151
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Coherently controlled quantum features in a coupled interferometric scheme. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11188. [PMID: 34045595 PMCID: PMC8159952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last several decades, entangled photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down conversion processes in both second-order and third-order nonlinear optical materials have been intensively studied for various quantum features such as Bell inequality violation and anticorrelation. In an interferometric scheme, anticorrelation results from photon bunching based on randomness when entangled photon pairs coincidently impinge on a beam splitter. Compared with post-measurement-based probabilistic confirmation, a coherence version has been recently proposed using the wave nature of photons. Here, the origin of quantum features in a coupled interferometric scheme is investigated using pure coherence optics. In addition, a deterministic method of entangled photon-pair generation is proposed for on-demand coherence control of quantum processing.
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152
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Pleinert MO, Rueda A, Lutz E, von Zanthier J. Testing Higher-Order Quantum Interference with Many-Particle States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:190401. [PMID: 34047583 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.190401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum theory permits interference between indistinguishable paths but, at the same time, restricts its order. Single-particle interference, for instance, is limited to the second order, that is, to pairs of single-particle paths. To date, all experimental efforts to search for higher-order interferences beyond those compatible with quantum mechanics have been based on such single-particle schemes. However, quantum physics is not bound to single-particle interference. We here experimentally study many-particle higher-order interference using a two-photon-five-slit setup. We observe nonzero two-particle interference up to fourth order, corresponding to the interference of two distinct two-particle paths. We further show that fifth-order interference is restricted to 10^{-3} in the intensity-correlation regime and to 10^{-2} in the photon-correlation regime, thus providing novel bounds on higher-order quantum interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Oliver Pleinert
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alfredo Rueda
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eric Lutz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics I, University of Stuttgart, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joachim von Zanthier
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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153
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Makarov DN, Gusarevich ES, Goshev AA, Makarova KA, Kapustin SN, Kharlamova AA, Tsykareva YV. Quantum entanglement and statistics of photons on a beam splitter in the form of coupled waveguides. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10274. [PMID: 33986464 PMCID: PMC8119456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that a beam splitter (BS) can be used as a source of photon quantum entanglement. This is due to the fact that the statistics of photons changes at the output ports of the BS. Usually, quantum entanglement and photon statistics take into account the constancy of the reflection coefficient R or the transmission coefficient T of the BS, where [Formula: see text]. It has recently been shown that if BS is used in the form of coupled waveguides, the coefficients R and T will depend on the photon frequencies. In this paper, it is shown that the quantum entanglement and statistics of photons at the output ports of a BS can change significantly if a BS is used in the form of coupled waveguides, where the coefficients R and T are frequency-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Makarov
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia, 163002.
| | - E S Gusarevich
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia, 163002
| | - A A Goshev
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia, 163002
| | - K A Makarova
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia, 163002
| | - S N Kapustin
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia, 163002
| | - A A Kharlamova
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia, 163002
| | - Yu V Tsykareva
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia, 163002
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154
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Estakhri NM, Norris TB. Tunable quantum two-photon interference with reconfigurable metasurfaces using phase-change materials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:14245-14259. [PMID: 33985148 DOI: 10.1364/oe.419892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability of phase-change materials to reversibly and rapidly switch between two stable phases has driven their use in a number of applications such as data storage and optical modulators. Incorporating such materials into metasurfaces enables new approaches to the control of optical fields. In this article we present the design of novel switchable metasurfaces that enable the control of the nonclassical two-photon quantum interference. These structures require no static power consumption, operate at room temperature, and have high switching speed. For the first adaptive metasurface presented in this article, tunable nonclassical two-photon interference from -97.7% (anti-coalescence) to 75.48% (coalescence) is predicted. For the second adaptive geometry, the quantum interference switches from -59.42% (anti-coalescence) to 86.09% (coalescence) upon a thermally driven crystallographic phase transition. The development of compact and rapidly controllable quantum devices is opening up promising paths to brand-new quantum applications as well as the possibility of improving free space quantum logic gates, linear-optics bell experiments, and quantum phase estimation systems.
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155
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Richter S, Wolf S, von Zanthier J, Schmidt-Kaler F. Imaging Trapped Ion Structures via Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Detection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:173602. [PMID: 33988402 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.173602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cross-correlation signals are recorded from fluorescence photons scattered in free space off a trapped ion structure. The analysis of the signal allows for unambiguously revealing the spatial frequency, thus the distance, as well as the spatial alignment of the ions. For the case of two ions we obtain from the cross-correlations a spatial frequency f_{spatial}=1490±2_{stat}±8_{syst} rad^{-1}, where the statistical uncertainty improves with the integrated number of correlation events as N^{-0.51±0.06}. We independently determine the spatial frequency to be 1494±11 rad^{-1}, proving excellent agreement. Expanding our method to the case of three ions, we demonstrate its functionality for two-dimensional arrays of emitters of indistinguishable photons, serving as a model system to yield structural information where direct imaging techniques fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Richter
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim von Zanthier
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Schmidt-Kaler
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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156
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Steindl P, Snijders H, Westra G, Hissink E, Iakovlev K, Polla S, Frey JA, Norman J, Gossard AC, Bowers JE, Bouwmeester D, Löffler W. Artificial Coherent States of Light by Multiphoton Interference in a Single-Photon Stream. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:143601. [PMID: 33891441 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.143601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coherent optical states consist of a quantum superposition of different photon number (Fock) states, but because they do not form an orthogonal basis, no photon number states can be obtained from it by linear optics. Here we demonstrate the reverse, by manipulating a random continuous single-photon stream using quantum interference in an optical Sagnac loop, we create engineered quantum states of light with tunable photon statistics, including approximate weak coherent states. We demonstrate this experimentally using a true single-photon stream produced by a semiconductor quantum dot in an optical microcavity, and show that we can obtain light with g^{(2)}(0)→1 in agreement with our theory, which can only be explained by quantum interference of at least 3 photons. The produced artificial light states are, however, much more complex than coherent states, containing quantum entanglement of photons, making them a resource for multiphoton entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Steindl
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - H Snijders
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - G Westra
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - E Hissink
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - K Iakovlev
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - S Polla
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J A Frey
