151
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Studničková M, Turánek J, Zábršová H, Krejčí M, Kysel M. Rat liver metallothioneins are metal dithiolene clusters. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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152
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Del Carlo M, Mascini M. Enzyme immunoassay with amperometric flow-injection analysis using horseradish peroxidase as a label. Application to the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(96)00377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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153
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Direct electron transfer to cytochrome c oxidase in self-assembled monolayers on gold electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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154
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The direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c in the presence of various amino acids. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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155
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Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) could give a voltammetric response after it was acted on by the surfactant dodecyl benzene sodium sulfonate (DBS) or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The mechanism might be the enhancement of the adsorption process when there was surfactant in the protein solution. Moreover, the macromolecules might open their electroactive sections after they interacted with the hydrophobic groups of the surfactant. Comparative studies showed that DBS could make Hb present a more welcome result than SDS since it had an extra benzene ring. On the other hand, since surfactant was a denaturant to Hb as well and the electrode surface might be fouled with it, a negative effect of the surfactant should be considered in the meantime.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Nanjing University, P.R. China
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156
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Electrochemical investigation of binding sites of plantacyanin: blue, copper-containing protein of plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-4598(96)05055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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157
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158
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pH-switched electrochemistry of pyrroloquinoline quinone at Au electrodes modified by functionalized monolayers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(96)04525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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159
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Lu W, Zhao H, Wallace GG. Detection of cytochrome c using a conducting polymer mediator containing electrode. ELECTROANAL 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140080309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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160
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161
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The direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c at a gold microband electrode modified with 4,6-dimethyl-2-mercaptopyrimidine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)04041-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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162
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Mechanism of electron transport between redox proteins, enzymes, and electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1061-8945(05)80005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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163
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Bianco P, Haladjian J. Control of the electron transfer reactions between c-type cytochromes and lipid-modified electrodes. Electrochim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(94)85105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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164
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Kuznetsov B, Byzova N, Shumakovich G. The effect of the orientation of cytochrome c molecules covalently attached to the electrode surface upon their electrochemical activity. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)03219-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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165
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Alvarez-Icaza M, Schmid RD. Observation of direct electron transfer from the active center of glucose oxidase to a graphite electrode achieved through the use of mild immobilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-4598(94)85011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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166
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167
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Katz E. Application of bifunctional reagents for immobilization of proteins on a carbon electrode surface: Oriented immobilization of photosynthetic reaction centers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)02975-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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168
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Narasaiah D. An enzyme electrode for hydrogen peroxide detection based on peroxidase immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-5663(94)90029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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169
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Abstract
C-type cytochromes are classified into two main groups: i) cytochromes which give fast electrochemical responses at the conventional electrodes in the absence of any promoter (eg multi-heme cytochromes c3); ii) cytochromes which need the presence of promoters or the use of modified electrodes to exhibit fast electrochemical responses (eg one-heme mitochondrial cytochrome c). In the latter case, careful design of electrode surface and composition of the solution are required for the attainment of rapid and reversible electron-exchange reactions. Some general considerations are given on the 'electrochemical model'. In particular, binding interactions between the electrode and the protein can take place in a similar manner to that occurring between physiological partner proteins. Electrochemistry when coupled to other physical techniques can give more complete insights in the relationship between the redox properties, structure and function of c-type cytochromes. In particular, in the case of polyheme cytochromes, promising results are expected from the study of site-directed mutagenesis-modified cytochrome c3.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bianco
