151
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Leigh BA, Djurhuus A, Breitbart M, Dishaw LJ. The gut virome of the protochordate model organism, Ciona intestinalis subtype A. Virus Res 2017; 244:137-146. [PMID: 29155033 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of host-specific bacterial and viral communities associated with diverse animals has led to the concept of the metaorganism, which defines the animal and all of its associated microbes as a single unit. Here we sequence the viruses found in the gut (i.e., the gut virome) of the marine invertebrate model system, Ciona intestinalis subtype A, in samples collected one year apart. We present evidence for a host-associated virome that is distinct from the surrounding seawater and contains some temporally-stable members. Comparison of gut tissues before and after starvation in virus-free water enabled the differentiation between the Ciona-specific virome and transient viral communities associated with dietary sources. The Ciona gut viromes were dominated by double-stranded DNA tailed phages (Order Caudovirales) and sequence assembly yielded a number of complete circular phage genomes, most of which were highly divergent from known genomes. Unique viral communities were found in distinct gut niches (stomach, midgut and hindgut), paralleling the compartmentalization of bacterial communities. Additionally, integrase and excisionase genes, including many that are similar to prophage sequences within the genomes of bacterial genera belonging to the Ciona core microbiome, were prevalent in the viromes, indicating the active induction of prophages within the gut ecosystem. Knowledge of the gut virome of this model organism lays the foundation for studying the interactions between viruses, bacteria, and host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Leigh
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, FL, USA; University of South Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Anni Djurhuus
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Mya Breitbart
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Larry J Dishaw
- University of South Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
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152
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Vandeputte D, Falony G, Vieira-Silva S, Wang J, Sailer M, Theis S, Verbeke K, Raes J. Prebiotic inulin-type fructans induce specific changes in the human gut microbiota. Gut 2017; 66:1968-1974. [PMID: 28213610 PMCID: PMC5739857 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Contrary to the long-standing prerequisite of inducing selective (ie, bifidogenic) effects, recent findings suggest that prebiotic interventions lead to ecosystem-wide microbiota shifts. Yet, a comprehensive characterisation of this process is still lacking. Here, we apply 16S rDNA microbiota profiling and matching (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) metabolomics to assess the consequences of inulin fermentation both on the composition of the colon bacterial ecosystem and faecal metabolites profiles. DESIGN Faecal samples collected during a double-blind, randomised, cross-over intervention study set up to assess the effect of inulin consumption on stool frequency in healthy adults with mild constipation were analysed. Faecal microbiota composition and metabolite profiles were linked to the study's clinical outcome as well as to quality-of-life measurements recorded. RESULTS While faecal metabolite profiles were not significantly altered by inulin consumption, our analyses did detect a modest effect on global microbiota composition and specific inulin-induced changes in relative abundances of Anaerostipes, Bilophila and Bifidobacterium were identified. The observed decrease in Bilophila abundances following inulin consumption was associated with both softer stools and a favourable change in constipation-specific quality-of-life measures. CONCLUSIONS Ecosystem-wide analysis of the effect of a dietary intervention with prebiotic inulin-type fructans on the colon microbiota revealed that this effect is specifically associated with three genera, one of which (Bilophila) representing a promising novel target for mechanistic research. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02548247.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Vandeputte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,VIB, Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Research Group of Microbiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwen Falony
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,VIB, Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Vieira-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,VIB, Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,VIB, Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Kristin Verbeke
- KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Diseases (TARGID), Laboratory of Digestion and Absorption, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,VIB, Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Research Group of Microbiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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153
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Williams BA, Grant LJ, Gidley MJ, Mikkelsen D. Gut Fermentation of Dietary Fibres: Physico-Chemistry of Plant Cell Walls and Implications for Health. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2203. [PMID: 29053599 PMCID: PMC5666883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of dietary fibre (DF) originates from plant cell walls. Chemically, DF mostly comprise carbohydrate polymers, which resist hydrolysis by digestive enzymes in the mammalian small intestine, but can be fermented by large intestinal bacteria. One of the main benefits of DF relate to its fermentability, which affects microbial diversity and function within the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT), as well as the by-products of the fermentation process. Much work examining DF tends to focus on various purified ingredients, which have been extracted from plants. Increasingly, the validity of this is being questioned in terms of human nutrition, as there is evidence to suggest that it is the actual complexity of DF which affects the complexity of the GIT microbiota. Here, we review the literature comparing results of fermentation of purified DF substrates, with whole plant foods. There are strong indications that the more complex and varied the diet (and its ingredients), the more complex and varied the GIT microbiota is likely to be. Therefore, it is proposed that as the DF fermentability resulting from this complex microbial population has such profound effects on human health in relation to diet, it would be appropriate to include DF fermentability in its characterization-a functional approach of immediate relevance to nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Williams
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Lucas J Grant
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Michael J Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Deirdre Mikkelsen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
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154
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Engevik MA, Versalovic J. Biochemical Features of Beneficial Microbes: Foundations for Therapeutic Microbiology. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5:10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0012-2016. [PMID: 28984235 PMCID: PMC5873327 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bad-0012-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal and beneficial microbes secrete myriad products which target the mammalian host and other microbes. These secreted substances aid in bacterial niche development, and select compounds beneficially modulate the host and promote health. Microbes produce unique compounds which can serve as signaling factors to the host, such as biogenic amine neuromodulators, or quorum-sensing molecules to facilitate inter-bacterial communication. Bacterial metabolites can also participate in functional enhancement of host metabolic capabilities, immunoregulation, and improvement of intestinal barrier function. Secreted products such as lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocins, and bacteriocin-like substances can also target the microbiome. Microbes differ greatly in their metabolic potential and subsequent host effects. As a result, knowledge about microbial metabolites will facilitate selection of next-generation probiotics and therapeutic compounds derived from the mammalian microbiome. In this article we describe prominent examples of microbial metabolites and their effects on microbial communities and the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 and Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 and Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
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155
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Lye HS, Kato T, Low WY, Taylor TD, Prakash T, Lew LC, Ohno H, Liong MT. Lactobacillus fermentum FTDC 8312 combats hypercholesterolemia via alteration of gut microbiota. J Biotechnol 2017; 262:75-83. [PMID: 28935567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, hypercholesterolemic mice fed with Lactobacillus fermentum FTDC 8312 after a seven-week feeding trial showed a reduction in serum total cholesterol (TC) levels, accompanied by a decrease in serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, an increase in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, and a decreased ratio of apoB100:apoA1 when compared to those fed with control or a type strain, L. fermentum JCM 1173. These have contributed to a decrease in atherogenic indices (TC/HDL-C) of mice on the FTDC 8312 diet. Serum triglyceride (TG) levels of mice fed with FTDC 8312 and JCM 1173 were comparable to those of the controls. A decreased ratio of cholesterol and phospholipids (C/P) was also observed for mice fed with FTDC 8312, leading to a decreased number of spur red blood cells (RBC) formation in mice. Additionally, there was an increase in fecal TC, TG, and total bile acid levels in mice on FTDC 8312 diet compared to those with JCM 1173 and controls. The administration of FTDC 8312 also altered the gut microbiota population such as an increase in the members of genera Akkermansia and Oscillospira, affecting lipid metabolism and fecal bile excretion in the mice. Overall, we demonstrated that FTDC 8312 exerted a cholesterol lowering effect that may be attributed to gut microbiota modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Shi Lye
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Tamotsu Kato
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanawaga 230-0045, Japan
| | - Wai-Yee Low
- Davies Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Todd D Taylor
- Laboratory for Integrated Bioinformatics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tulika Prakash
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mandi - 175005, HP, India
| | - Lee-Ching Lew
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanawaga 230-0045, Japan; USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Min-Tze Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia.