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - J Norman
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - A C Gossard
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - J E Bowers
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - D Bouwmeester
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - W Löffler
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
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157
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Abstract
The extraordinary sensitivity of plasmonic sensors is well-known in the optics and photonics community. These sensors exploit simultaneously the enhancement and the localization of electromagnetic fields close to the interface between a metal and a dielectric. This enables, for example, the design of integrated biochemical sensors at scales far below the diffraction limit. Despite their practical realization and successful commercialization, the sensitivity and associated precision of plasmonic sensors are starting to reach their fundamental classical limit given by quantum fluctuations of light-known as the shot-noise limit. To improve the sensing performance of these sensors beyond the classical limit, quantum resources are increasingly being employed. This area of research has become known as "quantum plasmonic sensing", and it has experienced substantial activity in recent years for applications in chemical and biological sensing. This review aims to cover both plasmonic and quantum techniques for sensing, and it shows how they have been merged to enhance the performance of plasmonic sensors beyond traditional methods. We discuss the general framework developed for quantum plasmonic sensing in recent years, covering the basic theory behind the advancements made, and describe the important works that made these advancements. We also describe several key works in detail, highlighting their motivation, the working principles behind them, and their future impact. The intention of the review is to set a foundation for a burgeoning field of research that is currently being explored out of intellectual curiosity and for a wide range of practical applications in biochemistry, medicine, and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyoup Lee
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Quantum Universe Center, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin Lawrie
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Raphael Pooser
- Quantum Information Science Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kwang-Geol Lee
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021Karlsruhe, Germany.,Max Planck School of Photonics, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mark Tame
- Department of Physics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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158
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Hiekkamäki M, Fickler R. High-Dimensional Two-Photon Interference Effects in Spatial Modes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:123601. [PMID: 33834827 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.123601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon interference is a fundamental quantum optics effect with numerous applications in quantum information science. Here, we study two-photon interference in multiple transverse-spatial modes along a single beam-path. Besides implementing the analog of the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference using a two-dimensional spatial-mode splitter, we extend the scheme to observe coalescence and anticoalescence in different three- and four-dimensional spatial-mode multiports. The operation within spatial modes, along a single beam path, lifts the requirement for interferometric stability and opens up new pathways of implementing linear optical networks for complex quantum information tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hiekkamäki
- Tampere University, Photonics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere FI-33720, Finland
| | - Robert Fickler
- Tampere University, Photonics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere FI-33720, Finland
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159
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Chen C, Xu C, Riazi A, Zhu EY, Gladyshev AV, Kazansky PG, Qian L. Broadband fiber-based entangled photon-pair source at telecom O-band. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1261-1264. [PMID: 33720162 DOI: 10.1364/ol.415409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report a polarization-entangled photon-pair source based on type-II spontaneous parametric downconversion at telecom O-band in periodically poled silica fiber (PPSF). The photon-pair source exhibits more than 130 nm (∼24THz) emission bandwidth centered at 1306.6 nm. The broad emission spectrum results in a short biphoton correlation time, and we experimentally demonstrate a Hong-Ou-Mandel interference dip with a full width of 26.6 fs at half-maximum. Owing to the low birefringence of the PPSF, the biphotons generated from type-II SPDC are polarization-entangled over the entire emission bandwidth, with a measured fidelity to a maximally entangled state greater than 95.4%. The biphoton source provides the broadest bandwidth entangled biphotons at O-band to our knowledge.
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160
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Schlawin F, Dorfman KE, Mukamel S. Detection of photon statistics and multimode field correlations by Raman processes. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104116. [PMID: 33722026 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glauber's g(2)-function provides a common measure of quantum field statistics through two-photon coincidence counting in Hanbury Brown-Twiss measurements. Here, we propose to use nonlinear optical signals as a tool for the characterization of quantum light. In particular, we show that Raman measurements provide an alternative direct probe for a different component of the four-point correlation function underlying the g(2)-function. We illustrate this capacity for a specific quantum state obtained from a frequency conversion process. Our work points out how the analysis of controlled optical nonlinear processes can provide an alternative window toward the analysis of quantum light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schlawin
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin E Dorfman
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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161
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Mixing indistinguishable systems leads to a quantum Gibbs paradox. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1471. [PMID: 33674586 PMCID: PMC7935879 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical Gibbs paradox concerns the entropy change upon mixing two gases. Whether an observer assigns an entropy increase to the process depends on their ability to distinguish the gases. A resolution is that an "ignorant" observer, who cannot distinguish the gases, has no way of extracting work by mixing them. Moving the thought experiment into the quantum realm, we reveal new and surprising behaviour: the ignorant observer can extract work from mixing different gases, even if the gases cannot be directly distinguished. Moreover, in the macroscopic limit, the quantum case diverges from the classical ideal gas: as much work can be extracted as if the gases were fully distinguishable. We show that the ignorant observer assigns more microstates to the system than found by naive counting in semiclassical statistical mechanics. This demonstrates the importance of accounting for the level of knowledge of an observer, and its implications for genuinely quantum modifications to thermodynamics.
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162
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Theory of a frequency-dependent beam splitter in the form of coupled waveguides. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5014. [PMID: 33658588 PMCID: PMC7930055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84588-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that the beam splitter in the form of coupled waveguides (BS) is one of the main devices used in quantum optics and quantum technologies. A BS has two independent parameters: one is the reflection coefficient R or the transmission coefficient T, where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R+T=1$$\end{document}R+T=1; the second is the phase shift \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\phi $$\end{document}ϕ. In various applications of quantum optics, these coefficients are considered constant. This is due to the fact that the frequency dependence of these coefficients is usually not taken into account, or this dependence is such that it cannot affect the constancy of these coefficients. It is shown that the coefficients R, T and phase shift \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\phi $$\end{document}ϕ are generally values that depend on the frequencies of incoming photons, the interaction time of photons in the BS, and the type of BS. It is established that in general, R, T and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\phi $$\end{document}ϕ cannot be considered constant coefficients, and the criteria for when they can be considered constant are defined. The results obtained must be taken into account when analyzing and planning experiments where the beam splitter is presented in the form of coupled waveguides.