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Electrochimie des Complexes, Université de Provence, Marseille, France
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170
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Morris VJ. Biological applications of scanning probe microscopies. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 61:131-85. [PMID: 8029471 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(94)90008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V J Morris
- AFRC Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, U.K
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171
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Bioelectrocatalysis at electrodes coated with alcohol dehydrogenase, a quinohemoprotein with heme c serving as a built-in mediator. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)87058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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172
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Amako K, Yanai H, Ikeda T, Shiraishi T, Takahashi MA, Asada K. Dimethylbenzoquinone-mediated photoelectrochemical oxidation of water at a carbon paste electrode coated with photosystem II membranes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)80007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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173
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Csöregi E, Jönsson-Pettersson G, Gorton L. Mediatorless electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide at graphite electrodes chemically modified with peroxidases. J Biotechnol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(93)90147-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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174
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Salamon Z, Hazzard JT, Tollin G. Direct measurement of cyclic current-voltage responses of integral membrane proteins at a self-assembled lipid-bilayer-modified electrode: cytochrome f and cytochrome c oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:6420-3. [PMID: 8393566 PMCID: PMC46943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.14.6420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct cyclic voltage-current responses, produced in the absence of redox mediators, for two detergent-solubilized integral membrane proteins, spinach cytochrome f and beef heart cytochrome c oxidase, have been obtained at an optically transparent indium oxide electrode modified with a self-assembled lipid-bilayer membrane. The results indicate that both proteins interact with the lipid membrane so as to support quasi-reversible electron transfer redox reactions at the semiconductor electrode. The redox potentials that were obtained from analysis of the cyclic "voltammograms," 365 mV for cytochrome f and 250 and 380 mV for cytochrome c oxidase (vs. normal hydrogen electrode), compare quite well with the values reported by using conventional titration methods. The ability to obtain direct electrochemical measurements opens up another approach to the investigation of the properties of integral membrane redox proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Salamon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
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175
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Kinnear KT, Monbouquette HG. Micelle-supported electroenzymology: Succinate dehydrogenation byescherichia coli fumarate reductase in decylubiquinone and octyl glucoside micelles. Biotechnol Bioeng 1993; 42:140-4. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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176
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Mediatorless horseradish peroxidase enzyme electrodes based on activated carbon: potential application to specific binding assay. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)80233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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177
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Ikeda T, Miyaoka S, Miki K. Enzyme-catalysed electrochemical oxidation of d-gluconate at electrodes coated with d-gluconate dehydrogenase, a membrane-bound flavohemoprotein. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)80269-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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178
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Moir JW, Baratta D, Richardson DJ, Ferguson SJ. The purification of a cd1-type nitrite reductase from, and the absence of a copper-type nitrite reductase from, the aerobic denitrifier Thiosphaera pantotropha; the role of pseudoazurin as an electron donor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 212:377-85. [PMID: 8383046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Thiosphaera pantotropha has been reported to contain a copper-type nitrite reductase on the basis that the copper chelator diethyldithiocarbamate inhibited the overall process of denitrification. It is now shown that nitrous oxide reduction is 100% inhibited by 10 mM diethyldithiocarbamate or 100 microM azide. We also found that both these inhibitors partially inhibited nitrite reduction in this organism. We purified the nitrite reductase of T. pantotropha and found that it was of the cytochrome cd1 type, contrary to the published report of it being a copper-type nitrite reductase. This is of importance since T. pantotropha is capable of aerobic nitrite reduction. The only detectable nitrite reductase in anaerobically or aerobically grown cells is the cd1 type. We also purified a small copper-containing protein, pseudoazurin. Pseudoazurin was found to be capable of donating electrons to the cd1-type nitrite reductase in vitro, and its copper centre was chelated by diethyldithiocarbamate. Since nitrite reduction is partially inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate, it is thought that pseudoazurin is an electron donor to nitrite reductase in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Moir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, England
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179
