derived mucin 2 (MUC2) to Vero cells delayed cell rounding, indicating that mucus serves as a barrier to toxin-receptor binding. This work highlights that investigation of C. difficile infection in that HIEs can provide important insights into the intricate interactions between toxins and the human intestinal epithelium.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this article, we developed a novel model of Clostridioides difficile-induced enteritis using jejunal-derived human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) transduced with fluorescently tagged F-actin. Using live-imaging, we identified that jejunal HIEs express high levels of TcdA and CDT receptors, are more sensitive to TcdA than TcdB, and secrete mucus, which delays toxin-epithelial interactions. This work also optimizes optically clear C. difficile-conditioned media suitable for live-cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A. Engevik
- 1Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,2Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Heather A. Danhof
- 3Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,4Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Jennifer K. Spinler
- 1Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,2Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Kristen A. Engevik
- 3Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,4Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Beatrice Herrmann
- 1Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,2Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Bradley T. Endres
- 5Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas
| | - Kevin W. Garey
- 5Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph M. Hyser
- 1Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,2Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert A. Britton
- 3Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,4Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - James Versalovic
- 1Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,2Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
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166
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Structural elucidation of the Clostridioides difficile transferase toxin reveals a single-site binding mode for the enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6139-6144. [PMID: 32123082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920555117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive, pathogenic bacterium and a prominent cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea in the United States. The symptoms of C. difficile infection are caused by the activity of three large toxins known as toxin A (TcdA), toxin B (TcdB), and the C. difficile transferase toxin (CDT). Reported here is a 3.8-Å cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of CDT, a bipartite toxin comprised of the proteins CDTa and CDTb. We observe a single molecule of CDTa bound to a CDTb heptamer. The formation of the CDT complex relies on the interaction of an N-terminal adaptor and pseudoenzyme domain of CDTa with six subunits of the CDTb heptamer. CDTb is observed in a preinsertion state, a conformation observed in the transition of prepore to β-barrel pore, although we also observe a single bound CDTa in the prepore and β-barrel conformations of CDTb. The binding interaction appears to prime CDTa for translocation as the adaptor subdomain enters the lumen of the preinsertion state channel. These structural observations advance the understanding of how a single protein, CDTb, can mediate the delivery of a large enzyme, CDTa, into the cytosol of mammalian cells.
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167
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Abbas A, Zackular JP. Microbe-microbe interactions during Clostridioides difficile infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 53:19-25. [PMID: 32088581 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of hospital-acquired gastrointestinal infections and a major public health burden in the United States. C. difficile infection causes a spectrum of disease from mild diarrhea to severe complications such as pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon and death. This broad range of disease is only partially explained by bacterial genetic factors, host genetics, comorbidities and previous drug exposures. Another important factor is the gut microbiome, the disruption of which results in a loss of colonization resistance to C. difficile. Here, we review how gut microbiota and their metabolites impact C. difficile virulence and influence disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Abbas
- Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Joseph P Zackular
- Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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168
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Anderson DM, Sheedlo MJ, Jensen JL, Lacy DB. Structural insights into the transition of Clostridioides difficile binary toxin from prepore to pore. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:102-107. [PMID: 31712627 PMCID: PMC6925320 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobe and a leading cause of hospital-acquired infection and gastroenteritis-associated death in US hospitals1. The disease state is usually preceded by disruption of the host microbiome in response to antibiotic treatment and is characterized by mild to severe diarrhoea. C. difficile infection is dependent on the secretion of one or more AB-type toxins: toxin A (TcdA), toxin B (TcdB) and the C. difficile transferase toxin (CDT)2. Whereas TcdA and TcdB are considered the primary virulence factors, recent studies suggest that CDT increases the severity of C. difficile infection in some of the most problematic clinical strains3. To better understand how CDT functions, we used cryo-electron microscopy to define the structure of CDTb, the cell-binding component of CDT. We obtained structures of several oligomeric forms that highlight the conformational changes that enable conversion from a prepore to a β-barrel pore. The structural analysis also reveals a glycan-binding domain and residues involved in binding the host-cell receptor, lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor. Together, these results provide a framework to understand how CDT functions at the host cell interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Anderson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- The Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael J Sheedlo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- The Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jaime L Jensen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - D Borden Lacy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- The Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.
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169
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Caven L, Carabeo RA. Pathogenic Puppetry: Manipulation of the Host Actin Cytoskeleton by Chlamydia trachomatis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010090. [PMID: 31877733 PMCID: PMC6981773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is crucially important to maintenance of the cellular structure, cell motility, and endocytosis. Accordingly, bacterial pathogens often co-opt the actin-restructuring machinery of host cells to access or create a favorable environment for their own replication. The obligate intracellular organism Chlamydia trachomatis and related species exemplify this dynamic: by inducing actin polymerization at the site of pathogen-host attachment, Chlamydiae induce their own uptake by the typically non-phagocytic epithelium they infect. The interaction of chlamydial adhesins with host surface receptors has been implicated in this effect, as has the activity of the chlamydial effector TarP (translocated actin recruitment protein). Following invasion, C. trachomatis dynamically assembles and maintains an actin-rich cage around the pathogen’s membrane-bound replicative niche, known as the chlamydial inclusion. Through further induction of actin polymerization and modulation of the actin-crosslinking protein myosin II, C. trachomatis promotes egress from the host via extrusion of the inclusion. In this review, we present the experimental findings that can inform our understanding of actin-dependent chlamydial pathogenesis, discuss lingering questions, and identify potential avenues of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Caven
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Rey A. Carabeo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-836-9778
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170
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Khodaparast S, Mohabati Mobarez A, Saberifiroozi M. A Two-Step Approach for Diagnosing Glutamate Dehydrogenase Genes by Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction from Clostridium difficile Isolates. Middle East J Dig Dis 2019; 11:135-140. [PMID: 31687111 PMCID: PMC6819966 DOI: 10.15171/mejdd.2019.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile is the major causative agent of nosocomial antibiotic-associated colitis. The gold standard for C. difficile detection is stool culture followed by cytotoxic assay, although it is laborious and time-consuming. We developed a screening test based on a two-step conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach to detect gluD, the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) enzyme gene, which is a marker for screening of C. difficile. Targeting gluD comparing to the conserved stable genetic element of pathogenicity locus (PaLoc), with an accessory gene of Cdd3, was an effective method for the detection of this pathogen from patients with enterocolitis.