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156
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Abstract
Individual bacteria and shifts in microbiome composition are associated with human disease, including cancer. To unravel the connections underlying oral bacterial dysbiosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), cancer lesion samples and anatomically matched normal samples were obtained from the same patients. We then profiled the bacteria within OSCC lesion surface samples at the species level using next-generation sequencing to comprehensively investigate bacterial community composition and functional genes in these samples. Significantly greater bacterial diversity was observed in the cancer samples than in the normal samples. Compared with previous studies, we identified many more taxa demonstrating remarkably different distributions between the groups. In particular, a group of periodontitis-correlated taxa, including Fusobacterium, Dialister, Peptostreptococcus, Filifactor, Peptococcus, Catonella and Parvimonas, was significantly enriched in OSCC samples. Additionally, several operational taxonomic units (OTUs) associated with Fusobacterium were highly involved in OSCC and demonstrated good diagnostic power. Our study revealed drastic changes in surface bacterial communities of OSCC. The findings enrich knowledge of the association between oral bacterial communities and oral cancer.
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157
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Browne HP, Neville BA, Forster SC, Lawley TD. Transmission of the gut microbiota: spreading of health. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:531-543. [PMID: 28603278 PMCID: PMC5837012 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of commensal intestinal bacteria between humans could promote health by establishing, maintaining and replenishing microbial diversity in the microbiota of an individual. Unlike pathogens, the routes of transmission for commensal bacteria remain unappreciated and poorly understood, despite the likely commonalities between both. Consequently, broad infection control measures that are designed to prevent pathogen transmission and infection, such as oversanitation and the overuse of antibiotics, may inadvertently affect human health by altering normal commensal transmission. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms and factors that influence host-to-host transmission of the intestinal microbiota and examine how a better understanding of these processes will identify new approaches to nurture and restore transmission routes that are used by beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary P Browne
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - B Anne Neville
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Samuel C Forster
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Trevor D Lawley
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
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158
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Fecal microbiota of lambs fed purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:137-145. [PMID: 28864945 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed the effect of purple prairie clover (PPC) and PPC condensed tannins (CT) on the fecal microbiota of lambs using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. A total of 18 individual lambs were randomly divided into three groups and fed either green chop alfalfa (Alf), a 40:60 (DM basis; Mix) mixture of Alf and PPC, or Mix supplemented with polyethylene glycol (Mix-P) for 18 days. Fecal samples were collected on days 13 through 18 using digital rectal retrieval. The DNA of fecal samples was extracted and the microbial 16S rRNA gene amplicons were sequenced using 454 pyrosequencing. Regardless of diet, the bacterial community was dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with many sequences unclassified at the genus level. Forage type and CT had no effect on the fecal microbial composition at the phylum level or on α-diversity. Compared to the Alf diet, the Mix diet reduced the relative abundance of Akkermansia (P = 0.03) and Asteroleplasma (P = 0.05). Fecal microbial populations in Alf and Mix-P clustered separately from each other when assessed using unweighted UniFrac (P < 0.05). These results indicate that PPC CT up to 36 g/kg DM in the diet had no major effect on fecal microbial flora at the phyla level and exerted only minor effects on the genera composition of fecal microbiota in lambs.