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163
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Ben Hayun A, Reinhardt O, Nemirovsky J, Karnieli A, Rivera N, Kaminer I. Shaping quantum photonic states using free electrons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe4270. [PMID: 33692108 PMCID: PMC7946371 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
It is a long-standing goal to create light with unique quantum properties such as squeezing and entanglement. We propose the generation of quantum light using free-electron interactions, going beyond their already ubiquitous use in generating classical light. This concept is motivated by developments in electron microscopy, which recently demonstrated quantum free-electron interactions with light in photonic cavities. Such electron microscopes provide platforms for shaping quantum states of light through a judicious choice of the input light and electron states. Specifically, we show how electron energy combs implement photon displacement operations, creating displaced-Fock and displaced-squeezed states. We develop the theory for consecutive electron-cavity interactions with a common cavity and show how to generate any target Fock state. Looking forward, exploiting the degrees of freedom of electrons, light, and their interaction may achieve complete control over the quantum state of the generated light, leading to novel light statistics and correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ben Hayun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Solid State Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - O Reinhardt
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Solid State Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - J Nemirovsky
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Solid State Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - A Karnieli
- Sackler School of Physics, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - N Rivera
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - I Kaminer
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Solid State Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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164
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Ollivier H, Thomas SE, Wein SC, de Buy Wenniger IM, Coste N, Loredo JC, Somaschi N, Harouri A, Lemaitre A, Sagnes I, Lanco L, Simon C, Anton C, Krebs O, Senellart P. Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference with Imperfect Single Photon Sources. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:063602. [PMID: 33635709 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.063602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hong-Ou-Mandel interference is a cornerstone of optical quantum technologies. We explore both theoretically and experimentally how unwanted multiphoton components of single-photon sources affect the interference visibility, and find that the overlap between the single photons and the noise photons significantly impacts the interference. We apply our approach to quantum dot single-photon sources to access the mean wave packet overlap of the single-photon component. This study provides a consistent platform with which to diagnose the limitations of current single-photon sources on the route towards the ideal device.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ollivier
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - S E Thomas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - S C Wein
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - I Maillette de Buy Wenniger
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - N Coste
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - J C Loredo
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - N Somaschi
- Quandela SAS, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Harouri
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Lemaitre
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - I Sagnes
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - L Lanco
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - C Simon
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - C Anton
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - O Krebs
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - P Senellart
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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165
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Shen L, Lee J, Hartanto AW, Tan P, Kurtsiefer C. Wide-range wavelength-tunable photon-pair source for characterizing single-photon detectors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:3415-3424. [PMID: 33770940 DOI: 10.1364/oe.409532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The temporal response of single-photon detectors is usually obtained by measuring their impulse response to short-pulsed laser sources. In this work, we present an alternative approach using time-correlated photon pairs generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). By measuring the cross-correlation between the detection times recorded with an unknown and a reference photodetector, the temporal response function of the unknown detector can be extracted. Changing the critical phase-matching conditions of the SPDC process provides a wavelength-tunable source of photon pairs. We demonstrate a continuous wavelength-tunability from 526 nm to 661 nm for one photon of the pair, and 1050 nm to 1760 nm for the other photon. The source allows, in principle, to access an even wider wavelength range by simply changing the pump laser of the SPDC-based source. As an initial demonstration, we characterize single-photon avalance detectors sensitive to the two distinct wavelength bands, one based on Silicon, the other based on Indium Gallium Arsenide.
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166
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Ehrhardt M, Keil R, Maczewsky LJ, Dittel C, Heinrich M, Szameit A. Exploring complex graphs using three-dimensional quantum walks of correlated photons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/9/eabc5266. [PMID: 33637523 PMCID: PMC7909875 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Graph representations are a powerful concept for solving complex problems across natural science, as patterns of connectivity can give rise to a multitude of emergent phenomena. Graph-based approaches have proven particularly fruitful in quantum communication and quantum search algorithms in highly branched quantum networks. Here, we introduce a previously unidentified paradigm for the direct experimental realization of excitation dynamics associated with three-dimensional networks by exploiting the hybrid action of spatial and polarization degrees of freedom of photon pairs in complex waveguide circuits with tailored birefringence. This testbed for the experimental exploration of multiparticle quantum walks on complex, highly connected graphs paves the way toward exploiting the applicative potential of fermionic dynamics in integrated quantum photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Ehrhardt
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Keil
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas J Maczewsky
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Dittel
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- EUCOR Centre for Quantum Science and Quantum Computing, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Heinrich
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Szameit
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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167
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Rebora G, Ferraro D, Rodriguez RH, Parmentier FD, Roche P, Sassetti M. Electronic Wave-Packets in Integer Quantum Hall Edge Channels: Relaxation and Dissipative Effects. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23020138. [PMID: 33499283 PMCID: PMC7911584 DOI: 10.3390/e23020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the evolution of the peak height of energy-resolved electronic wave-packets ballistically propagating along integer quantum Hall edge channels at filling factor equal to two. This is ultimately related to the elastic scattering amplitude for the fermionic excitations evaluated at different injection energies. We investigate this quantity assuming a short-range capacitive coupling between the edges. Moreover, we also phenomenologically take into account the possibility of energy dissipation towards additional degrees of freedom—both linear and quadratic—in the injection energy. Through a comparison with recent experimental data, we rule out the non-dissipative case as well as a quadratic dependence of the dissipation, indicating a linear energy loss rate as the best candidate for describing the behavior of the quasi-particle peak at short enough propagation lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rebora
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy; (G.R.); (M.S.)
- SPIN-CNR, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Dario Ferraro
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy; (G.R.); (M.S.)
- SPIN-CNR, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Ramiro H. Rodriguez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (R.H.R.); (F.D.P.); (P.R.)
| | - François D. Parmentier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (R.H.R.); (F.D.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Patrice Roche
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (R.H.R.); (F.D.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Maura Sassetti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy; (G.R.); (M.S.)
- SPIN-CNR, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
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168
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Ham BS. Analysis of phase noise effects in a coupled Mach-Zehnder interferometer for a much stabilized free-space optical link. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1900. [PMID: 33479354 PMCID: PMC7820431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, new physics for unconditional security in a classical key distribution (USCKD) has been proposed and demonstrated in a frame of a double Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) as a proof of principle, where the unconditional security is rooted in MZI channel superposition. Due to environmental phase noise caused by temperature variations, atmospheric turbulences, and mechanical vibrations, free-space optical links have been severely challenged for both classical and quantum communications. Here, the double MZI scheme of USCKD is analyzed for greatly subdued environment-caused phase noise via double unitary transformation, resulting in potential applications of free-space optical links, where the free-space optical link has been a major research area from fundamental physics of atomic clock and quantum key distribution to potential applications of geodesy, navigation, and MIMO technologies in mobile communications systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung S Ham
- Center for Photon Information Processing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chumdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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169
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Im DG, Kim Y, Kim YH. Dispersion cancellation in a quantum interferometer with independent single photons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:2348-2363. [PMID: 33726431 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A key technique to perform proper quantum information processing is to get a high visibility quantum interference between independent single photons. One of the crucial elements that affects the quantum interference is a group velocity dispersion that occurs when single photons pass through a dispersive medium. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that an effect of group velocity dispersion on the two-photon interference can be cancelled if two independent single photons experience the same amount of pulse broadening. This dispersion cancellation effect can be applied to a multi-path linear interferometer with multiple independent single photons. As multi-path quantum interferometers are at the heart of quantum communication, photonic quantum computing, and boson sampling applications, our work should find wide applicability in quantum information science.