METHODS
Fresh fecal samples of the patients who were clinically suspicious for antibiotic-associated colitis were collected. Stool specimens were cultured on the cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar (CCFA) in an anaerobic condition, following alcohol shock treatment and enrichment in Clostridium difficile Brucella broth (CDBB). On confirmed colonies, PCR was carried out for detection of PaLoc subsidiary gene, Cdd3, and toxicogenic genes, tcdA and tcdB. The gluD that is GDH gene detection was performed by conventional PCR on the extracted DNA from 578 fresh stool samples.
RESULTS
57 (9.8%) strains of C. difficile were approved by conventional PCR for gluD and Cdd3 genes, in which 37 (6.4%) colonies had tcdA+/tcdB+ genotype, 2 (0.3%) tcdA+/tcdB-, 4 (0.7%) tcdA-/ tcdB+ and the remaining 14 (2.4%) colonies were tcdA and tcdB negative.
CONCLUSION
These results demonstrate that targeting gluD by PCR is quite promising for rapid detection of C. difficile from fresh fecal samples. Furthermore, the multiple-gene analysis for tcdA and tcdB assay proved a reliable approach for diagnosing of toxigenic strains among clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Khodaparast
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University. Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Mohabati Mobarez
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University. Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Saberifiroozi
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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171
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Increased Clinical Specificity with Ultrasensitive Detection of Clostridioides difficile Toxins: Reduction of Overdiagnosis Compared to Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00945-19. [PMID: 31434726 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00945-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common health care-associated infections, resulting in significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Diagnosis of CDI relies on the assessment of clinical presentation and laboratory tests. We evaluated the clinical performance of ultrasensitive single-molecule counting technology for detection of C. difficile toxins A and B. Stool specimens from 298 patients with suspected CDI were tested with the nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT; BD MAX Cdiff assay or Xpert C. difficile assay) and Singulex Clarity C. diff toxins A/B assay. Specimens with discordant results were tested with the cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay (CCNA), and the results were correlated with disease severity and outcome. There were 64 NAAT-positive and 234 NAAT-negative samples. Of the 32 NAAT+/Clarity- and 4 NAAT-/Clarity+ samples, there were 26 CCNA- and 4 CCNA- samples, respectively. CDI relapse was more common in NAAT+/toxin+ patients than in NAAT+/toxin- and NAAT-/toxin- patients. The clinical specificity of Clarity and NAAT was 97.4% and 89.0%, respectively, and overdiagnosis was more than three times more common in NAAT+/toxin- than in NAAT+/toxin+ patients. The Clarity assay was superior to NAATs for the diagnosis of CDI, by reducing overdiagnosis and thereby increasing clinical specificity, and the presence of toxins was associated with negative patient outcomes.
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172
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Shao X, AbdelKhalek A, Abutaleb NS, Velagapudi UK, Yoganathan S, Seleem MN, Talele TT. Chemical Space Exploration around Thieno[3,2- d]pyrimidin-4(3 H)-one Scaffold Led to a Novel Class of Highly Active Clostridium difficile Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9772-9791. [PMID: 31584822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of healthcare-associated infection in the United States. Therefore, development of novel treatments for CDI is a high priority. Toward this goal, we began in vitro screening of a structurally diverse in-house library of 67 compounds against two pathogenic C. difficile strains (ATCC BAA 1870 and ATCC 43255), which yielded a hit compound, 2-methyl-8-nitroquinazolin-4(3H)-one (2) with moderate potency (MIC = 312/156 μM). Optimization of 2 gave lead compound 6a (2-methyl-7-nitrothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one) with improved potency (MIC = 19/38 μM), selectivity over normal gut microflora, CC50s > 606 μM against mammalian cell lines, and acceptable stability in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid. Further optimization of 6a at C2-, N3-, C4-, and C7-positions resulted in a library of >50 compounds with MICs ranging from 3 to 800 μM against clinical isolates of C. difficile. Compound 8f (MIC = 3/6 μM) was identified as a promising lead for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwei Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , St. John's University , Queens , New York 11439-0001 , United States
| | - Ahmed AbdelKhalek
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology , Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2027 , United States
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology , Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2027 , United States
| | - Uday Kiran Velagapudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , St. John's University , Queens , New York 11439-0001 , United States
| | - Sabesan Yoganathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , St. John's University , Queens , New York 11439-0001 , United States
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology , Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2027 , United States.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2027 , United States
| | - Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , St. John's University , Queens , New York 11439-0001 , United States
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173
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Rogan MR, Patterson LL, Wang JY, McBride JW. Bacterial Manipulation of Wnt Signaling: A Host-Pathogen Tug-of-Wnt. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2390. [PMID: 31681283 PMCID: PMC6811524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The host-pathogen interface is a crucial battleground during bacterial infection in which host defenses are met with an array of bacterial counter-mechanisms whereby the invader aims to make the host environment more favorable to survival and dissemination. Interestingly, the eukaryotic Wnt signaling pathway has emerged as a key player in the host and pathogen tug-of-war. Although studied for decades as a regulator of embryogenesis, stem cell maintenance, bone formation, and organogenesis, Wnt signaling has recently been shown to control processes related to bacterial infection in the human host. Wnt signaling pathways contribute to cell cycle control, cytoskeleton reorganization during phagocytosis and cell migration, autophagy, apoptosis, and a number of inflammation-related events. Unsurprisingly, bacterial pathogens have evolved strategies to manipulate these Wnt-associated processes in order to enhance infection and survival within the human host. In this review, we examine the different ways human bacterial pathogens with distinct host cell tropisms and lifestyles exploit Wnt signaling for infection and address the potential of harnessing Wnt-related mechanisms to combat infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison R. Rogan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - LaNisha L. Patterson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer Y. Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jere W. McBride
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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174
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Peng Z, Simeon R, Mitchell SB, Zhang J, Feng H, Chen Z. Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) Neutralizers of TcdB from Clostridium difficile Ribotype 027. mSphere 2019; 4:e00596-19. [PMID: 31578248 PMCID: PMC6796971 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00596-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. In recent decades, the emergence of the "hypervirulent" BI/NAP1/027 strains of C. difficile significantly increased the morbidity and mortality of CDI. The pathogenesis of CDI is primarily mediated by the action of two toxins, TcdA and TcdB, with TcdB being the major virulent factor in humans. In this report, we describe the engineering of a panel of designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) that potently neutralize TcdB from the BI/NAP1/027 strains (e.g., TcdBUK1). The most effective DARPin, D16, inhibits TcdBUK1 with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 0.5 nM, which is >66-fold lower than that of the FDA-approved anti-TcdB antibody bezlotoxumab (EC50, ∼33 nM). Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) showed that D16 blocks interactions between TcdB and its receptor, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4). The dimeric DARPin U3D16, which pairs D16 with DARPin U3, a disrupter of the interaction of TcdB with Frizzled 1/2/7 receptor, exhibits 10-fold-to-20-fold-enhanced neutralization potency against TcdB from C. difficile strains VPI 10463 (laboratory strain) and M68 (CF/NAP9/017) but identical activity against TcdBUK1 relative to D16. Subsequent ELISAs revealed that TcdBUK1 did not significantly interact with Frizzled 1/2/7. Computation modeling revealed 4 key differences at the Frizzled 1/2/7 binding interface which are likely responsible for the significantly reduced binding affinity.IMPORTANCE We report the engineering and characterization of designed ankyrin proteins as potent neutralizers of TcdB toxin secreted by a hypervirulent ribotype 027 strain of Clostridium difficile We further show that although TcdB toxins from both ribotype 027 and VPI 10461 interact efficiently with TcdB receptors CSPG4 and Pvrl3, TcdB027 lacks significant ability to bind the only known physiologically relevant TcdB receptor, Frizzled 1/2/7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Peng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rudo Simeon