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159
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Hatziioanou D, Gherghisan-Filip C, Saalbach G, Horn N, Wegmann U, Duncan SH, Flint HJ, Mayer MJ, Narbad A. Discovery of a novel lantibiotic nisin O from Blautia obeum A2-162, isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1292-1305. [PMID: 28857034 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel lanC-like sequence was identified from the dominant human gut bacterium Blautia obeum strain A2-162. This sequence was extended to reveal a putative lantibiotic operon with biosynthetic and transport genes, two sets of regulatory genes, immunity genes, three identical copies of a nisin-like lanA gene with an unusual leader peptide, and a fourth putative lanA gene. Comparison with other nisin clusters showed that the closest relationship was to nisin U. B. obeum A2-162 demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Clostridium perfringens when grown on solid medium in the presence of trypsin. Fusions of predicted nsoA structural sequences with the nisin A leader were expressed in Lactococcus lactis containing the nisin A operon without nisA. Expression of the nisA leader sequence fused to the predicted structural nsoA1 produced a growth defect in L. lactis that was dependent upon the presence of biosynthetic genes, but failed to produce antimicrobial activity. Insertion of the nso cluster into L. lactis MG1614 gave an increased immunity to nisin A, but this was not replicated by the expression of nsoI. Nisin A induction of L. lactis containing the nso cluster and nisRK genes allowed detection of the NsoA1 pre-peptide by Western hybridization. When this heterologous producer was grown with nisin induction on solid medium, antimicrobial activity was demonstrated in the presence of trypsin against C. perfringens, Clostridium difficile and L. lactis. This research adds to evidence that lantibiotic production may be an important trait of gut bacteria and could lead to the development of novel treatments for intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Hatziioanou
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Cristina Gherghisan-Filip
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | | | - Nikki Horn
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Udo Wegmann
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Sylvia H Duncan
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Harry J Flint
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Melinda J Mayer
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
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160
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Hao YT, Wu SG, Xiong F, Tran NT, Jakovlić I, Zou H, Li WX, Wang GT. Succession and Fermentation Products of Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus) Hindgut Microbiota in Response to an Extreme Dietary Shift. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1585. [PMID: 28871246 PMCID: PMC5566599 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake affects the structure and function of microbes in host intestine. However, the succession of gut microbiota in response to changes in macronutrient levels during a long period of time remains insufficiently studied. Here, we determined the succession and metabolic products of intestinal microbiota in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) undergoing an abrupt and extreme diet change, from fish meal to Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense). Grass carp hindgut microbiota responded rapidly to the diet shift, reaching a new equilibrium approximately within 11 days. In comparison to animal-diet samples, Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae and Erysipelotrichaceae increased significantly while Cetobacterium decreased significantly in plant-diet samples. Cetobacterium was negatively correlated with Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, while Bacteroides was positively correlated with Lachnospiraceae. Predicted glycoside hydrolase and polysaccharide lyase genes in Bacteroides and Lachnospiraceae from the Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZy) database might be involved in degradation of the plant cell wall polysaccharides. However, none of these enzymes was detected in the grass carp genome searched against dbCAN database. Additionally, a significant decrease of short chain fatty acids levels in plant-based samples was observed. Generally, our results suggest a rapid adaption of grass carp intestinal microbiota to dietary shift, and that microbiota are likely to play an indispensable role in nutrient turnover and fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China.,Ocean College of Hebei Agricultural UniversityQinhuangdao, China
| | - Shan Gong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Fan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ngoc T Tran
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Ivan Jakovlić
- Bio-Transduction Lab, Wuhan Institute of BiotechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Hong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Wen Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Gui Tang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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161
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Bergmann GT. Microbial community composition along the digestive tract in forage- and grain-fed bison. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:253. [PMID: 28818110 PMCID: PMC5561592 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diversity and composition of microbial communities was compared across the 13 major sections of the digestive tract (esophagus, reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum) in two captive populations of American bison (Bison bison), one of which was finished on forage, the other on grain. RESULTS Microbial diversity fell to its lowest levels in the small intestine, with Bacteroidetes reaching their lowest relative abundance in that region, while Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota attained their highest relative abundances there. Gammaproteobacteria were most abundant in the esophagus, small intestine, and colon. The forage-finished bison population exhibited higher overall levels of diversity, as well as a higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in most gut sections. The grain-finished bison population exhibited elevated levels of Firmicutes and Gammaproteobacteria. Within each population, different sections of the digestive tract exhibited divergent microbial community composition, although it was essentially the same among sections within a given region of the digestive tract. Shannon diversity was lowest in the midgut. For each section of the digestive tract, the two bison populations differed significantly in microbial community composition. CONCLUSIONS Similarities among sections indicate that the esophagus, reticulum, rumen, omasum, and abomasum may all be considered to house the foregut microbiota; the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum may all be considered to house the small intestine or midgut microbiota; and the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum may all be considered to house the hindgut microbiota. Acid from the stomach, bile from the gall bladder, digestive enzymes from the pancreas, and the relatively low retention time of the small intestine may have caused the midgut's low microbial diversity. Differences in microbial community composition between populations may have been most strongly influenced by differences in diet (forage or grain). The clinical condition of the animals used in the present study was not evaluated, so further research is needed to establish whether the microbial profiles of some bison in this study are indeed indicative of dysbiosis, a predisposing factor to ruminal acidosis and its sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaddy T Bergmann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Ramaley N122, Campus Box 334, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0334, USA. .,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Box 216 UCB, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0216, USA.
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162
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Flint HJ, Duncan SH, Louis P. The impact of nutrition on intestinal bacterial communities. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 38:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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163
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McCully AL, LaSarre B, McKinlay JB. Growth-independent cross-feeding modifies boundaries for coexistence in a bacterial mutualism. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:3538-3550. [PMID: 28654212 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient cross-feeding can stabilize microbial mutualisms, including those important for carbon cycling in nutrient-limited anaerobic environments. It remains poorly understood how nutrient limitation within natural environments impacts mutualist growth, cross-feeding levels and ultimately mutualism dynamics. We examined the effects of nutrient limitation within a mutualism using theoretical and experimental approaches with a synthetic anaerobic coculture pairing fermentative Escherichia coli and phototrophic Rhodopseudomonas palustris. In this coculture, E. coli and R. palustris resemble an anaerobic food web by cross-feeding essential carbon (organic acids) and nitrogen (ammonium) respectively. Organic acid cross-feeding stemming from E. coli fermentation can continue in a growth-independent manner during nitrogen limitation, while ammonium cross-feeding by R. palustris is growth-dependent. When ammonium cross-feeding was limited, coculture trends changed yet coexistence persisted under both homogenous and heterogenous conditions. Theoretical modelling indicated that growth-independent fermentation was crucial to sustain cooperative growth under conditions of low nutrient exchange. In contrast to stabilization at most cell densities, growth-independent fermentation inhibited mutualistic growth when the E. coli cell density was adequately high relative to that of R. palustris. Thus, growth-independent fermentation can conditionally stabilize or destabilize a mutualism, indicating the potential importance of growth-independent metabolism for nutrient-limited mutualistic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Breah LaSarre