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170
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N Avanaki K, Schatz GC. Mechanistic understanding of entanglement and heralding in cascade emitters. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:024304. [PMID: 33445913 DOI: 10.1063/5.0032648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum light sources are favorable for a wide range of quantum photonic tasks, particularly quantum computing and quantum information processing. Here, we theoretically investigate the properties of quantum emitters as a source of entangled photons with practical quantum properties including heralding of on-demand single photons. Through the theoretical analysis, we characterize the properties of a cascade (biexciton) emitter, including (1) studies of single-photon purity, (2) investigating the first- and second-order correlation functions, and (3) determining the Schmidt number of the entangled photons. The analytical expression derived for the Schmidt number of the cascade emitters reveals a strong dependence on the ratio of decay rates of the first and second photons. Looking into the joint spectral density of the generated biphotons, we show how the purity and degree of entanglement are connected to the production of heralded single photons. Our model is further developed to include polarization effects, fine structure splitting, and the emission delay between the exciton and biexciton emission. The extended model offers more details about the underlying mechanism of entangled photon production, and it provides additional degrees of freedom for manipulating the system and characterizing purity of the output photon. The theoretical investigations and the analysis provide a cornerstone for the experimental design and engineering of on-demand single photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra N Avanaki
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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171
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Chen C, Heyes JE, Shapiro JH, Wong FNC. Single-photon frequency shifting with a quadrature phase-shift keying modulator. Sci Rep 2021; 11:300. [PMID: 33431956 PMCID: PMC7801464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deterministic frequency manipulation of single photons is an essential tool for quantum communications and quantum networks. We demonstrate a 15.65 GHz frequency shift for classical and nonclassical light using a commercially available quadrature phase-shift keying modulator. The measured spectrum of frequency-shifted single photons indicates a high carrier-to-sideband ratio of 30 dB. We illustrate our frequency shifter’s utility in quantum photonics by performing Hong–Ou–Mandel quantum interference between two photons whose initial frequency spectra overlap only partially, and showing visibility improvement from 62.7 to 89.1% after one of the photons undergoes a corrective frequency shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchen Chen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jane E Heyes
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Shapiro
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Franco N C Wong
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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172
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Wei B, Cai WH, Ding C, Deng GW, Shimizu R, Zhou Q, Jin RB. Mid-infrared spectrally-uncorrelated biphotons generation from doped PPLN: a theoretical investigation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:256-271. [PMID: 33362119 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the preparation of mid-infrared (MIR) spectrally-uncorrelated biphotons from a spontaneous parametric down-conversion process using doped LN crystals, including MgO doped LN, ZnO doped LN, and In2O3 doped ZnLN with doping ratio from 0 to 7 mol%. The tilt angle of the phase-matching function and the corresponding poling period are calculated under type-II, type-I, and type-0 phase-matching conditions. We also calculate the thermal properties of the doped LN crystals and their performance in Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. It is found that the doping ratio has a substantial impact on the group-velocity-matching (GVM) wavelengths. Especially, the GVM2 wavelength of co-doped InZnLN crystal has a tunable range of 678.7 nm, which is much broader than the tunable range of less than 100 nm achieved by the conventional method of adjusting the temperature. It can be concluded that the doping ratio can be utilized as a degree of freedom to manipulate the biphoton state. The spectrally uncorrelated biphotons can be used to prepare pure single-photon source and entangled photon source, which may have promising applications for quantum-enhanced sensing, imaging, and communications at the MIR range.
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173
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Bouchard F, Sit A, Zhang Y, Fickler R, Miatto FM, Yao Y, Sciarrino F, Karimi E. Two-photon interference: the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2021; 84:012402. [PMID: 33232945 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/abcd7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 30 years ago, two-photon interference was observed, marking the beginning of a new quantum era. Indeed, two-photon interference has no classical analogue, giving it a distinct advantage for a range of applications. The peculiarities of quantum physics may now be used to our advantage to outperform classical computations, securely communicate information, simulate highly complex physical systems and increase the sensitivity of precise measurements. This separation from classical to quantum physics has motivated physicists to study two-particle interference for both fermionic and bosonic quantum objects. So far, two-particle interference has been observed with massive particles, among others, such as electrons and atoms, in addition to plasmons, demonstrating the extent of this effect to larger and more complex quantum systems. A wide array of novel applications to this quantum effect is to be expected in the future. This review will thus cover the progress and applications of two-photon (two-particle) interference over the last three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bouchard
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alicia Sit
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Yingwen Zhang
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Robert Fickler
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Filippo M Miatto
- Télécom Paris, LTCI, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 19 Place Marguerite Peray, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Yuan Yao
- Télécom Paris, LTCI, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 19 Place Marguerite Peray, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Fabio Sciarrino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ebrahim Karimi
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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174
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Abstract
The celebrated Hong-Ou-Mandel effect is the paradigm of two-particle quantum interference. It has its roots in the symmetry of identical quantum particles, as dictated by the Pauli principle. Two identical bosons impinging on a beam splitter (of transmittance 1/2) cannot be detected in coincidence at both output ports, as confirmed in numerous experiments with light or even matter. Here, we establish that partial time reversal transforms the beam splitter linear coupling into amplification. We infer from this duality the existence of an unsuspected two-boson interferometric effect in a quantum amplifier (of gain 2) and identify the underlying mechanism as time-like indistinguishability. This fundamental mechanism is generic to any bosonic Bogoliubov transformation, so we anticipate wide implications in quantum physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J. Cerf
- Centre for Quantum Information and Communication, Ecole polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michael G. Jabbour
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
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175
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Kaneda F, Oikawa J, Yabuno M, China F, Miki S, Terai H, Mitsumori Y, Edamatsu K. Spectral characterization of photon-pair sources via classical sum-frequency generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:38993-39004. [PMID: 33379457 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring spectral properties of photon pairs is of great importance for optical quantum information and measurement applications. High-resolution spectral measurement is a key technique for engineering spectral properties of photons, making them ideal for various quantum applications. Here we demonstrate spectral measurements and optimization of frequency-entangled photon pairs produced via spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC), utilizing frequency-resolved sum-frequency generation (SFG), the reverse process of SPDC. A joint phase-matching spectrum of a nonlinear crystal around 1580 nm is captured with a 40 pm resolution and a > 40 dB signal-to-noise ratio, which is significantly improved compared to traditional frequency-resolved coincidence measurements. Moreover, our scheme is applicable to collinear degenerate sources whose characterization is difficult with previously demonstrated stimulated difference frequency generation (DFG). We also illustrate that the observed phase-matching function is useful for finding an optimal pump spectrum to maximize the spectral indistinguishability of SPDC photons. We expect that our precise spectral characterization technique will be useful tool for characterizing and tailoring SPDC sources for a wide range of optical quantum applications.