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Samuel B Mitchell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Hanping Feng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhilei Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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175
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Ciftci Y, Girinathan BP, Dhungel BA, Hasan MK, Govind R. Clostridioides difficile SinR' regulates toxin, sporulation and motility through protein-protein interaction with SinR. Anaerobe 2019; 59:1-7. [PMID: 31077800 PMCID: PMC6785386 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium. It is known that C. difficile is one of the major causes of antibiotic associated diarrhea. The enhanced antibiotic resistance observed in C. difficile is the result of highly resistant spores produced by the bacterium. In Bacillus subtilis, the sin operon is involved in sporulation inhibition. Two proteins coded within this operon, SinR and SinI, have an antagonistic relationship; SinR acts as an inhibitor to sporulation whereas SinI represses the activity of SinR, thus allowing the bacterium to sporulate. In a previous study, we examined the sin locus in C. difficile and named the two genes associated with this operon sinR and sinR', analogous to sinR and sinI in B. subtilis, respectively. We have shown that SinR and SinR' have pleiotropic roles in pathogenesis pathways and interact antagonistically with each other. Unlike B. subtilis SinI, SinR' in C. difficile carries two domains: the HTH domain and the Multimerization Domain (MD). In this study, we first performed a GST Pull-down experiment to determine the domain within SinR' that interacts with SinR. Second, the effect of these two domains on three phenotypes; sporulation, motility, and toxin production was examined. The findings of this study confirmed the prediction that the Multimerization Domain (MD) of SinR' is responsible for the interaction between SinR and SinR'. It was also discovered that SinR' regulates sporulation, toxin production and motility primarily by inhibiting SinR activity through the Multimerization Domain (MD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ciftci
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Brintha Parasumanna Girinathan
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Revathi Govind
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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176
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Mahida YR. New concepts in C. difficile management. Br Med Bull 2019; 131:109-118. [PMID: 31583398 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile infection is transmitted via spores, and the disease is mediated via secreted toxins. It represents a significant healthcare problem, and clinical presentation can range from asymptomatic carriage to life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. SOURCES OF DATA publications in the field, with a focus on recent developments and concepts. AREAS OF AGREEMENT infection control measures, antibiotic stewardship and current management of the initial episode of C. difficile infection. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY selection and sequence of interventions for the management of recurrent C. difficile infection; management of persistent carriers of toxigenic C. difficile in patients at high risk of subsequent C. difficile infection. GROWING POINTS use of faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent C. difficile infection. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH role of specific microbiota-mediated interventions and vaccination in the treatment and prevention of C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Mahida
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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177
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Peng W, Goli M, Mirzaei P, Mechref Y. Revealing the Biological Attributes of N-Glycan Isomers in Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis Using Porous Graphitic Carbon (PGC) Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3731-3740. [PMID: 31430160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cancer in women and is considered to be the second-most common metastatic cancer following lung cancer. An estimated 10-16% of breast cancer patients are suffering from brain metastasis, and the diagnostic cases of breast cancer brain metastasis are increasing. Nevertheless, the mechanisms behind this process are still unclear. Aberrant glycosylation has been proved to be related to many diseases and cancer metastasis. However, studies of N-glycan isomer function in breast cancer brain metastasis are limited. In this study, the expressions of N-glycan isomers derived from five breast cancer cell lines and one brain cancer cell line were investigated and compared to a brain-seeking cell line, 231BR, to acquire a better understanding of the role glycan isomers play in breast cancer brain metastasis. The high temperature nanoPGC-LC-MS/MS achieved an efficient isomeric separation and permitted the identification and quantitation of 144 isomers from 50 N-glycan compositions. There were significant expression alterations of these glycan isomers among the different breast cancer cell lines. The increase of total glycan abundance and sialylation level were observed to be associated with breast cancer invasion. With regard to individual isomers, the greatest number of sialylated isomers was observed along with significant expression alterations in 231BR, suggesting a relationship between glycan sialylation and breast cancer brain metastasis. Furthermore, the increase of the α2,6-sialylation level in 231BR likely contributes to the passage of breast cancer cells through the blood-brain barrier, thus facilitating breast cancer brain metastasis. Meanwhile, the upregulation of highly sialylated glycan isomers with α2,6-linked sialic acids were found to be associated with breast cancer metastasis. This investigation of glycan isomer expressions, especially the unique isomeric expression in brain-seeking cell line 231BR, provides new information toward understanding the potential roles glycan isomers play during breast cancer metastasis and more clues for a deeper insight of this bioprocess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , United States
| | - Mona Goli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , United States
| | - Parvin Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , United States
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178
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Bugalhão JN, Mota LJ. The multiple functions of the numerous Chlamydia trachomatis secreted proteins: the tip of the iceberg. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:414-449. [PMID: 31528632 PMCID: PMC6717882 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.09.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis serovars are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens mainly causing ocular and urogenital infections that affect millions of people worldwide and which can lead to blindness or sterility. They reside and multiply intracellularly within a membrane-bound vacuolar compartment, known as inclusion, and are characterized by a developmental cycle involving two morphologically and physiologically distinct chlamydial forms. Completion of the developmental cycle involves the secretion of > 70 C. trachomatis proteins that function in the host cell cytoplasm and nucleus, in the inclusion membrane and lumen, and in the extracellular milieu. These proteins can, for example, interfere with the host cell cytoskeleton, vesicular and non-vesicular transport, metabolism, and immune signalling. Generally, this promotes C. trachomatis invasion into, and escape from, host cells, the acquisition of nutrients by the chlamydiae, and evasion of cell-autonomous, humoral and cellular innate immunity. Here, we present an in-depth review on the current knowledge and outstanding questions about these C. trachomatis secreted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana N Bugalhão
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luís Jaime Mota
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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179
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Simecka JW, Fulda KG, Pulse M, Lee JH, Vitucci J, Nguyen P, Taylor P, Filipetto F, Espinoza AM, Sharma S. Primary care clinics can be a source of exposure to virulent Clostridium (now Clostridioides) difficile: An environmental screening study of hospitals and clinics in Dallas-Fort Worth region. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220646. [PMID: 31415582 PMCID: PMC6695158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