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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164
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Lippert K, Kedenko L, Antonielli L, Kedenko I, Gemeier C, Leitner M, Kautzky-Willer A, Paulweber B, Hackl E. Gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with glucose metabolism disorders and the metabolic syndrome in older adults. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:545-556. [PMID: 28701081 DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and associated metabolic disorders have become highly prevalent diseases worldwide, and the human gut microbiota, due to its influence on host energy metabolism, has been attributed an important role therein. This pilot study explores host-microbiota relationships in men and women affected by various types of glucose metabolism disorder. Among 20 individuals aged 58 to 71 years with either normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes mellitus the gut bacterial communities were compared based on barcoded 454 sequencing of 16S rRNA genes amplified from stool samples. We found that specific microbiota groups were relatively enriched or reduced in different metabolic states. Further, positive or negative associations with clinical manifestations of metabolic disease suggest that these organisms indicate and possibly contribute to metabolic impairment or health. For instance, a higher prevalence of Erysipelotrichaceae and Lachnospiraceae was found associated with metabolic disorders, and the Holdemania and Blautia genera correlated with clinical indicators of an impaired lipid and glucose metabolism. The Bacteroidetes and groups therein, by contrast, displayed inverse relationships with metabolic disease parameters and were found relatively enriched in participants not diagnosed with metabolic syndrome or obesity. Further, the prevalence of specific Clostridia and Rikenellaceae members also pointed towards a healthier metabolic state. Links with diet as an intermediate factor included positive and negative associations of Lachnospiraceae with relative consumption rates of fat and carbohydrates, respectively, and positive associations of Turicibacteraceae with the consumption of protein. Identifying critical roles of major gut microbiota components in metabolic disorders has important translational implications regarding the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases by means of preventing or reversing dysbiosis and by controlling exacerbating diet and life style factors particularly in sensitive population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lippert
- 1 AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, 3430 Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - L Kedenko
- 2 First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - L Antonielli
- 1 AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, 3430 Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - I Kedenko
- 2 First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Gemeier
- 2 First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Leitner
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Gender Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Kautzky-Willer
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Gender Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - B Paulweber
- 2 First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - E Hackl
- 1 AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, 3430 Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
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165
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Burcelin R. [Gut microbiota and immune crosstalk in metabolic disease]. Biol Aujourdhui 2017; 211:1-18. [PMID: 28682223 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2017008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the review is to discuss about the role played by the defence crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the intestinal immune system, in the development of metabolic disease focusing on obesity and diabetes. Starting from physiological and pathological stand points and based on the latest published data, this review is addressing how the concept of the hologenome theory of evolution can drive the fate of metabolic disease. The notion of "metabolic infection" to explain the "metabolic inflammation" is discussed. This imply comments about the process of bacterial translocation and impaired intestinal immune defense against commensals. Eventually this review sets the soil for personalized medicine. The monthly increase in the number of publications on the gut microbiota to intestinal immune defense and the control of metabolism demonstrate the importance of this field of investigation. The notion of commensal as "self or non-self" has to be reevaluated in the light of the current data. Furthermore, data demonstrate the major role played by short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, LPS, peptidoglycans, indole derivatives, and other bacteria-related molecules on the shaping of cells involved in the intestinal protection against commensals is now becoming a central player in the incidence of metabolic diseases. The literature demonstrates that the onset of metabolic diseases and some specific co-morbidities can be explained by a gut microbiota to intestinal immune system crosstalk. Therefore, one should now consider this avenue of investigation as a putative source of biomarkers and therapeutic targets to personalize the treatment of metabolic disease and its co-morbidities. Gut microbiota is considered as a major regulator of metabolic disease. This reconciles the notion of metabolic inflammation and the epidemic development of the disease. In addition to evidence showing that a specific gut microbiota characterizes patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hepatic steatosis, the mechanisms causal to the disease could be related to the translocation of microbiota from the gut to the tissues, which induces inflammation. The mechanisms regulating such a process are based on the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the host immune system. The hologenome theory of evolution supports this concept and implies that therapeutic strategies aiming to control glycemia should take into account both the gut microbiota and the host immune system. This review discusses the latest evidence regarding the bidirectional impact of the gut microbiota on host immune system crosstalk for the control of metabolic disease, hyperglycemia, and obesity. To avoid redundancies with the literature, we will focus our attention on the intestinal immune system, identifying evidence for the generation of novel therapeutic strategies, which could be based on the control of the translocation of gut bacteria to tissues. Such novel strategies should hamper the role played by gut microbiota dysbiosis on the development of metabolic inflammation. Recent evidence in rodents allows us to conclude that an impaired intestinal immune system characterizes and could be causal in the development of metabolic disease. The fine understanding of the molecular mechanisms should allow for the development of a first line of treatment for metabolic disease and its co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 31024 Toulouse, France - Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Hôpital Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France - Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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166
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Schwartz MH, Pan T. tRNA Misacylation with Methionine in the Mouse Gut Microbiome in Situ. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 74:10-14. [PMID: 28070678 PMCID: PMC5466836 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Global protein mistranslation with methionine has been shown to be a conserved biological process that affords distinct functional advantages in all three domains of life. In all instances, methionine mistranslation occurs through a regulated process where low-fidelity forms of methionyl-tRNA synthetase are conditionally induced to mischarge non-methionyl-tRNAs with methionine followed by the utilization of the misacylated tRNAs in translation. In mammals, methionine mistranslation contributes to oxidative stress response; in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix, methionine mistranslation produces proteins that are better adapted to low temperature growth; in E. coli, methionine mistranslation increases resistance to antibiotics and chemical stressors. The phenotypic benefits conferred by tRNA mismethionylation suggest that it should be a widespread adaptational mechanism in diverse bacterial lineages, yet this response has only been described in E. coli. Furthermore, previous microbial investigations on this response have been confined to axenic laboratory cultures. It was unknown whether tRNA mismethionylation was relevant in a natural microbial habitat. Here we show that four abundant gut microbiotal genera belonging to the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla perform constitutive tRNA misacylation with methionine in the mouse cecum in situ. These results reveal the ubiquity of the tRNA mismethionylation process among bacteria and implicate the potential importance of this response for subsistence and adaptation in natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Schwartz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Tao Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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167