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176
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Kim J, Jeong J, Jung C, Lee M, Park Y, Dan Cho DI, Kim T. Observation of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with scalable Yb +-photon interfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:39727-39738. [PMID: 33379516 DOI: 10.1364/oe.409667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a compact optical design for a scalable trapped ion quantum processor employing a single high numerical aperture lens for the excitation of ions and collection of photons, both of which are essential for remote entanglement generation. We verified the design by performing a quantum interference experiment between two photons generated by two sets of the proposed design and observed a 82(3) % suppression of coincidence within 8.13 ns time window when the two photons became indistinguishable. This design can be extended for the simultaneous generation of multiple pairs of entangled qubits with existing fiber-array devices.
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177
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Bush JWM, Oza AU. Hydrodynamic quantum analogs. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 84:017001. [PMID: 33065567 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/abc22c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The walking droplet system discovered by Yves Couder and Emmanuel Fort presents an example of a vibrating particle self-propelling through a resonant interaction with its own wave field. It provides a means of visualizing a particle as an excitation of a field, a common notion in quantum field theory. Moreover, it represents the first macroscopic realization of a form of dynamics proposed for quantum particles by Louis de Broglie in the 1920s. The fact that this hydrodynamic pilot-wave system exhibits many features typically associated with the microscopic, quantum realm raises a number of intriguing questions. At a minimum, it extends the range of classical systems to include quantum-like statistics in a number of settings. A more optimistic stance is that it suggests the manner in which quantum mechanics might be completed through a theoretical description of particle trajectories. We here review the experimental studies of the walker system, and the hierarchy of theoretical models developed to rationalize its behavior. Particular attention is given to enumerating the dynamical mechanisms responsible for the emergence of robust, structured statistical behavior. Another focus is demonstrating how the temporal nonlocality of the droplet dynamics, as results from the persistence of its pilot wave field, may give rise to behavior that appears to be spatially nonlocal. Finally, we describe recent explorations of a generalized theoretical framework that provides a mathematical bridge between the hydrodynamic pilot-wave system and various realist models of quantum dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W M Bush
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Anand U Oza
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States of America
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178
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Ferreira da Silva T. Photon-counting-based optical frequency metrology. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:11232-11239. [PMID: 33362044 DOI: 10.1364/ao.411171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low power can be a concern for the calibration of frequency-stabilized lasers by traditional heterodyne beating at a photodiode. On the other hand, time-correlated photon counts in a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer are able to reveal the frequency difference between a pair of few-photon laser sources. This paper evaluates the photon-counting method as a metrological tool for optical frequency calibration traced to radiation standards. Measurement procedure and uncertainty budget are developed. The method's uncertainty is determined as 0.24 MHz from measurements with a pair of frequency-stabilized He-Ne lasers. The optical frequency traces to standard radiation with 2.9 MHz uncertainty, limited by stability of the sources used. Validation measurements using classical heterodyne technique agree within 0.12 MHz, thus establishing the photon-counting approach as a resource for frequency metrology of extremely faint laser sources.
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179
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Makarov DN. Quantum entanglement and reflection coefficient for coupled harmonic oscillators. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:052213. [PMID: 33327210 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.052213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quantum entanglement of a system of two coupled quantum harmonic oscillators with a Hamiltonian H[over ̂]=1/2(1/m_{1}p[over ̂]_{1}^{2}+1/m_{2}p[over ̂]_{2}^{2}+Ax_{1}^{2}+Bx_{2}^{2}+Cx_{1}x_{2}) can be found in many applications of quantum and nonlinear physics, molecular chemistry, and biophysics. Despite this, the quantum entanglement of such a system is still a problem under study. This is primarily due to the fact that the system is multiparametric and the quantum entanglement of such a system is not defined in a simple analytical form. This paper solves this problem and shows that quantum entanglement depends on only one parameter that has a simple physical meaning: the reflection coefficient R∈(0,1). The reflection coefficient R has a simple analytical form and includes all the parameters of the system under consideration. It is shown that for certain values of the coefficient R, the quantum entanglement can be large. The developed theory can be used not only for calculating quantum entanglement, but also for many other applications in physics, chemistry, and biophysics, where coupled harmonic oscillators are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry N Makarov
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
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180
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Li M, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Ren X, Gong Q, Li Y. Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing of Integrated Photonic Quantum Chips for Generating Path-Encoded Bell States. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11121111. [PMID: 33334077 PMCID: PMC7765531 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Integrated photonic quantum chip provides a promising platform to perform quantum computation, quantum simulation, quantum metrology and quantum communication. Femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) is a potential technique to fabricate various integrated photonic quantum chips in glass. Several quantum logic gates fabricated by FLDW have been reported, such as polarization and path encoded quantum controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates. By combining several single qubit gates and two qubit gates, the quantum circuit can realize different functions, such as generating quantum entangled states and performing quantum computation algorithms. Here we demonstrate the FLDW of integrated photonic quantum chips composed of one Hadamard gate and one CNOT gate for generating all four path-encoded Bell states. The experimental results show that the average fidelity of the reconstructed truth table reaches as high as 98.8 ± 0.3%. Our work is of great importance to be widely applied in many quantum circuits, therefore this technique would offer great potential to fabricate more complex circuits to realize more advanced functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (Q.G.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (Q.G.)
| | - Yang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Y.C.); (X.R.)
| | - Xifeng Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Y.C.); (X.R.)
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (Q.G.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (Q.G.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China
- Correspondence:
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181
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Lee GH, Im DG, Kim Y, Kim US, Kim YH. Observation of second-order interference beyond the coherence time with true thermal photons. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6748-6751. [PMID: 33325887 DOI: 10.1364/ol.413287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that counter-intuitive Franson-like second-order interference can be observed with a pair of classically correlated pseudo thermal light beams and two separate unbalanced interferometers (UIs): the second-order interference visibility remains fixed at 1/3 even though the path length difference in each UI is increased significantly beyond the coherence length of the pseudo thermal light [Phys. Rev. Lett.119, 223603 (2017)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.119.223603]. However, as the pseudo thermal beam itself originated from a long-coherence laser (and by using a rotating ground disk), there exists the possibility of a classical theoretical model to account for second-order interference beyond the coherence time on the long coherence time of the original laser beam. In this work, we experimentally explore this counter-intuitive phenomenon with a true thermal photon source generated via quantum thermalization, i.e., obtaining a mixed state from a pure two-photon entangled state. This experiment not only demonstrates the unique second-order coherence properties of thermal light clearly but may also open up remote sensing applications based on such effects.
