151
|
Stamps JA, Groothuis TGG. Developmental perspectives on personality: implications for ecological and evolutionary studies of individual differences. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 365:4029-41. [PMID: 21078655 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental processes can have major impacts on the correlations in behaviour across contexts (contextual generality) and across time (temporal consistency) that are the hallmarks of animal personality. Personality can and does change: at any given age or life stage it is contingent upon a wide range of experiential factors that occurred earlier in life, from prior to conception through adulthood. We show how developmental reaction norms that describe the effects of prior experience on a given behaviour can be used to determine whether the effects of a given experience at a given age will affect contextual generality at a later age, and to illustrate how variation within individuals in developmental plasticity leads to variation in contextual generality across individuals as a function of experience. We also show why niche-picking and niche-construction, behavioural processes which allow individuals to affect their own developmental environment, can affect the contextual generality and the temporal consistency of personality. We conclude by discussing how an appreciation of developmental processes can alert behavioural ecologists studying animal personality to critical, untested assumptions that underlie their own research programmes, and outline situations in which a developmental perspective can improve studies of the functional significance and evolution of animal personality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judy A Stamps
- Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
152
|
Réale D, Dingemanse NJ, Kazem AJN, Wright J. Evolutionary and ecological approaches to the study of personality. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 365:3937-46. [PMID: 21078646 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This introduction to the themed issue on Evolutionary and ecological approaches to the study of personality provides an overview of conceptual, theoretical and methodological progress in research on animal personalities over the last decade, and places the contributions to this volume in context. The issue has three main goals. First, we aimed to bring together theoreticians to contribute to the development of models providing adaptive explanations for animal personality that could guide empiricists, and stimulate exchange of ideas between the two groups of researchers. Second, we aimed to stimulate cross-fertilization between different scientific fields that study personality, namely behavioural ecology, psychology, genomics, quantitative genetics, neuroendocrinology and developmental biology. Third, we aimed to foster the application of an evolutionary framework to the study of personality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Réale
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
153
|
Nettle D, Penke L. Personality: bridging the literatures from human psychology and behavioural ecology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 365:4043-50. [PMID: 21078656 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of personality has recently begun to attract a great deal of interest in behavioural ecology. However, there is also a large and mature literature on personality within human psychology. These two bodies of work have developed independently and at present make rather little reference to one another. The current paper has two main objectives. First, we seek to acquaint behavioural ecologists with the principal ideas and issues found in the human personality psychology literature. Second, we explore how ideas from the behavioural ecology literature might help advance research in human personality psychology. We suggest strong potential for convergence between the two literatures in the near future. Common themes of this future unified science of personality include the conception of personality traits as reaction norms, a commitment to the importance of direct measurement of behaviour, investigation of both proximate and ultimate explanations for personality variation, and a concern with the impact of personality variation on survival and reproductive success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nettle
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
Dochtermann NA, Roff DA. Applying a quantitative genetics framework to behavioural syndrome research. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 365:4013-20. [PMID: 21078653 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Current interest in behavioural syndromes, or 'animal personalities', reinforces a need for behavioural ecologists to adopt a multivariate view of phenotypes. Fortunately, many of the methodological and theoretical issues currently being dealt with by behavioural ecologists within the context of behavioural syndromes have previously been investigated by researchers in other areas of evolutionary ecology. As a result of these previous efforts, behavioural syndrome researchers have considerable theory and a wide range of tools already available to them. Here, we discuss aspects of quantitative genetics useful for understanding the multivariate phenotype as well as the relevance of quantitative genetics to behavioural syndrome research. These methods not only allow the proper characterization of the multivariate behavioural phenotype and genotype-including behaviours within, among and independent of behavioural syndrome structures-but also allow predictions as to how populations may respond to selection on behaviours within syndromes. An application of a quantitative genetics framework to behavioural syndrome research also clarifies and refines the questions that should be asked.