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Succi M, Tremonte P, Pannella G, Tipaldi L, Cozzolino A, Romaniello R, Sorrentino E, Coppola R. Pre-cultivation with Selected Prebiotics Enhances the Survival and the Stress Response of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strains in Simulated Gastrointestinal Transit. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1067. [PMID: 28659890 PMCID: PMC5469880 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In our study, we dwelled upon combinations of lactobacilli/prebiotics, considering four different strains belonging to the Lactobacillus rhamnosus species, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), and different prebiotics often found in commercial synbiotic products, such as inulin, lactulose and polyols mannitol and sorbitol. In the first step of the research, the survival, the growth kinetic parameters and the protein expression of Lb. rhamnosus strains cultivated in presence of the different prebiotics as a unique carbon source were evaluated. In the second step, the influence of pre-cultivation in medium added of metabolizable prebiotics on the strains survival to simulated gastrointestinal (GI) transit, assayed without prebiotics addition, was estimated. Our results showed that the presence in the medium of certain low fermented prebiotics, specific for each strain, represents a stress factor that significantly affects the growth of Lb. rhamnosus strains, inducing the up-regulation of several proteins. In detail, all added prebiotics used as unique carbon source caused a growth retard compared with glucose, as testified by increased values of the lag phase and decreased values of the μmax. Mannitol evidenced intermediate μmax values between those registered with glucose and those detected with the other assayed prebiotics. Moreover, the cultivation with prebiotics induced the over expression of 7 protein bands. Interestingly, we found a correlation between the up-regulation of two specific stress proteins, called P4 (ATP-binding subunit Clpx) and P7 (GrpE), and the death kinetic parameters (resistance and cells viability) registered during the simulated GI transit of strains pre-cultivated with specific, low fermented prebiotics. Specifically, the highest resistance and gastric-vitality scores were highlighted for the strain AT195 when pre-cultivated in presence of sorbitol. Conversely, the lowest values were found in the case of DSM20021 pre-cultivated with mannitol. Among the up-regulated stress proteins, P7 resulted involved in the response to the starvation. Finally, it is possible to conclude that the pre-cultivation with certain prebiotics as a unique carbon source represents a strain-specific, sub-lethal stress able to enhance the resistance of Lb. rhamnosus strains and consequently their viability under simulated GI transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonietta Succi
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del MoliseCampobasso, Italy
| | - Patrizio Tremonte
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del MoliseCampobasso, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pannella
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del MoliseCampobasso, Italy
| | - Luca Tipaldi
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del MoliseCampobasso, Italy
| | - Autilia Cozzolino
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del MoliseCampobasso, Italy
| | - Rossana Romaniello
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo LucanoPotenza, Italy
| | - Elena Sorrentino
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del MoliseCampobasso, Italy
| | - Raffaele Coppola
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del MoliseCampobasso, Italy
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168
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BacArena: Individual-based metabolic modeling of heterogeneous microbes in complex communities. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005544. [PMID: 28531184 PMCID: PMC5460873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances focusing on the metabolic interactions within and between cellular populations have emphasized the importance of microbial communities for human health. Constraint-based modeling, with flux balance analysis in particular, has been established as a key approach for studying microbial metabolism, whereas individual-based modeling has been commonly used to study complex dynamics between interacting organisms. In this study, we combine both techniques into the R package BacArena (https://cran.r-project.org/package=BacArena) to generate novel biological insights into Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation as well as a seven species model community of the human gut. For our P. aeruginosa model, we found that cross-feeding of fermentation products cause a spatial differentiation of emerging metabolic phenotypes in the biofilm over time. In the human gut model community, we found that spatial gradients of mucus glycans are important for niche formations which shape the overall community structure. Additionally, we could provide novel hypothesis concerning the metabolic interactions between the microbes. These results demonstrate the importance of spatial and temporal multi-scale modeling approaches such as BacArena. In nature, organisms are typically found in near proximity to each other, forming symbiotic relationships. Particularly bacteria are often part of highly organized communities such as biofilms. In this study, we integrate the detailed knowledge about the metabolic capabilities of individual organisms into an individual-based modeling approach for simulating the dynamics of local interactions. We provide a fast and flexible framework, in which established computational models for individual organisms can be simulated in communities. Nutrients can diffuse in an area where cells move, divide, and die. The resulting spatial as well as temporal dynamics and metabolic interactions can be analyzed as well as visualized and subsequently compared to experimental findings. We demonstrate how our approach can be used to gain novel insights on dynamics in single species biofilm formation and multi-species intestinal microbial communities.
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169
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Hoek MJAV, Merks RMH. Emergence of microbial diversity due to cross-feeding interactions in a spatial model of gut microbial metabolism. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:56. [PMID: 28511646 PMCID: PMC5434578 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The human gut contains approximately 1014 bacteria, belonging to hundreds of different species. Together, these microbial species form a complex food web that can break down nutrient sources that our own digestive enzymes cannot handle, including complex polysaccharides, producing short chain fatty acids and additional metabolites, e.g., vitamin K. Microbial diversity is important for colonic health: Changes in the composition of the microbiota have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, obesity and Crohn’s disease, and make the microbiota more vulnerable to infestation by harmful species, e.g., Clostridium difficile. To get a grip on the controlling factors of microbial diversity in the gut, we here propose a multi-scale, spatiotemporal dynamic flux-balance analysis model to study the emergence of metabolic diversity in a spatial gut-like, tubular environment. The model features genome-scale metabolic models (GEM) of microbial populations, resource sharing via extracellular metabolites, and spatial population dynamics and evolution. Results In this model, cross-feeding interactions emerge readily, despite the species’ ability to metabolize sugars autonomously. Interestingly, the community requires cross-feeding for producing a realistic set of short-chain fatty acids from an input of glucose, If we let the composition of the microbial subpopulations change during invasion of adjacent space, a complex and stratified microbiota evolves, with subspecies specializing on cross-feeding interactions via a mechanism of compensated trait loss. The microbial diversity and stratification collapse if the flux through the gut is enhanced to mimic diarrhea. Conclusions In conclusion, this in silico model is a helpful tool in systems biology to predict and explain the controlling factors of microbial diversity in the gut. It can be extended to include, e.g., complex nutrient sources, and host-microbiota interactions via the intestinal wall. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0430-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan J A van Hoek
- Life Sciences Group, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Science Park 123, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland M H Merks
- Life Sciences Group, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Science Park 123, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, The Netherlands. .,Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 1, Leiden, 2333, CA, The Netherlands.