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182
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Wu T, Izaac JA, Li ZX, Wang K, Chen ZZ, Zhu S, Wang JB, Ma XS. Experimental Parity-Time Symmetric Quantum Walks for Centrality Ranking on Directed Graphs. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:240501. [PMID: 33412067 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.240501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using quantum walks (QWs) to rank the centrality of nodes in networks, represented by graphs, is advantageous compared to certain widely used classical algorithms. However, it is challenging to implement a directed graph via QW, since it corresponds to a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian and thus cannot be accomplished by conventional QW. Here we report the realizations of centrality rankings of a three-, a four-, and a nine-vertex directed graph with parity-time (PT) symmetric quantum walks by using high-dimensional photonic quantum states, multiple concatenated interferometers, and dimension dependent loss to achieve these. We demonstrate the advantage of the QW approach experimentally by breaking the vertex rank degeneracy in a four-vertex graph. Furthermore, we extend our experiment from single-photon to two-photon Fock states as inputs and realize the centrality ranking of a nine-vertex graph. Our work shows that a PT symmetric multiphoton quantum walk paves the way for realizing advanced algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - J A Izaac
- School of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Zi-Xi Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Kai Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhao-Zhong Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - J B Wang
- School of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Xiao-Song Ma
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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183
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Rosenfeld LM, Sulway DA, Sinclair GF, Anant V, Thompson MG, Rarity JG, Silverstone JW. Mid-infrared quantum optics in silicon. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:37092-37102. [PMID: 33379550 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Applied quantum optics stands to revolutionise many aspects of information technology, provided performance can be maintained when scaled up. Silicon quantum photonics satisfies the scaling requirements of miniaturisation and manufacturability, but at 1.55 µm it suffers from problematic linear and nonlinear loss. Here we show that, by translating silicon quantum photonics to the mid-infrared, a new quantum optics platform is created which can simultaneously maximise manufacturability and miniaturisation, while reducing loss. We demonstrate the necessary platform components: photon-pair generation, single-photon detection, and high-visibility quantum interference, all at wavelengths beyond 2 µm. Across various regimes, we observe a maximum net coincidence rate of 448 ± 12 Hz, a coincidence-to-accidental ratio of 25.7 ± 1.1, and, a net two-photon quantum interference visibility of 0.993 ± 0.017. Mid-infrared silicon quantum photonics will bring new quantum applications within reach.
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184
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Schöll E, Schweickert L, Hanschke L, Zeuner KD, Sbresny F, Lettner T, Trivedi R, Reindl M, Covre da Silva SF, Trotta R, Finley JJ, Vučković J, Müller K, Rastelli A, Zwiller V, Jöns KD. Crux of Using the Cascaded Emission of a Three-Level Quantum Ladder System to Generate Indistinguishable Photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:233605. [PMID: 33337175 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.233605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the degree of indistinguishability of cascaded photons emitted from a three-level quantum ladder system; in our case the biexciton-exciton cascade of semiconductor quantum dots. For the three-level quantum ladder system we theoretically demonstrate that the indistinguishability is inherently limited for both emitted photons and determined by the ratio of the lifetimes of the excited and intermediate states. We experimentally confirm this finding by comparing the quantum interference visibility of noncascaded emission and cascaded emission from the same semiconductor quantum dot. Quantum optical simulations produce very good agreement with the measurements and allow us to explore a large parameter space. Based on our model, we propose photonic structures to optimize the lifetime ratio and overcome the limited indistinguishability of cascaded photon emission from a three-level quantum ladder system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schöll
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucas Schweickert
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas Hanschke
- Walter Schottky Institut and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina D Zeuner
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Friedrich Sbresny
- Walter Schottky Institut and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Lettner
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rahul Trivedi
- Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Marcus Reindl
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | | | - Rinaldo Trotta
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Jonathan J Finley
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jelena Vučković
- Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kai Müller
- Walter Schottky Institut and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Val Zwiller
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klaus D Jöns
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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185
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Sun K, Wang Y, Liu ZH, Xu XY, Xu JS, Li CF, Guo GC, Castellini A, Nosrati F, Compagno G, Lo Franco R. Experimental quantum entanglement and teleportation by tuning remote spatial indistinguishability of independent photons. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6410-6413. [PMID: 33258824 DOI: 10.1364/ol.401735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative control of spatial indistinguishability of identical subsystems as a direct quantum resource at distant sites has not yet been experimentally proven. We design a setup capable of tuning remote spatial indistinguishability of two independent photons by individually adjusting their spatial distribution in two distant regions, leading to polarization entanglement from uncorrelated photons. This is achieved by spatially localized operations and classical communication on photons that meet only at the detectors. The amount of entanglement depends uniquely on the degree of spatial indistinguishability, quantified by an entropic measure I, which enables teleportation with fidelities above the classical threshold. The results open the way to viable indistinguishability-enhanced quantum information processing.
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186
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Peng LC, Wu D, Zhong HS, Luo YH, Li Y, Hu Y, Jiang X, Chen MC, Li L, Liu NL, Nemoto K, Munro WJ, Sanders BC, Lu CY, Pan JW. Cloning of Quantum Entanglement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:210502. [PMID: 33274970 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.210502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum no-cloning, the impossibility of perfectly cloning an arbitrary unknown quantum state, is one of the most fundamental limitations due to the laws of quantum mechanics, which underpin the physical security of quantum key distribution. Quantum physics does allow, however, approximate cloning with either imperfect state fidelity and/or probabilistic success. Whereas approximate quantum cloning of single-particle states has been tested previously, experimental cloning of quantum entanglement-a highly nonclassical correlation-remained unexplored. Based on a multiphoton linear optics platform, we demonstrate quantum cloning of two-photon entangled states for the first time. Remarkably our results show that one maximally entangled photon pair can be broadcast into two entangled pairs, both with state fidelities above 50%. Our results are a key step towards cloning of complex quantum systems, and are likely to provide new insights into quantum entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chao Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dian Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Han-Sen Zhong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yi-Han Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Li Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Nai-Le Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kae Nemoto
- National Institute of Informatics, 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan
| | - William J Munro
- National Institute of Informatics, 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories & NTT Research Center for Theoretical Quantum Physics, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Barry C Sanders
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chao-Yang Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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187
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Nitsche T, De S, Barkhofen S, Meyer-Scott E, Tiedau J, Sperling J, Gábris A, Jex I, Silberhorn C. Local Versus Global Two-Photon Interference in Quantum Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:213604. [PMID: 33275016 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.213604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We devise an approach to characterizing the intricate interplay between classical and quantum interference of two-photon states in a network, which comprises multiple time-bin modes. By controlling the phases of delocalized single photons, we manipulate the global mode structure, resulting in distinct two-photon interference phenomena for time-bin resolved (local) and time-bucket (global) coincidence detection. This coherent control over the photons' mode structure allows for synthesizing two-photon interference patterns, where local measurements yield standard Hong-Ou-Mandel dips while the global two-photon visibility is governed by the overlap of the delocalized single-photon states. Thus, our experiment introduces a method for engineering distributed quantum interferences in networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nitsche
- Applied Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Syamsundar De
- Applied Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Sonja Barkhofen
- Applied Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Evan Meyer-Scott
- Applied Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Johannes Tiedau
- Applied Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Jan Sperling
- Applied Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Aurél Gábris
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Praha 1-Staré Město, Czech Republic
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Igor Jex
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Praha 1-Staré Město, Czech Republic
| | - Christine Silberhorn
- Applied Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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188
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Abstract
Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect is known to be one of the main phenomena in quantum optics. It is believed that the effect occurs when two identical single-photon waves enter a 1:1 beam splitter, one in each input port. When the photons are identical, they will extinguish each other. In this work, it is shown that these fundamental provisions of the HOM interference may not always be fulfilled. One of the main elements of the HOM interferometer is the beam splitter, which has its own coefficients of reflection \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R = 1/2$$\end{document}R=1/2 and transmission \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ T = 1/2 $$\end{document}T=1/2. Here we consider the general mechanism of the interaction of two photons in a beam splitter, which shows that in the HOM theory of the effect it is necessary to know (including when planning the experiment) not only \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ T = 1/2 $$\end{document}T=1/2, but also their root-mean-square fluctuations \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \Delta R ^ 2, \Delta T ^ 2 $$\end{document}ΔR2,ΔT2, which arise due to the dependence of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R = R(\omega _1, \omega _2) $$\end{document}R=R(ω1,ω2) and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ T = T (\omega _1, \omega _2) $$\end{document}T=T(ω1,ω2) on the frequencies where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\omega _1, \omega _2$$\end{document}ω1,ω2 are the frequencies of the first and second photons, respectively. Under certain conditions, specifically when the dependence of the fluctuations \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \Delta T^2 $$\end{document}ΔT2 can be neglected and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ R=T=1/2 $$\end{document}R=T=1/2 is chosen, the developed theory coincides with previously known results.