Collapse
|
155
|
Dingemanse NJ, Wolf M. Recent models for adaptive personality differences: a review. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 365:3947-58. [PMID: 21078647 PMCID: PMC2992752 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we review recent models that provide adaptive explanations for animal personalities: individual differences in behaviour (or suites of correlated behaviours) that are consistent over time or contexts. We start by briefly discussing patterns of variation in behaviour that have been documented in natural populations. In the main part of the paper we discuss models for personality differences that (i) explain animal personalities as adaptive behavioural responses to differences in state, (ii) investigate how feedbacks between state and behaviour can stabilize initial differences among individuals and (iii) provide adaptive explanations for animal personalities that are not based on state differences. Throughout, we focus on two basic questions. First, what is the basic conceptual idea underlying the model? Second, what are the key assumptions and predictions of the model? We conclude by discussing empirical features of personalities that have not yet been addressed by formal modelling. While this paper is primarily intended to guide empiricists through current adaptive theory, thereby stimulating empirical tests of these models, we hope it also inspires theoreticians to address aspects of personalities that have received little attention up to now.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels J Dingemanse
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
|
157
|
Conrad JL, Weinersmith KL, Brodin T, Saltz JB, Sih A. Behavioural syndromes in fishes: a review with implications for ecology and fisheries management. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:395-435. [PMID: 21284626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the contribution of research on fishes to the growing field of behavioural syndromes. Current knowledge of behavioural syndromes in fishes is reviewed with respect to five main axes of animal personality: (1) shyness-boldness, (2) exploration-avoidance, (3) activity, (4) aggressiveness and (5) sociability. Compared with other taxa, research on fishes has played a leading role in describing the shy-bold personality axis and has made innovative contributions to the study of the sociability dimension by incorporating social network theory. Fishes are virtually the only major taxon in which behavioural correlations have been compared between populations. This research has guided the field in examining how variation in selection regime may shape personality. Recent research on fishes has also made important strides in understanding genetic and neuroendocrine bases for behavioural syndromes using approaches involving artificial selection, genetic mapping, candidate gene and functional genomics. This work has illustrated consistent individual variation in highly complex neuroendocrine and gene expression pathways. In contrast, relatively little work on fishes has examined the ontogenetic stability of behavioural syndromes or their fitness consequences. Finally, adopting a behavioural syndrome framework in fisheries management issues including artificial propagation, habitat restoration and invasive species, may promote restoration success. Few studies, however, have examined the ecological relevance of behavioural syndromes in the field. Knowledge of how behavioural syndromes play out in the wild will be crucial to incorporating such a framework into management practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Conrad
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Behavioural type affects dominance and growth in staged encounters of cooperatively breeding cichlids. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
159
|
van Oers K, Sinn DL. Toward a Basis for the Phenotypic Gambit: Advances in the Evolutionary Genetics of Animal Personality. FROM GENES TO ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-53892-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
160
|
Krause J, James R, Croft DP. Personality in the context of social networks. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:4099-106. [PMID: 21078661 PMCID: PMC2992749 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is great interest in environmental effects on the development and evolution of animal personality traits. An important component of an individual's environment is its social environment. However, few studies look beyond dyadic relationships and try to place the personality of individuals in the context of a social network. Social network analysis provides us with many new metrics to characterize the social fine-structure of populations and, therefore, with an opportunity to gain an understanding of the role that different personalities play in groups, communities and populations regarding information or disease transmission or in terms of cooperation and policing of social conflicts. The network position of an individual is largely a consequence of its interactive strategies. However, the network position can also shape an individual's experiences (especially in the case of juveniles) and therefore can influence the way in which it interacts with others in future. Finally, over evolutionary time, the social fine-structure of animal populations (as quantified by social network analysis) can have important consequences for the evolution of personalities-an approach that goes beyond the conventional game-theoretic analyses that assumed random mixing of individuals in populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Krause
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Barber I, Dingemanse NJ. Parasitism and the evolutionary ecology of animal personality. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:4077-88. [PMID: 21078659 PMCID: PMC2992744 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological factors responsible for the evolution of individual differences in animal personality (consistent individual differences in the same behaviour across time and contexts) are currently the subject of intense debate. A limited number of ecological factors have been investigated to date, with most attention focusing on the roles of resource competition and predation. We suggest here that parasitism may play a potentially important, but largely overlooked, role in the evolution of animal personalities. We identify two major routes by which parasites might influence the evolution of animal personality. First, because the risk of acquiring parasites can be influenced by an individual's behavioural type, local parasite regimes may impose selection on personality traits and behavioural syndromes (correlations between personality traits). Second, because parasite infections have consequences for aspects of host 'state', parasites might induce the evolution of individual differences in certain types of host behaviour in populations with endemic infections. Also, because infection often leads to specific changes in axes of personality, parasite infections have the potential to decouple behavioural syndromes. Host-parasite systems therefore provide researchers with valuable tools to study personality variation and behavioural syndromes from a proximate and ultimate perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain Barber
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
162
|