C. difficile is an endospore-forming pathogen, which is becoming a common cause of microbial health-care associated gastrointestinal disease in the United States. Both healthy and symptomatic patients can shed C. difficile spores into the environment, which can survive for long periods, being resistant to desiccation, heat, and disinfectants. In healthcare facilities, environmental contamination with C. difficile is a major concern as a potential source of exposure to this pathogen and risk of disease in susceptible patients. Although hospital-acquired infection is recognized, community-acquired infection is an increasingly recognized health problem. Primary care clinics may be a significant source of exposure to this pathogen; however, there are limited data about presence of environmental C. difficile within clinics. To address the potential for primary care clinics as a source of environmental exposure to virulent C. difficile, we measured the frequency of environmental contamination with spores in clinic examination rooms and hospital rooms in Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) area of Texas. The ribotypes and presence of toxin genes from some environmental isolates were compared. Our results indicate primary care clinics have higher frequencies of contamination than hospitals. After notification of the presence of C. difficile spores in the clinics and an educational discussion to emphasize the importance of this infection and methods of infection prevention, environmental contamination in clinics was reduced on subsequent sampling to that found in hospitals. Thus, primary care clinics can be a source of exposure to virulent C. difficile, and recognition of this possibility can result in improved infection prevention, potentially reducing community-acquired C. difficile infections and subsequent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry W. Simecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and UNT Preclinical Services, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kimberly G. Fulda
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
- The North Texas Primary Care Practice-Based Research Network (NorTex), University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Mark Pulse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and UNT Preclinical Services, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Joon-hak Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - John Vitucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and UNT Preclinical Services, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Phung Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and UNT Preclinical Services, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Patricia Taylor
- The Dallas-Fort Worth Hospital Council Education and Research Foundation, Irving, TX, United States of America
| | - Frank Filipetto
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
- The North Texas Primary Care Practice-Based Research Network (NorTex), University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Anna M. Espinoza
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
- The North Texas Primary Care Practice-Based Research Network (NorTex), University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Sushma Sharma
- The Dallas-Fort Worth Hospital Council Education and Research Foundation, Irving, TX, United States of America
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180
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Elevated serum CXCL10 in patients with Clostridium difficile infection are associated with disease severity. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:92-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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181
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Knight DR, Riley TV. Genomic Delineation of Zoonotic Origins of Clostridium difficile. Front Public Health 2019; 7:164. [PMID: 31281807 PMCID: PMC6595230 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is toxin-producing antimicrobial resistant (AMR) enteropathogen historically associated with diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis in hospitalized patients. In recent years, there have been dramatic increases in the incidence and severity of C. difficile infection (CDI), and associated morbidity and mortality, in both healthcare and community settings. C. difficile is an ancient and diverse species that displays a sympatric lifestyle, establishing itself in a range of ecological niches external to the healthcare system. These sources/reservoirs include food, water, soil, and over a dozen animal species, in particular, livestock such as pigs and cattle. In a manner analogous to human infection, excessive antimicrobial exposure, particularly to cephalosporins, is driving the expansion of C. difficile in livestock populations worldwide. Subsequent spore contamination of meat, vegetables grown in soil containing animal feces, agricultural by-products such as compost and manure, and the environment in general (households, lawns, and public spaces) is contributing to a persistent community source/reservoir of C. difficile and the insidious rise of CDI in the community. The whole-genome sequencing era continues to redefine our view of this complex pathogen. The application of high-resolution microbial genomics in a One Health framework (encompassing clinical, veterinary, and environment derived datasets) is the optimal paradigm for advancing our understanding of CDI in humans and animals. This approach has begun to yield critical insights into the genetic diversity, evolution, AMR, and zoonotic potential of C. difficile. In Europe, North America, and Australia, microevolutionary analysis of the C. difficile core genome shows strains common to humans and animals (livestock or companion animals) do not form distinct populations but share a recent evolutionary history. Moreover, for C. difficile sequence type 11 and PCR ribotypes 078 and 014, major lineages of One Health importance, this approach has substantiated inter-species clonal transmission between animals and humans. These findings indicate either a zoonosis or anthroponosis. Moreover, they challenge the existing paradigm and the long-held misconception that CDI is primarily a healthcare-associated infection. In this article, evolutionary, and zoonotic aspects of CDI are discussed, including the anthropomorphic factors that contribute to the spread of C. difficile from the farm to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Knight
- Medical, Molecular, and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Thomas V Riley
- Medical, Molecular, and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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182
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Alam MJ, McPherson J, Miranda J, Thrall A, Ngo V, Kessinger R, Begum K, Marin M, Garey KW. Molecular epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile in domestic dogs and zoo animals. Anaerobe 2019; 59:107-111. [PMID: 31207298 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Animals such as domestic dogs and zoo animals reside in close proximity to humans and could contribute to the dissemination of Clostridioides difficile spores which are common in the community environment. The purpose of this study was to assess C. difficile colonization in domestic dogs attending a day boarding facility and zoo animals receiving systemic antibiotics. Stool samples and paw swabs were collected from dogs who attended a day boarding facility. Stool samples were also collected from zoo animals starting systemic antibiotics. Finally, environmental samples were collected from nearby public parks. Stool samples and swabs were incubated anaerobically in enrichment broth for C. difficile growth, PCR was done to confirm presence of toxin genes, and PCR ribotyping was performed for strain characterization. During the study period, 136 dog stool samples were obtained, the paws of 16 dogs were swabbed, and 250 environmental swabs from surrounding public parks were obtained. Twenty-three of 136 dog stool samples (17%) and 9 of 16 dog paws sampled (56%) grew toxigenic C. difficile. One hundred and four stool samples from 49 zoo animals were collected of which 19 (18%) grew toxigenic C. difficile. Rates of toxigenic C. difficile colonization increased significantly during antibiotic therapy (33%) and then returned to baseline during the follow-up (11%) period (p = 0.019). Fifty-five of 250 environmental swabs from public parks (22%) grew toxigenic C. difficile. Ribotypes associated with human disease including 106 and 014-020 were isolated from all sources. This study demonstrated a high rate of toxigenic C. difficile colonization in domestic dogs and zoo animals with ribotypes similar to those causing human disease. These results demonstrate the relationship between humans, animals, and the environment in the dissemination of spores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julie Miranda
- University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Allyson Thrall
- University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Van Ngo
- University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kevin W Garey
- University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA.