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189
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Wang D, Liu Y, Ding J, Qiang X, Liu Y, Huang A, Fu X, Xu P, Deng M, Yang X, Wu J. Remote-controlled quantum computing by quantum entanglement. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6298-6301. [PMID: 33186974 DOI: 10.1364/ol.401921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantum entanglement enables measurement on one party to affect the other's state. Based on this peculiar feature, we propose a model of remote-controlled quantum computing and design an optical scheme to realize this model for a single qubit. As an experimental demonstration of this scheme, we further implement three Pauli operators, Hardmard gate, phase gate, and π/8 gate. The minimal fidelity obtained by quantum process tomography reaches 82%. Besides, as a potential application, our model contributes to secure remote quantum information processing.
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190
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Makarov DN. Theory of HOM interference on coupled waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6322-6325. [PMID: 33186980 DOI: 10.1364/ol.410518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect can be realized on beam splitters (BSs) in the form of coupled waveguides. It is believed that in this case, the theory is similar to HOM interference on conventional BSs. In this work, it is shown that if a BS is used in the form of a coupled waveguide, the theory of HOM interference can differ significantly from the known one. It is shown that even in the case of completely identical photons, the visibility of V can essentially differ from unity. The developed theory must be taken into account in quantum optical schemes, where BSs are represented mainly as coupled waveguides.
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191
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Istrati D, Pilnyak Y, Loredo JC, Antón C, Somaschi N, Hilaire P, Ollivier H, Esmann M, Cohen L, Vidro L, Millet C, Lemaître A, Sagnes I, Harouri A, Lanco L, Senellart P, Eisenberg HS. Sequential generation of linear cluster states from a single photon emitter. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5501. [PMID: 33127924 PMCID: PMC7603328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Light states composed of multiple entangled photons—such as cluster states—are essential for developing and scaling-up quantum computing networks. Photonic cluster states can be obtained from single-photon sources and entangling gates, but so far this has only been done with probabilistic sources constrained to intrinsically low efficiencies, and an increasing hardware overhead. Here, we report the resource-efficient generation of polarization-encoded, individually-addressable photons in linear cluster states occupying a single spatial mode. We employ a single entangling-gate in a fiber loop configuration to sequentially entangle an ever-growing stream of photons originating from the currently most efficient single-photon source technology—a semiconductor quantum dot. With this apparatus, we demonstrate the generation of linear cluster states up to four photons in a single-mode fiber. The reported architecture can be programmed for linear-cluster states of any number of photons, that are required for photonic one-way quantum computing schemes. Generating photonic cluster states using a single non-heralded source and a single entangling gate would optimise scalability and reduce resource overhead. Here, the authors generate up to 4-photon cluster states using a quantum dot coupled to a fibre loop, with a fourfold generation rate of 10 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Istrati
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Y Pilnyak
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J C Loredo
- CNRS Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - C Antón
- CNRS Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - P Hilaire
- CNRS Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - H Ollivier
- CNRS Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - M Esmann
- CNRS Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - L Cohen
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - L Vidro
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - C Millet
- CNRS Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - A Lemaître
- CNRS Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - I Sagnes
- CNRS Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - A Harouri
- CNRS Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - L Lanco
- CNRS Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - P Senellart
- CNRS Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - H S Eisenberg
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
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192
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Qu LY, Liu LC, Cotler J, Ma F, Guan JY, Zheng MY, Yao Q, Xie X, Chen YA, Zhang Q, Wilczek F, Pan JW. Chromatic interferometry with small frequency differences. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:32294-32301. [PMID: 33114918 DOI: 10.1364/oe.402560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
By developing a 'two-crystal' method for color erasure, we can broaden the scope of chromatic interferometry to include optical photons whose frequency difference falls outside of the 400 nm to 4500 nm wavelength range, which is the passband of a PPLN crystal. We demonstrate this possibility experimentally, by observing interference patterns between sources at 1064.4 nm and 1063.6 nm, corresponding to a frequency difference of about 200 GHz.