Frommen JG, Herder F, Engqvist L, Mehlis M, Bakker TCM, Schwarzer J, Thünken T. Costly plastic morphological responses to predator specific odour cues in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Evol Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-010-9454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
163
|
|
164
|
LEINONEN T, CANO JM, MERILÄ J. Genetics of body shape and armour variation in threespine sticklebacks. J Evol Biol 2010; 24:206-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
165
|
Witsenburg F, Schürch R, Otti O, Heg D. Behavioural types and ecological effects in a natural population of the cooperative cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
166
|
AUBRET FABIEN, MICHNIEWICZ RADIKAJ, SHINE RICHARD. Correlated geographic variation in predation risk and antipredator behaviour within a wide-ranging snake species (Notechis scutatus, Elapidae). AUSTRAL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
167
|
Koolhaas JM, de Boer SF, Coppens CM, Buwalda B. Neuroendocrinology of coping styles: towards understanding the biology of individual variation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:307-21. [PMID: 20382177 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Individual variation in behavior and physiology is a widespread and ecologically functional phenomenon in nature in virtually all vertebrate species. Due to domestication of laboratory animals, studies may suffer from a strong selection bias. This paper summarizes behavioral, neuroendocrine and neurobiological studies using the natural individual variation in rats and mice. Individual behavioral characteristics appear to be consistent over time and across situations. The individual variation has at least two dimensions in which the quality of the response to a challenging condition (coping style) is independent from the quantity of that response (stress reactivity). The neurobiology reveals important differences in the homeostatic control of the serotonergic neuron and the neuropeptides vasopressin and oxytocin in relation to coping style. It is argued that a careful exploitation of the broad natural and biologically functional individual variation in behavior and physiology may help in developing better animal models for understanding individual disease vulnerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Koolhaas
- Dept. of Behavioural Physiology, University Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
|
169
|
Roulin A, Dreiss AN, Kölliker M. Evolutionary Perspective on the Interplay Between Family Life, and Parent and Offspring Personality. Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
170
|
Harris S, Ramnarine IW, Smith HG, Pettersson LB. Picking personalities apart: estimating the influence of predation, sex and body size on boldness in the guppy Poecilia reticulata. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
171
|
Dochtermann NA. Behavioral syndromes: carryover effects, false discovery rates, and a priori hypotheses. Behav Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arq021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
172
|
Dingemanse NJ, Dochtermann N, Wright J. A method for exploring the structure of behavioural syndromes to allow formal comparison within and between data sets. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
173
|
|
174
|
Abstract
Consistent individual behavioural tendencies, termed "personalities", have been identified in a wide range of animals. Functional explanations for personality have been proposed, but as yet, very little consideration has been given to a possible role for sexual selection in maintaining differences in personality and its stability within individuals. We provide an overview of the available literature on the role of personality traits in intrasexual competition and mate choice in both human and non-human animals and integrate this into a framework for considering how sexual selection can generate and maintain personality. For this, we consider the evolution and maintenance of both main aspects of animal personality: inter-individual variation and intra-individual consistency.
Collapse
|
175
|
Dingemanse NJ, Kazem AJN, Réale D, Wright J. Behavioural reaction norms: animal personality meets individual plasticity. Trends Ecol Evol 2009; 25:81-9. [PMID: 19748700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 926] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in the field of behavioural ecology have revealed intriguing variation in behaviour within single populations. Increasing evidence suggests that individual animals differ in their average level of behaviour displayed across a range of contexts (animal 'personality'), and in their responsiveness to environmental variation (plasticity), and that these phenomena can be considered complementary aspects of the individual phenotype. How should this complex variation be studied? Here, we outline how central ideas in behavioural ecology and quantitative genetics can be combined within a single framework based on the concept of 'behavioural reaction norms'. This integrative approach facilitates analysis of phenomena usually studied separately in terms of personality and plasticity, thereby enhancing understanding of their adaptive nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels J Dingemanse
- Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies & Department of Behavioural Biology, Centre for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
176
|
Wone B, Sears MW, Labocha MK, Donovan ER, Hayes JP. Genetic variances and covariances of aerobic metabolic rates in laboratory mice. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:3695-704. [PMID: 19656796 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic variances and covariances of traits must be known to predict how they may respond to selection and how covariances among them might affect their evolutionary trajectories. We used the animal model to estimate the genetic variances and covariances of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and maximal metabolic rate (MMR) in a genetically heterogeneous stock of laboratory mice. Narrow-sense heritability (h(2)) was approximately 0.38 +/- 0.08 for body mass, 0.26 +/- 0.08 for whole-animal BMR, 0.24 +/- 0.07 for whole-animal MMR, 0.19 +/- 0.07 for mass-independent BMR, and 0.16 +/- 0.06 for mass-independent MMR. All h(2) estimates were significantly different from zero. The phenotypic correlation of whole animal BMR and MMR was 0.56 +/- 0.02, and the corresponding genetic correlation was 0.79 +/- 0.12. The phenotypic correlation of mass-independent BMR and MMR was 0.13 +/- 0.03, and the corresponding genetic correlation was 0.72 +/- 0.03. The genetic correlations of metabolic rates were significantly different from zero, but not significantly different from one. A key assumption of the aerobic capacity model for the evolution of endothermy is that BMR and MMR are linked. The estimated genetic correlation between BMR and MMR is consistent with that assumption, but the genetic correlation is not so high as to preclude independent evolution of BMR and MMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Wone
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology and Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
177
|
Variation along the shy–bold continuum in extremophile fishes (Poecilia mexicana, Poecilia sulphuraria). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-009-0780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|