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170
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Singh RK, Chang HW, Yan D, Lee KM, Ucmak D, Wong K, Abrouk M, Farahnik B, Nakamura M, Zhu TH, Bhutani T, Liao W. Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J Transl Med 2017; 15:73. [PMID: 28388917 PMCID: PMC5385025 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1419] [Impact Index Per Article: 202.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the intestinal microbiome plays an important role in modulating risk of several chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. At the same time, it is now understood that diet plays a significant role in shaping the microbiome, with experiments showing that dietary alterations can induce large, temporary microbial shifts within 24 h. Given this association, there may be significant therapeutic utility in altering microbial composition through diet. This review systematically evaluates current data regarding the effects of several common dietary components on intestinal microbiota. We show that consumption of particular types of food produces predictable shifts in existing host bacterial genera. Furthermore, the identity of these bacteria affects host immune and metabolic parameters, with broad implications for human health. Familiarity with these associations will be of tremendous use to the practitioner as well as the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasnik K. Singh
- University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Hsin-Wen Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Di Yan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Kristina M. Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Derya Ucmak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Kirsten Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Michael Abrouk
- University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | | | - Mio Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Tian Hao Zhu
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Tina Bhutani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
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171
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Screening of Some Commonly Used Plant Extracts for their Effects on Some Gut Pathogens and Probiotics. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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172
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Mokhtari Z, Gibson DL, Hekmatdoost A. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, the Gut Microbiome, and Diet. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:240-252. [PMID: 28298269 PMCID: PMC5347097 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder in the world, yet the pathogenesis of the disease is not well elucidated. Due to the close anatomic and functional association between the intestinal lumen and the liver through the portal system, it is speculated that the gut microbiome may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Furthermore, diet, which can modulate the gut microbiome and several metabolic pathways involved in NAFLD development, shows a potential tripartite relation between the gut, diet, and the liver. In this review, we summarize the current evidence that supports the association between NAFLD, the gut microbiome, and the role of diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mokhtari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Deanna L Gibson
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; .,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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173
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Burke DG, Fouhy F, Harrison MJ, Rea MC, Cotter PD, O'Sullivan O, Stanton C, Hill C, Shanahan F, Plant BJ, Ross RP. The altered gut microbiota in adults with cystic fibrosis. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:58. [PMID: 28279152 PMCID: PMC5345154 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease that affects the function of a number of organs, principally the lungs, but also the gastrointestinal tract. The manifestations of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) dysfunction in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as frequent antibiotic exposure, undoubtedly disrupts the gut microbiota. To analyse the effects of CF and its management on the microbiome, we compared the gut microbiota of 43 individuals with CF during a period of stability, to that of 69 non-CF controls using 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The impact of clinical parameters, including antibiotic therapy, on the results was also assessed. RESULTS The CF-associated microbiome had reduced microbial diversity, an increase in Firmicutes and a reduction in Bacteroidetes compared to the non-CF controls. While the greatest number of differences in taxonomic abundances of the intestinal microbiota was observed between individuals with CF and the healthy controls, gut microbiota differences were also reported between people with CF when grouped by clinical parameters including % predicted FEV1 (measure of lung dysfunction) and the number of intravenous (IV) antibiotic courses in the previous 12 months. Notably, CF individuals presenting with severe lung dysfunction (% predicted FEV1 ≤ 40%) had significantly (p < 0.05) reduced gut microbiota diversity relative to those presenting with mild or moderate dysfunction. A significant negative correlation (-0.383, Simpson's Diversity Index) was also observed between the number of IV antibiotic courses and gut microbiota diversity. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the largest single-centre studies on gut microbiota in stable adults with CF and demonstrates the significantly altered gut microbiota, including reduced microbial diversity seen in CF patients compared to healthy controls. The data show the impact that CF and it's management have on gut microbiota, presenting the opportunity to develop CF specific probiotics to minimise microbiota alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Burke
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - F Fouhy
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland
| | - M J Harrison
- HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University College Cork, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - M C Rea
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - P D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - O O'Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Hill
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - F Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - B J Plant
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University College Cork, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - R P Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,College of Science, Engineering and Food Science (SEFS), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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174
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Gibbons SM, Kearney SM, Smillie CS, Alm EJ. Two dynamic regimes in the human gut microbiome. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005364. [PMID: 28222117 PMCID: PMC5340412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a dynamic system that changes with host development, health, behavior, diet, and microbe-microbe interactions. Prior work on gut microbial time series has largely focused on autoregressive models (e.g. Lotka-Volterra). However, we show that most of the variance in microbial time series is non-autoregressive. In addition, we show how community state-clustering is flawed when it comes to characterizing within-host dynamics and that more continuous methods are required. Most organisms exhibited stable, mean-reverting behavior suggestive of fixed carrying capacities and abundant taxa were largely shared across individuals. This mean-reverting behavior allowed us to apply sparse vector autoregression (sVAR)—a multivariate method developed for econometrics—to model the autoregressive component of gut community dynamics. We find a strong phylogenetic signal in the non-autoregressive co-variance from our sVAR model residuals, which suggests niche filtering. We show how changes in diet are also non-autoregressive and that Operational Taxonomic Units strongly correlated with dietary variables have much less of an autoregressive component to their variance, which suggests that diet is a major driver of microbial dynamics. Autoregressive variance appears to be driven by multi-day recovery from frequent facultative anaerobe blooms, which may be driven by fluctuations in luminal redox. Overall, we identify two dynamic regimes within the human gut microbiota: one likely driven by external environmental fluctuations, and the other by internal processes. Dynamics reveal crucial information about how a system functions. In this study, we develop an approach for disentangling two types of dynamics within the human gut microbiome. We find that autoregressive dynamics involve recovery from large deviations in community structure. These recovery processes appear to involve the blooming of facultative anaerobes and aerotolerant taxa, likely due to transient shifts in redox potential, followed by re-establishment of obligate anaerobes. Non-autoregressive dynamics carry a strong phylogenetic signal, wherein highly related taxa fluctuate coherently. These non-autoregressive dynamics appear to be driven by external, non-autoregressive variables like diet. We find that most of the community variance is driven by day-to-day fluctuations in the environment, with occasional autoregressive dynamics as the system recovers from larger shocks. Despite frequently observed disruptions to the gut ecosystem, there exists a returning force that continually pushes the gut microbiome back towards its steady-state configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Gibbons
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- The Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Kearney
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- The Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Chris S. Smillie
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- The Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Alm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- The Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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175
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Bibbò S, Dore MP, Pes GM, Delitala G, Delitala AP. Is there a role for gut microbiota in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis? Ann Med 2017; 49:11-22. [PMID: 27499366 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1222449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by insufficient insulin production due to the destruction of insulin secreting β-cells in the Langerhans islets. A variety of factors, including chemicals, viruses, commensal bacteria and diet have been proposed to contribute to the risk of developing the disorder. In the last years, gut microbiota has been proposed as a main factor in T1D pathogenesis. Several alterations of gut microbiota composition were described both in animal model and in humans. The decrease of Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio was the most frequent pattern described, in particular, in human studies. Furthermore, Bacteroides, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Prevotella relative abundances were different in healthy and affected subjects. Dysbiosis would seem to increase intestinal permeability and thus promote the development of a pro-inflammatory niche that stimulates β-cell autoimmunity in predisposed subjects. Preliminary studies on animal models were realized to investigate the role of gut microbiota modulation as therapy or prevention approach in predisposed animals: promising and stimulating results have been reported. Key message Dietary antigens and microbiota-derived products might act as triggers of T1D by causing a pro-inflammatory and metabolic dysfunctional environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bibbò
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy
| | - Maria Pina Dore
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy
| | - Giovanni Mario Pes
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Delitala
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy
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176
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Betrapally NS, Gillevet PM, Bajaj JS. Gut microbiome and liver disease. Transl Res 2017; 179:49-59. [PMID: 27477080 PMCID: PMC5164947 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota changes are important in determining the occurrence and progression of chronic liver disease related to alcohol, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cirrhosis. Specifically, the systemic inflammation, endotoxemia, and the vasodilation that leads to complications such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatic encephalopathy could be related to the gut milieu. Given the poor prognosis of these events, their prevention and early management are essential. Microbiota may be an essential component of the gut milieu that can impact these clinical events, and the study of their composition and function in a culture-independent manner could help understand the prognosis. Recent human and animal studies have shown that the relative abundance and the functional changes of microbiota in the stool, colonic mucosa, and saliva have varying consequences on the presence and prognosis of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. The impact of therapies on the microbiota is slowly being understood and will likely lead to a more targeted approach to gut microbiota modification in chronic liver disease and cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Va.