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183
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Giau VV, Lee H, An SSA, Hulme J. Recent advances in the treatment of C. difficile using biotherapeutic agents. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:1597-1615. [PMID: 31354309 PMCID: PMC6579870 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s207572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is rapidly becoming one of the most prevalent health care–associated bacterial infections in the developed world. The emergence of new, more virulent strains has led to greater morbidity and resistance to standard therapies. The bacterium is readily transmitted between people where it can asymptomatically colonize the gut environment, and clinical manifestations ranging from frequent watery diarrhea to toxic megacolon can arise depending on the age of the individual or their state of gut dysbiosis. Several inexpensive approaches are shown to be effective against virulent C. difficile in research settings such as probiotics, fecal microbiota transfer and immunotherapies. This review aims to highlight the current advantages and limitations of the aforementioned approaches with an emphasis on recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Van Giau
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hulme
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 461-701, Republic of Korea
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Touchette MH, Benito de la Puebla H, Ravichandran P, Shen A. SpoIVA-SipL Complex Formation Is Essential for Clostridioides difficile Spore Assembly. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:e00042-19. [PMID: 30692174 PMCID: PMC6436350 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00042-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spores are the major infectious particle of the Gram-positive nosocomial pathogen Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile), but the molecular details of how this organism forms these metabolically dormant cells remain poorly characterized. The composition of the spore coat in C. difficile differs markedly from that defined in the well-studied organism Bacillus subtilis, with only 25% of the ∼70 spore coat proteins being conserved between the two organisms and with only 2 of 9 coat assembly (morphogenetic) proteins defined in B. subtilis having homologs in C. difficile We previously identified SipL as a clostridium-specific coat protein essential for functional spore formation. Heterologous expression analyses in Escherichia coli revealed that SipL directly interacts with C. difficile SpoIVA, a coat-morphogenetic protein conserved in all spore-forming organisms, through SipL's C-terminal LysM domain. In this study, we show that SpoIVA-SipL binding is essential for C. difficile spore formation and identify specific residues within the LysM domain that stabilize this interaction. Fluorescence microscopy analyses indicate that binding of SipL's LysM domain to SpoIVA is required for SipL to localize to the forespore while SpoIVA requires SipL to promote encasement of SpoIVA around the forespore. Since we also show that clostridial LysM domains are functionally interchangeable at least in C. difficile, the basic mechanism for SipL-dependent assembly of clostridial spore coats may be conserved.IMPORTANCE The metabolically dormant spore form of the major nosocomial pathogen Clostridioides difficile is its major infectious particle. However, the mechanisms controlling the formation of this resistant cell type are not well understood, particularly with respect to its outermost layer, the spore coat. We previously identified two spore-morphogenetic proteins in C. difficile: SpoIVA, which is conserved in all spore-forming organisms, and SipL, which is conserved only in the clostridia. Both SpoIVA and SipL are essential for heat-resistant spore formation and directly interact through SipL's C-terminal LysM domain. In this study, we demonstrate that the LysM domain is critical for SipL and SpoIVA function, likely by helping recruit SipL to the forespore during spore morphogenesis. We further identified residues within the LysM domain that are important for binding SpoIVA and, thus, functional spore formation. These findings provide important insight into the molecular mechanisms controlling the assembly of infectious C. difficile spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Touchette
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hector Benito de la Puebla
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Priyanka Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Aimee Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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185
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Ünal CM, Karagöz MS, Berges M, Priebe C, Borrero de Acuña JM, Wissing J, Jänsch L, Jahn D, Steinert M. Pleiotropic Clostridioides difficile Cyclophilin PpiB Controls Cysteine-Tolerance, Toxin Production, the Central Metabolism and Multiple Stress Responses. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:340. [PMID: 31024308 PMCID: PMC6459899 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive pathogen Clostridioides difficile is the main bacterial agent of nosocomial antibiotic associated diarrhea. Bacterial peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerases (PPIases) are well established modulators of virulence that influence the outcome of human pathologies during infections. Here, we present the first interactomic network of the sole cyclophilin-type PPIase of C. difficile (CdPpiB) and show that it has diverse interaction partners including major enzymes of the amino acid-dependent energy (LdhA, EtfAB, Had, Acd) and the glucose-derived (Fba, GapA, Pfo, Pyk, Pyc) central metabolism. Proteins of the general (UspA), oxidative (Rbr1,2,3, Dsr), alkaline (YloU, YphY) and cold shock (CspB) response were found bound to CdPpiB. The transcriptional (Lrp), translational (InfC, RFF) and folding (GroS, DnaK) control proteins were also found attached. For a crucial enzyme of cysteine metabolism, O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (CysK), the global transcription regulator Lrp and the flagellar subunit FliC, these interactions were independently confirmed using a bacterial two hybrid system. The active site residues F50, F109, and F110 of CdPpiB were shown to be important for the interaction with the residue P87 of Lrp. CysK activity after heat denaturation was restored by interaction with CdPpiB. In accordance, tolerance toward cell wall stress caused by the exposure to amoxicillin was reduced. In the absence of CdPpiB, C. difficile was more susceptible toward L-cysteine. At the same time, the cysteine-mediated suppression of toxin production ceased resulting in higher cytotoxicity. In summary, the cyclophilin-type PPIase of C. difficile (CdPpiB) coordinates major cellular processes via its interaction with major regulators of transcription, translation, protein folding, stress response and the central metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Murat Ünal
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Moleküler Biyoteknoloji Bölümü, Türk-Alman Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mareike Berges
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christina Priebe
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Josef Wissing
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cellular Proteomics Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cellular Proteomics Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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186
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Status of vaccine research and development for Clostridium difficile. Vaccine 2019; 37:7300-7306. [PMID: 30902484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile associated disease is fundamentally associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiome as a consequence of antibiotic use. This is because this sporulating, obligate anaerobe germinates and proliferates rapidly in the dysbiotic gut, which is an indirect consequence of their use. During its growth, C. difficile produces two toxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), which are responsible for the majority of clinical symptoms associated with the disease. Three parenterally delivered vaccines, based on detoxified or recombinant forms of these toxins, have undergone or are undergoing clinical trials. Each offers the opportunity to generate high titres of toxin neutralising antibodies. Whilst these data suggest these vaccines may reduce primary symptomatic disease, they do not in their current form reduce the capacity of the organism to persist and shed from the vaccinated host. The current progress of vaccine development is considered with advantages and limitations of each highlighted. In addition, several alternative approaches are described that seek to limit C. difficile germination, colonisation and persistence. It may yet prove that the most effective treatments to limit infection, disease and spread of the organism will require a combination of therapeutic approaches. The potential use and efficacy of these vaccines in low and middle income countries will be depend on the development of a cost effective vaccine and greater understanding of the distribution and extent of disease in these countries.