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193
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Wang H, Qin J, Chen S, Chen MC, You X, Ding X, Huo YH, Yu Y, Schneider C, Höfling S, Scully M, Lu CY, Pan JW. Observation of Intensity Squeezing in Resonance Fluorescence from a Solid-State Device. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:153601. [PMID: 33095635 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.153601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intensity squeezing-i.e., photon number fluctuations below the shot-noise limit-is a fundamental aspect of quantum optics and has wide applications in quantum metrology. It was predicted in 1979 that intensity squeezing could be observed in resonance fluorescence from a two-level quantum system. However, its experimental observation in solid states was hindered by inefficiencies in generating, collecting, and detecting resonance fluorescence. Here, we report the intensity squeezing in a single-mode fiber-coupled resonance fluorescence single-photon source based on a quantum dot-micropillar system. We detect pulsed single-photon streams with 22.6% system efficiency, which show sub-shot-noise intensity fluctuation with an intensity squeezing of 0.59 dB. We estimate a corrected squeezing of 3.29 dB at the first lens. The observed intensity squeezing provides the last piece of the fundamental picture of resonance fluorescence, which can be used as a new standard for optical radiation and in scalable quantum metrology with indistinguishable single photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Si Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Xiang You
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Xing Ding
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Y-H Huo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - C Schneider
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Instität and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, Universitat Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Instität and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, Universitat Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Marlan Scully
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Chao-Yang Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
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194
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Kannan B, Campbell DL, Vasconcelos F, Winik R, Kim DK, Kjaergaard M, Krantz P, Melville A, Niedzielski BM, Yoder JL, Orlando TP, Gustavsson S, Oliver WD. Generating spatially entangled itinerant photons with waveguide quantum electrodynamics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb8780. [PMID: 33028523 PMCID: PMC7541065 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Realizing a fully connected network of quantum processors requires the ability to distribute quantum entanglement. For distant processing nodes, this can be achieved by generating, routing, and capturing spatially entangled itinerant photons. In this work, we demonstrate the deterministic generation of such photons using superconducting transmon qubits that are directly coupled to a waveguide. In particular, we generate two-photon N00N states and show that the state and spatial entanglement of the emitted photons are tunable via the qubit frequencies. Using quadrature amplitude detection, we reconstruct the moments and correlations of the photonic modes and demonstrate state preparation fidelities of 84%. Our results provide a path toward realizing quantum communication and teleportation protocols using itinerant photons generated by quantum interference within a waveguide quantum electrodynamics architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kannan
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - D L Campbell
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - F Vasconcelos
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R Winik
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - D K Kim
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02420, USA
| | - M Kjaergaard
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - P Krantz
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A Melville
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02420, USA
| | - B M Niedzielski
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02420, USA
| | - J L Yoder
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02420, USA
| | - T P Orlando
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - S Gustavsson
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - W D Oliver
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02420, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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195
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Kolenderska SM, Vanholsbeeck F, Kolenderski P. Fourier domain quantum optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:29576-29589. [PMID: 33114855 DOI: 10.1364/oe.399913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantum optical coherence tomography (Q-OCT) is the non-classical counterpart of optical coherence tomography (OCT), a high-resolution 3D imaging technique based on white-light interferometry. Because Q-OCT uses a source of frequency-entangled photon pairs, not only is the axial resolution not affected by dispersion mismatch in the interferometer but is also inherently improved by a factor of two. Unfortunately, practical applications of Q-OCT are hindered by image-scrambling artefacts and slow acquisition times. Here, we present a theoretical analysis of a novel approach that is free of these problems: Fourier domain Q-OCT (Fd-Q-OCT). Based on a photon pair coincidence detection as in the standard Q-OCT configuration, it also discerns each photon pair by their wavelength. We show that all the information about the internal structures of the object is encoded in the joint spectrum and can be easily retrieved through Fourier transformation. No depth scanning is required, making our technique potentially faster than standard Q-OCT. Finally, we show that the data available in the joint spectrum enables artefact removal and discuss prospective algorithms for doing so.
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196
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Jones AE, Menssen AJ, Chrzanowski HM, Wolterink TAW, Shchesnovich VS, Walmsley IA. Multiparticle Interference of Pairwise Distinguishable Photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:123603. [PMID: 33016763 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the central principles of quantum mechanics is that if there are multiple paths that lead to the same event and there is no way to distinguish between them, interference occurs. It is often assumed that distinguishing information in the preparation, evolution, or measurement of a system is sufficient to destroy interference. However, it is still possible for photons in distinguishable, separable states to interfere due to the indistinguishability of paths corresponding to possible exchange processes. Here we experimentally measure an interference signal that depends only on the multiparticle interference of four photons in a four-port interferometer despite pairs of them occupying distinguishable states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Jones
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Menssen
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Chrzanowski
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Tom A W Wolterink
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Valery S Shchesnovich
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-170, Brazil
| | - Ian A Walmsley
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
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197
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Ishizaki A. Probing excited-state dynamics with quantum entangled photons: Correspondence to coherent multidimensional spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:051102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0015432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Ishizaki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan and School of Physical Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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198
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Deterministic control of photonic de Broglie waves using coherence optics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12899. [PMID: 32733015 PMCID: PMC7393373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photonic de Broglie waves offer a unique property of quantum mechanics satisfying the complementarity between the particle and wave natures of light, where the photonic de Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to the number of entangled photons acting on a beam splitter. Very recently, the nonclassical feature of photon bunching has been newly interpreted using the pure wave nature of coherence optics [Sci. Rep. 10, 7,309 (2020)], paving the road to unconditionally secured classical key distribution [Sci. Rep. 10, 11,687 (2020)]. Here, deterministic photonic de Broglie waves are presented in a coherence regime to uncover new insights in both fundamental quantum physics and potential applications of coherence-quantum metrology.
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199
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Varnavski O, Goodson T. Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy at Extremely Low Excitation Intensity: The Power of Quantum Correlations. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12966-12975. [PMID: 32644814 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantum entanglement has been shown to imply correlations stronger than those allowed by classical models. The possibility of performing tasks that are classically impossible has made quantum entanglement a powerful resource for the development of novel methods and applications in various fields of research such as quantum computing, quantum cryptography, and quantum metrology. There is a great need for the development of next generation instrumentation and technologies utilizing entangled quantum light. Among the many applications of nonclassical states of light, nonlinear microscopy has the potential to make an impact in broad areas of science from physics to biology. Here, the microscopic image created by the fluorescence selectively excited by the process of the entangled two-photon absorption is reported. Entangled two-photon microscopy offers nonlinear imaging capabilities at an unprecedented low excitation intensity 107, which is 6 orders of magnitude lower than the excitation level for the classical two-photon image. The nonmonotonic dependence of the image on the femtosecond delay between the components of the entangled photon pair is demonstrated. This delay dependence is a result of specific quantum interference effects associated with the entanglement and this is not observable with classical excitation light. In combination with novel spectroscopic capabilities provided by a nonclassical light excitation, this is of critical importance for sensing and biological applications.
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200
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Ham BS. Unconditionally secured classical cryptography using quantum superposition and unitary transformation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11687. [PMID: 32669598 PMCID: PMC7363683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Over decades quantum cryptography has been intensively studied for unconditionally secured key distribution in a quantum regime. Due to the quantum loopholes caused by imperfect single photon detectors and/or lossy quantum channels, however, the quantum cryptography is practically inefficient and even vulnerable to eavesdropping. Here, a method of unconditionally secured key distribution potentially compatible with current fiber-optic communications networks is proposed in a classical regime for high-speed optical backbone networks. The unconditional security is due to the quantum superposition-caused measurement indistinguishability between paired transmission channels and its unitary transformation resulting in deterministic randomness corresponding to the no-cloning theorem in a quantum key distribution protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung S Ham
- Center for Photon Information Processing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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