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177
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Amato KR, Ulanov A, Ju KS, Garber PA. Metabolomic data suggest regulation of black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) diet composition at the molecular level. Am J Primatol 2016; 79:1-10. [PMID: 27936282 PMCID: PMC10373101 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In addition to macronutrients, foods consist of a complex set of chemical compounds that can influence dietary selectivity and consumer physiology. Metabolomics allow us to describe this complexity by quantifying all small molecules, or metabolites, in a food item. In this study we use GC-MS based metabolomics to describe the metabolite profiles of foods consumed by one population of Mexican black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) over a 10-month period. Our data indicate that each food exhibited a distinct metabolite profile, and the average weekly intake of metabolites such as neochlorogenic acid and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) was correlated with the consumption of certain plant parts. We speculate that these patterns result in temporal changes in howler monkey physiology such as food retention time. In contrast, variation in the weekly intake of metabolites such as oxalic acid was 70% less than variation in the concentration of the same metabolites across food items, suggesting that howler monkeys regulated the intake of these metabolites, possibly to avoid physiological consequences such as kidney stone formation. Finally, seasonal variation in the consumption of individual nutrient and non-nutrient metabolites were correlated with changes in the relative abundances of associated gut microbial taxa, implying indirect effects of food item metabolites on howler monkey nutritional ecology that likely drive foraging decisions. While additional research is needed to validate these findings, the patterns we report serve as important baseline data for understanding the effects of plant metabolites on the food choice in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Alexander Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Metabolomics Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Kou-San Ju
- Department of Microbiology and the Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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178
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Belorkar SA, Gupta AK. Oligosaccharides: a boon from nature's desk. AMB Express 2016; 6:82. [PMID: 27699701 PMCID: PMC5047869 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the varied sources of oligosaccharides available in nature as silent health promoting, integral ingredients of plants as well as animal products like honey and milk. The article focuses on exotic and unfamiliar oligosaccharides like Galactooligosaccharides, Lactulose derived Galactooligosaccharides, Xylooligosaccharides, Arabinooligosaccharides and algae derived Marine oligosaccharides along with the most acknowledged prebiotic fructooligosaccharides. The oligosaccharides are named as on the grounds of the monomeric units forming oligomers with functional properties. The chemical structures, natural sources, microbial enzyme mediated synthesis and physiological effects are discussed. An elaborate account of the different types of oligosaccharides with special reference to fructooligosaccharides are presented. Finally, the profound health benefits of oligosaccharides are rigourously discussed limelighting its positive physiological sequel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema A. Belorkar
- Department of Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Bilaspur University, 206, Budhiya complex, Sarkanda, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495004 India
| | - A. K. Gupta
- Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG 492010 India
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179
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Gjini E, Madec S. A slow-fast dynamic decomposition links neutral and non-neutral coexistence in interacting multi-strain pathogens. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-016-0320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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180
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Miragoli F, Federici S, Ferrari S, Minuti A, Rebecchi A, Bruzzese E, Buccigrossi V, Guarino A, Callegari ML. Impact of cystic fibrosis disease on archaea and bacteria composition of gut microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 93:fiw230. [PMID: 27810876 PMCID: PMC5155554 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is often associated with intestinal inflammation due to several factors, including altered gut microbiota composition. In this study, we analyzed the fecal microbiota among patients with cystic fibrosis of 10–22 years of age, and compared the findings with age-matched healthy subjects. The participating patients included 14 homozygotes and 14 heterozygotes with the delF508 mutation, and 2 heterozygotes presenting non-delF508 mutations. We used PCR-DGGE and qPCR to analyze the presence of bacteria, archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Overall, our findings confirmed disruption of the cystic fibrosis gut microbiota. Principal component analysis of the qPCR data revealed no differences between homozygotes and heterozygotes, while both groups were distinct from healthy subjects who showed higher biodiversity. Archaea were under the detection limit in all homozygotes subjects, whereas methanogens were detected in 62% of both cystic fibrosis heterozygotes and healthy subjects. Our qPCR results revealed a low frequency of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the homozygote (13%) and heterozygote (13%) patients with cystic fibrosis compared with healthy subjects (87.5%). This is a pioneer study showing that patients with cystic fibrosis exhibit significant reduction of H2-consuming microorganisms, which could increase hydrogen accumulation in the colon and the expulsion of this gas through non-microbial routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Miragoli
- Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Cremona 26100, Italy
| | - Sara Federici
- Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Cremona 26100, Italy
| | - Susanna Ferrari
- Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Cremona 26100, Italy
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 29122, Italy
| | - Annalisa Rebecchi
- Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Cremona 26100, Italy
| | - Eugenia Bruzzese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Vittoria Buccigrossi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Alfredo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Callegari
- Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Cremona 26100, Italy
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181
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Amato KR. Incorporating the gut microbiota into models of human and non-human primate ecology and evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 159:S196-215. [PMID: 26808106 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian gut is home to a diverse community of microbes. Advances in technology over the past two decades have allowed us to examine this community, the gut microbiota, in more detail, revealing a wide range of influences on host nutrition, health, and behavior. These host-gut microbe interactions appear to shape host plasticity and fitness in a variety of contexts, and therefore represent a key factor missing from existing models of human and non-human primate ecology and evolution. However, current studies of the gut microbiota tend to include limited contextual data or are clinical, making it difficult to directly test broad anthropological hypotheses. Here, I review what is known about the animal gut microbiota and provide examples of how gut microbiota research can be integrated into the study of human and non-human primate ecology and evolution with targeted data collection. Specifically, I examine how the gut microbiota may impact primate diet, energetics, disease resistance, and cognition. While gut microbiota research is proliferating rapidly, especially in the context of humans, there remain important gaps in our understanding of host-gut microbe interactions that will require an anthropological perspective to fill. Likewise, gut microbiota research will be an important tool for filling remaining gaps in anthropological research.