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187
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del Rio B, Redruello B, Fernandez M, Martin MC, Ladero V, Alvarez MA. Lactic Acid Bacteria as a Live Delivery System for the in situ Production of Nanobodies in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Microbiol 2019. [PMCID: PMC6346216 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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188
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Dieterle MG, Rao K, Young VB. Novel therapies and preventative strategies for primary and recurrent Clostridium difficile infections. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1435:110-138. [PMID: 30238983 PMCID: PMC6312459 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the leading infectious cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. C. difficile infection (CDI) places a heavy burden on the healthcare system, with nearly half a million infections yearly and an approximate 20% recurrence risk after successful initial therapy. The high incidence has driven new research on improved prevention such as the emerging use of probiotics, intestinal microbiome manipulation during antibiotic therapies, vaccinations, and newer antibiotics that reduce the disruption of the intestinal microbiome. While the treatment of acute C. difficile is effective in most patients, it can be further optimized by adjuvant therapies that improve the initial treatment success and decrease the risk of subsequent recurrence. Finally, the high risk of recurrence has led to multiple emerging therapies that target toxin activity, recovery of the intestinal microbial community, and elimination of latent C. difficile in the intestine. In summary, CDIs illustrate the complex interaction among host physiology, microbial community, and pathogen that requires specific therapies to address each of the factors leading to primary infection and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Dieterle
- University of Michigan Medical School, Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Ann Arbor, Michigan
- University of Michigan Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Krishna Rao
- University of Michigan Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vincent B. Young
- University of Michigan Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- University of Michigan Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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189
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the current understanding of the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and the role of the gut microbiome in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)-related postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). RECENT FINDINGS PI-IBS is a recognized pathological entity and was estimated to affect 1 in 10 patients with infectious enteritis. CDI remains a major healthcare burden worldwide with a one in four chance of recurrence of symptoms following treatment. While there is growing interest in functional gastrointestinal disorders including PI-IBS, studies examining the prevalence and risk factors of CDI-related PI-IBS remain scarce. One of many proposed mechanisms for PI-IBS is related to dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, which is the hallmark of CDI pathogenesis. Therefore, restoration of the gut microbiota, which is associated with successful outcomes in CDI, may be a potential treatment option for PI-IBS. However, two randomized controlled trails exploring the restoration of the gut microbiota using faecal microbiota transplant came to differing conclusions. SUMMARY PI-IBS, particularly CDI-related PI-IBS, remains an understudied area. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of PI-IBS is essential to developing more specific and effective management strategies.
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190
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Hussack G, Ryan S, van Faassen H, Rossotti M, MacKenzie CR, Tanha J. Neutralization of Clostridium difficile toxin B with VHH-Fc fusions targeting the delivery and CROPs domains. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208978. [PMID: 30540857 PMCID: PMC6291252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of antibody-based therapies are being considered for controlling bacterial infections, including Clostridium difficile by targeting toxins A and B. In an effort to develop novel C. difficile immunotherapeutics, we previously isolated several single-domain antibodies (VHHs) capable of toxin A neutralization through recognition of the extreme C-terminal combined repetitive oligopeptides (CROPs) domain, but failed at identifying neutralizing VHHs that bound a similar region on toxin B. Here we report the isolation of a panel of 29 VHHs targeting at least seven unique epitopes on a toxin B immunogen composed of a portion of the central delivery domain and the entire CROPs domain. Despite monovalent affinities as high as KD = 70 pM, none of the VHHs tested were capable of toxin B neutralization; however, modest toxin B inhibition was observed with VHH-VHH dimers and to a much greater extent with VHH-Fc fusions, reaching the neutralizing potency of the recently approved anti-toxin B monoclonal antibody bezlotoxumab in in vitro assays. Epitope binning revealed that several VHH-Fcs bound toxin B at sites distinct from the region recognized by bezlotoxumab, while other VHH-Fcs partially competed with bezlotoxumab for toxin binding. Therefore, the VHHs described here are effective at toxin B neutralization when formatted as bivalent VHH-Fc fusions by targeting toxin B at regions both similar and distinct from the bezlotoxumab binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hussack
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Shannon Ryan
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henk van Faassen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Rossotti
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - C. Roger MacKenzie
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamshid Tanha
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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191
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Isidro J, Menezes J, Serrano M, Borges V, Paixão P, Mimoso M, Martins F, Toscano C, Santos A, Henriques AO, Oleastro M. Genomic Study of a Clostridium difficile Multidrug Resistant Outbreak-Related Clone Reveals Novel Determinants of Resistance. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2994. [PMID: 30574133 PMCID: PMC6291485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is prevalent in healthcare settings. The emergence of hypervirulent and antibiotic resistant strains has led to an increase in CDI incidence and frequent outbreaks. While the main virulence factors are the TcdA and TcdB toxins, antibiotic resistance is thought to play a key role in the infection by and dissemination of C. difficile. Methods: A CDI outbreak involving 12 patients was detected in a tertiary care hospital, in Lisbon, which extended from January to July, with a peak in February, in 2016. The C. difficile isolates, obtained from anaerobic culture of stool samples, were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing with Etest®strips against 11 antibiotics, determination of toxin genes profile, PCR-ribotyping, multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Results: Of the 12 CDI cases detected, 11 isolates from 11 patients were characterized. All isolates were tcdA-/tcdB+ and belonged to ribotype 017, and showed high level resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, moxifloxacin, rifampicin and tetracycline. The isolates belonged to four genetically related MLVA types, with six isolates forming a clonal cluster. Three outbreak isolates, each from a different MLVA type, were selected for WGS. Bioinformatics analysis showed the presence of several antibiotic resistance determinants, including the Thr82Ile substitution in gyrA, conferring moxifloxacin resistance, the substitutions His502Asn and Arg505Lys in rpoB for rifampicin resistance, the tetM gene, associated with tetracycline resistance, and two genes encoding putative aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, aadE and aac(6′)-aph(2″). Furthermore, a not previously described 61.3 kb putative mobile element was identified, presenting a mosaic structure and containing the genes ermG, mefA/msrD and vat, associated with macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramins resistance. A substitution found in a class B penicillin-binding protein, Cys721Ser, is thought to contribute to imipenem resistance. Conclusion: We describe an epidemic, tcdA-/tcdB+, multidrug resistant clone of C. difficile from ribotype 017 associated with a hospital outbreak, providing further evidence that the lack of TcdA does not impair the infectious potential of these strains. We identified several determinants of antimicrobial resistance, including new ones located in mobile elements, highlighting the importance of horizontal gene transfer in the pathogenicity and epidemiological success of C. difficile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Isidro