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Santucci R, Brunori M, Campanella L, Tranchida G. Electrochemical behaviour of horse heart cytochrome c and microperoxidase at a gold electrode chemically modified with sulphur-containing compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-4598(92)80065-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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180
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Abstract
The construction and operation of a cell for temperature-controlled, direct electrochemical studies of oxygen-sensitive materials are described. The borosilicate cell contains a pyrolytic graphite working electrode, a Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and a platinum counter electrode, all of which can be readily interchanged with other types of electrodes. It is surrounded by a water jacket constructed of steel and Lexan, which can easily maintain temperatures between 4 degrees C and at least 90 degrees C. The entire cell was designed to minimize the number, complexity, and expense of components, as well as minimize required sample volume (250 microliters) and sources of oxygen leakage. As examples of the cell's utility, the redox properties of two common organic redox dyes, methyl viologen and thionin, were determined by differential pulse voltammetry at temperatures from 30 to 90 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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181
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Link TA, Hagen WR, Pierik AJ, Assmann C, von Jagow G. Determination of the redox properties of the Rieske [2Fe-2S] cluster of bovine heart bc1 complex by direct electrochemistry of a water-soluble fragment. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 208:685-91. [PMID: 1327764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The redox potential of the Rieske [2Fe-2S] cluster of the bc1 complex from bovine heart mitochondria was determined by cyclic voltammetry of a water-soluble fragment of the iron/sulfur protein. At the nitric-acid-treated bare glassy-carbon electrode, the fragment gave an immediate and stable quasireversible response. The midpoint potential at pH 7.2, 25 degrees C and I of 0.01 M was Em = +312 +/- 3 mV. This value corresponds within 20 mV to results of an EPR-monitored dye-mediated redox titration. With increasing ionic strength, the midpoint potential decreased linearly with square root of I up to I = 2.5 M. From the cathodic-to-anodic peak separation, the heterogeneous rate constant, k degrees, was calculated to be approximately 2 x 10(-3) cm/s at low ionic strength; the rate constant increased with increasing ionic strength. From the temperature dependence of the midpoint potential, the standard reaction entropy was calculated as delta S degrees = -155 J.K-1.mol-1. The pH dependence of the midpoint potential was followed over pH 5.5-10. Above pH 7, redox-state-dependent pK changes were observed. The slope of the curve, -120 mV/pH above pH9, indicated two deprotonations of the oxidized protein. The pKa values of the oxidized protein, obtained by curve fitting, were 7.6 and 9.2, respectively. A group with a pKa,ox of approximately 7.5 could also be observed in the optical spectrum of the oxidized protein. Redox-dependent pK values of the iron/sulfur protein are considered to be essential for semiquinone oxidation at the Qo center of the bc1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Link
- Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Zentrum für Biologische Chemie, Therapeutische Biochemie, Federal Republic of Germany
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182
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Iwasaki Y, Suzuki M, Takeuchi T, Tamiya E, Karube I, Nishiyama M, Horinouchi S, Beppu T, Kadoi H, Uchiyama S, Suzuki S. Direct electron transfer reaction of a blue protein fromAlcaligenes faecalis strain 6. ELECTROANAL 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140040805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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183
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Katz EY, Solov'ev AA. Photobioelectrodes on the basis of photosynthetic reaction centres. Study of exogenous quinones as possible electron transfer mediators. Anal Chim Acta 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(92)85283-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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184
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Surface electrochemistry and molecular orientation: Studies of pyridyl hydroquinones adsorbed at Pt(111) by cyclic voltammetry, Auger electron spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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185
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Smith ET, Ensign SA, Ludden PW, Feinberg BA. Direct electrochemical studies of hydrogenase and CO dehydrogenase. Biochem J 1992; 285 ( Pt 1):181-5. [PMID: 1637298 PMCID: PMC1132763 DOI: 10.1042/bj2850181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The reduction potentials of two relatively high-molecular-mass enzymes were determined directly at an edge pyrolytic graphite electrode by using square-wave voltammetry. The equilibrium reduction potential versus standard hydrogen electrode was determined for Clostridium pasteurianum hydrogenase I (E'0 = -377 +/- 10 mV; molecular mass 60 kDa) and Rhodospirillum rubrum carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (E'0 = -418 +/- 7 mV; molecular mass 62 kDa). The reduction potential of each enzyme was pH-independent, and one electron was transferred per redox centre. The reduction potential was determined to be identical for the CO dehydrogenase, semi-apo-(CO dehydrogenase), and CO dehydrogenase with carbonyl sulphide (COS) or cyanide bound. The electron-transferring efficiency of CO dehydrogenase was affected by two inhibitors, COS and cyanide, as indicated by a diminished analytic current.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 53201
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186
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Salamon Z, Tollin G. Cyclic voltammetric behavior of [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins at a lipid bilayer modified electrode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-4598(92)87013-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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187
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Salamon Z, Tollin G. Cyclic voltammetric behavior of [2 Fe—2 S] ferredoxins at a lipid bilayer modified electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)85132-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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188