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Genética Humana, Unidade de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Juliana Menezes
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mónica Serrano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vítor Borges
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Paixão
- Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Santos
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adriano O Henriques
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mónica Oleastro
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
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192
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Ünal CM, Berges M, Smit N, Schiene-Fischer C, Priebe C, Strowig T, Jahn D, Steinert M. PrsA2 (CD630_35000) of Clostridioides difficile Is an Active Parvulin-Type PPIase and a Virulence Modulator. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2913. [PMID: 30564207 PMCID: PMC6288519 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the main cause for nosocomial antibiotic associated diarrhea and has become a major burden for the health care systems of industrial countries. Its main virulence factors, the small GTPase glycosylating toxins TcdA and TcdB, are extensively studied. In contrast, the contribution of other factors to development and progression of C. difficile infection (CDI) are only insufficiently understood. Many bacterial peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerases (PPIases) have been described in the context of virulence. Among them are the parvulin-type PrsA-like PPIases of Gram-positive bacteria. On this basis, we identified CD630_35000 as the PrsA2 homolog in C. difficile and conducted its enzymatic and phenotypic characterization in order to assess its involvement during C. difficile infection. For this purpose, wild type CdPrsA2 and mutant variants carrying amino acid exchanges mainly in the PPIase domain were recombinantly produced. Recombinant CdPrsA2 showed PPIase activity toward the substrate peptide Ala-Xaa-Pro-Phe with a preference for positively charged amino acids preceding the proline residue. Mutation of conserved residues in its active site pocket impaired the enzymatic activity. A PrsA2 deficient mutant was generated in the C. difficile 630Δerm background using the ClosTron technology. Inactivation of prsA2 resulted in a reduced germination rate in response to taurocholic acid, and in a slight increase in resistance to the secondary bile acids LCA and DCA. Interestingly, in the absence of PrsA2 colonization of mice by C. difficile 630 was significantly reduced. We concluded that CdPrsA2 is an active PPIase that acts as a virulence modulator by influencing crucial processes like sporulation, germination and bile acid resistance resulting in attenuated mice colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Murat Ünal
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Türk-Alman Üniversitesi, Moleküler Biyoteknoloji Bölümü, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mareike Berges
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nathiana Smit
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cordelia Schiene-Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Christina Priebe
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany
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193
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Lorenz A, Preuße M, Bruchmann S, Pawar V, Grahl N, Pils MC, Nolan LM, Filloux A, Weiss S, Häussler S. Importance of flagella in acute and chronicPseudomonas aeruginosainfections. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:883-897. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lorenz
- Institute of Molecular BacteriologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE GmbHCenter for Clinical and Experimental Infection Research Hannover Germany
| | - Matthias Preuße
- Institute of Molecular BacteriologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE GmbHCenter for Clinical and Experimental Infection Research Hannover Germany
| | - Sebastian Bruchmann
- Institute of Molecular BacteriologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE GmbHCenter for Clinical and Experimental Infection Research Hannover Germany
- Wellcome Sanger Institute Cambridge UK
| | - Vinay Pawar
- Institute of Molecular BacteriologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Nora Grahl
- Institute of Molecular BacteriologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE GmbHCenter for Clinical and Experimental Infection Research Hannover Germany
| | - Marina C. Pils
- Mouse PathologyAnimal Experimental Unit, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
| | - Laura M. Nolan
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection (CMBI), Department of Life SciencesImperial College London London UK
| | - Alain Filloux
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection (CMBI), Department of Life SciencesImperial College London London UK
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Susanne Häussler
- Institute of Molecular BacteriologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE GmbHCenter for Clinical and Experimental Infection Research Hannover Germany
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194
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Critical role of MAVS in the protection against Clostridium difficile-induced colitis. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:306-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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195
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Abstract
Transition state theory teaches that chemically stable mimics of enzymatic transition states will bind tightly to their cognate enzymes. Kinetic isotope effects combined with computational quantum chemistry provides enzymatic transition state information with sufficient fidelity to design transition state analogues. Examples are selected from various stages of drug development to demonstrate the application of transition state theory, inhibitor design, physicochemical characterization of transition state analogues, and their progress in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vern L. Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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196
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Ransom EM, Kaus GM, Tran PM, Ellermeier CD, Weiss DS. Multiple factors contribute to bimodal toxin gene expression in Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:533-549. [PMID: 30125399 PMCID: PMC6446242 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile produces two major toxins, TcdA and TcdB, upon entry into stationary phase. Transcription of tcdA and tcdB requires the specialized sigma factor, σTcdR , which also directs RNA Polymerase to transcribe tcdR itself. We fused a gene for a red fluorescent protein to the tcdA promoter to study toxin gene expression at the level of individual C. difficile cells. Surprisingly, only a subset of cells became red fluorescent upon entry into stationary phase. Breaking the positive feedback loop that controls σTcdR production by engineering cells to express tcdR from a tetracycline-inducible promoter resulted in uniform fluorescence across the population. Experiments with two regulators of tcdR expression, σD and CodY, revealed neither is required for bimodal toxin gene expression. However, σD biased cells toward the Toxin-ON state, while CodY biased cells toward the Toxin-OFF state. Finally, toxin gene expression was observed in sporulating cells. We conclude that (i) toxin production is regulated by a bistable switch governed by σTcdR , which only accumulates to high enough levels to trigger toxin gene expression in a subset of cells, and (ii) toxin production and sporulation are not mutually exclusive developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Ransom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Gabriela M. Kaus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Phuong M. Tran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Craig D. Ellermeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - David S. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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197