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189
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Datta D, Allen H, Hill O, Nakayama H. Promotion of the electrochemical response of some negatively charged proteins at an edge-plane graphite electrode by various redox inert cations: an electrochemical manifestation of Frumkin adsorption. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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190
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Bond AM. Robert Boyle anniversary lecture. New aspects of the electrochemistry of redox active metalloproteins and enzymes based on a microscopic model of electron transfer at the electrode–solution interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1039/ap9922900132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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191
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Burrows AL, Guo LH, Hill HA, McLendon G, Sherman F. Direct electrochemistry of proteins. Investigations of yeast cytochrome c mutants and their complexes with cytochrome b5. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 202:543-9. [PMID: 1662133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Direct electrochemistry of site-specific mutants of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c (cyt c) and their complexes with bovine cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) has been investigated at edge-plane pyrolytic graphite (EPG) and bis(4-pyridyl)-disulphide-modified gold electrodes. Structure/function relationships have been investigated with the particular aim of clarifying the factors controlling the interactions of proteins at electrode/electrolyte interfaces and the determinants for direct electrochemistry in ternary protein/protein/electrode adducts, e.g. cyt c/cyt b5/EPG. Investigations of the cyt c mutants alone revealed a variety of electrochemical responses: all the mutants show similar voltammetric reversibility at modified gold electrodes, whereas at EPG electrodes the reversibility follows the order: Asn52Ile-Cys102Thr greater than Cys102Thr greater than Asn52Ala-Cys102Thr. Mid-point potentials follow the order: Arg13Ile (+60 +/- 5 mV vs. standard calomel electrode) greater than Cys102Thr (+40 +/- 5 mV) greater than Lys27Gln (+30 +/- 5 mV) approximately Lys72Asp (+30 +/- 5 mV) greater than Asn52Ala-Cys102Thr (+15 +/- 5 mV) greater than Asn52Ile-Cys102Thr (-10 +/- 5 mV). The structural basis for these differences is briefly discussed. When these mutants are bound to cyt b5, the differences in electrochemical response are greatly enhanced in the ternary cyt c/cyt b5/EPG adducts. A minimal analysis of these differences supports a model of multiple overlapping binding and recognition domains on cyt c which may be finely tuned to allow ternary complex formation so that a single-site variation could modify or abolish direct electrochemistry in the ternary adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Burrows
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, England
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192
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Abstract
Biosensors have been extensively studied during the last 20 years, and a myriad of laboratory biosensors have been developed. Improvements are required in biosensor design and performance before they become widely accepted in industrial process monitoring. However, as the biotechnology industry expands, biosensors may become more acceptable because, despite their limitations, they are the only devices capable of delivering the information required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Brooks
- Biotechnology Centre, Cranfield Institute of Technology, Bedfordshire, UK
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193
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Ikeda T, Hashimoto Y, Senda M, Isono Y. Nucleoside oxidase-modified carbon paste electrode containing quinone: Cathodic current response to nucleosides. ELECTROANAL 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140030904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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194
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Salamon Z, Tollin G. Interfacial electrochemistry of cytochrome c at a lipid bilayer modified electrode: effect of incorporation of negative charges into the bilayer on cyclic voltammetric parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(91)85605-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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195
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Salamon Z, Tollin G. Interfacial electrochemistry of cytochrome c at a lipid bilayer modified electrode: Effect of incorporation of negative charges into the bilayer on cyclic voltammetric parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-4598(91)80033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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196
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197
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Gorton L, Csöregi E, Domínguez E, Emnéus J, Jönsson-Pettersson G, Marko-Varga G, Persson B. Selective detection in flow analysis based on the combination of immobilized enzymes and chemically modified electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(91)85072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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198
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Ryabov AD. Wechselwirkungen und Reaktionen von Organometallverbindungen mit Enzymen und Proteinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19911030806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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199
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Durliat H, Comtat M, Séris JL. Use of thin layer spectroelectrochemistry in the study of NADH regeneration by means of an hydrogenase. ANAL LETT 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719108052985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Paxinos A, Günther H, Schmedding D, Simon H. Direct electron transfer from modified glassy carbon electrodes carrying covalently immobilised mediators to a dissolved viologen accepting pyridine nucleotide oxidoreductase and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-4598(91)80007-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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