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Bernal I, Hofmann JD, Bulitta B, Klawonn F, Michel AM, Jahn D, Neumann-Schaal M, Bruder D, Jänsch L. Clostridioides difficile Activates Human Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2532. [PMID: 30410474 PMCID: PMC6209678 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) causes severe inflammatory responses at the intestinal mucosa but the immunological mechanisms underlying CDI-related immunopathology are still incompletely characterized. Here we identified for the first time that both, non-toxigenic strains as well as the hypervirulent ribotypes RT027 and RT023 of Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile), induced an effector phenotype in mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. MAIT cells can directly respond to bacterial infections by recognizing MR1-presented metabolites derived from the riboflavin synthesis pathway constituting a novel class of antigens. We confirmed functional riboflavin synthesis of C. difficile and found fixed bacteria capable of activating primary human MAIT cells in a dose-dependent manner. C. difficile-activated MAIT cells showed an increased and MR1-dependent expression of CD69, proinflammatory IFNγ, and the lytic granule components granzyme B and perforin. Effector protein expression was accompanied by the release of lytic granules, which, in contrast to other effector functions, was mainly induced by IL-12 and IL-18. Notably, this study revealed hypervirulent C. difficile strains to be most competent in provoking MAIT cell responses suggesting MAIT cell activation to be instrumental for the immunopathology observed in C. difficile-associated colitis. In conclusion, we provide first evidence for a link between C. difficile metabolism and innate T cell-mediated immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bernal
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,ESF Graduate School ABINEP, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julia Danielle Hofmann
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Frank Klawonn
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Computer Science, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Annika-Marisa Michel
- Department of Microbiology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Department of Microbiology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Meina Neumann-Schaal
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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198
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Dong X, Huang Y, Cho BG, Zhong J, Gautam S, Peng W, Williamson SD, Banazadeh A, Torres-Ulloa KY, Mechref Y. Advances in mass spectrometry-based glycomics. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:3063-3081. [PMID: 30199110 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The diversification of the chemical properties and biological functions of proteins is attained through posttranslational modifications, such as glycosylation. Glycans, which are covalently attached to proteins, play a vital role in cell activities. The microheterogeneity and complexity of glycan structures associated with proteins make comprehensive glycomic analysis challenging. However, recent advancements in mass spectrometry (MS), separation techniques, and sample preparation methods have primarily facilitated structural elucidation and quantitation of glycans. This review focuses on describing recent advances in MS-based techniques used for glycomic analysis (2012-2018), including ionization, tandem MS, and separation techniques coupled with MS. Progress in glycomics workflow involving glycan release, purification, derivatization, and separation will also be highlighted here. Additionally, the recent development of quantitative glycomics through comparative and multiplex approaches will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Byeong Gwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jieqiang Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sakshi Gautam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Seth D Williamson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Alireza Banazadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Katya Y Torres-Ulloa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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199
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Sharma SK, Yip C, Esposito EX, Sharma PV, Simon MP, Abel-Santos E, Firestine SM. The Design, Synthesis, and Characterizations of Spore Germination Inhibitors Effective against an Epidemic Strain of Clostridium difficile. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6759-6778. [PMID: 30004695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infections (CDI), particularly those caused by the BI/NAP1/027 epidemic strains, are challenging to treat. One method to address this disease is to prevent the development of CDI by inhibiting the germination of C. difficile spores. Previous studies have identified cholic amide m-sulfonic acid, CamSA, as an inhibitor of spore germination. However, CamSA is inactive against the hypervirulent strain R20291. To circumvent this problem, a series of cholic acid amides were synthesized and tested against R20291. The best compound in the series was the simple phenyl amide analogue which possessed an IC50 value of 1.8 μM, more than 225 times as potent as the natural germination inhibitor, chenodeoxycholate. This is the most potent inhibitor of C. difficile spore germination described to date. QSAR and molecular modeling analysis demonstrated that increases in hydrophobicity and decreases in partial charge or polar surface area were correlated with increases in potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv K Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Wayne State University , 259 Mack Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Christopher Yip
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Nevada at Las Vegas , 4505 South Maryland Parkway , Las Vegas , Nevada 89154 , United States
| | | | - Prateek V Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Wayne State University , 259 Mack Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Matthew P Simon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Wayne State University , 259 Mack Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Ernesto Abel-Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Nevada at Las Vegas , 4505 South Maryland Parkway , Las Vegas , Nevada 89154 , United States
| | - Steven M Firestine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Wayne State University , 259 Mack Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
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200
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Cysteine Desulfurase IscS2 Plays a Role in Oxygen Resistance in Clostridium difficile. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00326-18. [PMID: 29866903 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00326-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium capable of colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of humans following disruption of the normal microbiota, typically from antibiotic therapy for an unrelated infection. With approximately 500,000 confirmed infections leading to 29,000 deaths per year in the United States, C. difficile infection (CDI) is an urgent public health threat. We previously determined that C. difficile survives in up to 3% oxygen. Low levels of oxygen are present in the intestinal tract, with the higher concentrations being associated with the epithelial cell surface. Additionally, antibiotic treatment, the greatest risk factor for CDI, increases the intestinal oxygen concentration. Therefore, we hypothesized that the C. difficile genome encodes mechanisms for survival during oxidative stress. Previous data have shown that cysteine desulfurases involved in iron-sulfur cluster assembly are involved in protecting bacteria from oxidative stress. In this study, deletion of a putative cysteine desulfurase (Cd630_12790/IscS2) involved in the iron-sulfur cluster (Isc) system caused a severe growth defect in the presence of 2% oxygen. Additionally, this mutant delayed colonization in a conventional mouse model of CDI and failed to colonize in a germfree model, which has higher intestinal oxygen levels. These data imply an undefined role for this cysteine desulfurase in protecting C. difficile from low levels of oxygen in the gut.
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