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182
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Stilling RM, van de Wouw M, Clarke G, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. The neuropharmacology of butyrate: The bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis? Neurochem Int 2016; 99:110-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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183
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Effect of flow and peristaltic mixing on bacterial growth in a gut-like channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11414-11419. [PMID: 27681630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601306113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecology of microbes in the gut has been shown to play important roles in the health of the host. To better understand microbial growth and population dynamics in the proximal colon, the primary region of bacterial growth in the gut, we built and applied a fluidic channel that we call the "minigut." This is a channel with an array of membrane valves along its length, which allows mimicking active contractions of the colonic wall. Repeated contraction is shown to be crucial in maintaining a steady-state bacterial population in the device despite strong flow along the channel that would otherwise cause bacterial washout. Depending on the flow rate and the frequency of contractions, the bacterial density profile exhibits varying spatial dependencies. For a synthetic cross-feeding community, the species abundance ratio is also strongly affected by mixing and flow along the length of the device. Complex mixing dynamics due to contractions is described well by an effective diffusion term. Bacterial dynamics is captured by a simple reaction-diffusion model without adjustable parameters. Our results suggest that flow and mixing play a major role in shaping the microbiota of the colon.
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184
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Gorjifard S, Goldszmid RS. Microbiota-myeloid cell crosstalk beyond the gut. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:865-879. [PMID: 27605211 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ri0516-222r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem that plays a fundamental role in host physiology. Locally, the gut commensal microbes/host symbiotic relationship is vital for barrier fortification, nutrient absorption, resistance against intestinal pathogens, and the development and maintenance of the mucosal immune system. It is now clear that the effects of the indigenous intestinal flora extend beyond the gut, ranging from shaping systemic immune responses to metabolic and behavioral functions. However, the underlying mechanisms of the gut microbiota/systemic immune system interactions remain largely unknown. Myeloid cells respond to microbial signals, including those derived from commensals, and initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we focus on the impact of the gut microbiota on myeloid cells at extraintestinal sites. In particular, we discuss how commensal-derived signals affect steady-state myelopoiesis and cellular function and how that influences the response to infection and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeh Gorjifard
- Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Romina S Goldszmid
- Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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185
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Bach Knudsen KE, Jørgensen H, Theil PK. Changes in short-chain fatty acid plasma profile incurred by dietary fiber composition1. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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186
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Knudsen KEB, Lærke HN, Ingerslev AK, Hedemann MS, Nielsen TS, Theil PK. Carbohydrates in pig nutrition – Recent advances. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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187
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Abstract
There are a range of methodologies available to study the human microbiota, ranging from traditional approaches such as culturing through to state-of-the-art developments in next generation DNA sequencing technologies. The advent of molecular techniques in particular has opened up tremendous new avenues for research, and has galvanised interest in the study of our microbial inhabitants. Given the dazzling array of available options, however, it is important to understand the inherent advantages and limitations of each technique so that the best approach can be employed to address the particular research objective. In this chapter we cover some of the most widely used current techniques in human microbiota research and highlight the particular strengths and caveats associated with each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W Walker
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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188
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Louis P, Flint HJ, Michel C. How to Manipulate the Microbiota: Prebiotics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 902:119-42. [PMID: 27161355 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31248-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the last century, human nutrition has evolved from the definition of our nutritional needs and the identification of ways to meet them, to the identification of food components that can optimise our physiological and psychological functions. This development, which aims to ensure the welfare, health and reduced susceptibility to disease during life, gave birth to the concept of "functional foods". In this context, there is an increasing interest in the physiological effects induced by the dense and diverse microbiota which inhabits the human colon and whose development depends on the fermentation of undigested food residues. Thus, much research aims at identifying ways to guide these impacts in order to benefit the health of the host. It is in this context that the concept of "prebiotics" was developed in the 1990s. Since then, prebiotics have stimulated extensive work in order to clarify their definition, their nature and their physiological properties in accordance with the evolution of knowledge on the intestinal microbiota. However many questions remain open about their specificities, their mechanism(s) of action and therefore the relevance of their current categorisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Louis
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Harry J Flint
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Catherine Michel
- UMR Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Université de Nantes, INRA, HNB1- CHU-Hotel DIEU, Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093, NANTES Cedex 1, France
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189
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Therapeutic effect of apple pectin in obese rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:1233-1238. [PMID: 27565845 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the most common nutritional disorder and is associated with significant comorbidities such as dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes. This pathology is changing worldwide and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study, carried out on adult male Wistar rats, evaluates the inhibitory effects of supplementation with apple pectin molecule on obesity. Under our experimental conditions, administration of pectin molecule decreased 1) the total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-ch) and triglycerides (TG) levels as well as ASAT, ALAT, LDH, ALP, UREA and uric acid (UC) levels in blood serum; and 2) increased the creatinine levels (CREA), compared to HFD group. TBARS concentrations decreased in liver, kidney, and serum by 20%, 29% and 19%, respectively, in a group treated with high-fat diet and pectin (HFD+Pec) compared to a HFD-treated group. The same treatment with pectin molecule increased superoxide dismutase, glutathion peroxidase and catalase activities by 39%, 14% and 16% in liver; 5%, 7% and 31% in kidney; and 9%, 32% and 22% in blood serum in the HFD Pec-treated group. The anti-obesity effects of the pectin molecule in several organs are mainly due to the interaction of this molecule with both the polysaccharide and the enzyme system which can be determined by phytochemical analysis.
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190
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Ejby M, Fredslund F, Andersen JM, Vujičić Žagar A, Henriksen JR, Andersen TL, Svensson B, Slotboom DJ, Abou Hachem M. An ATP Binding Cassette Transporter Mediates the Uptake of α-(1,6)-Linked Dietary Oligosaccharides in Bifidobacterium and Correlates with Competitive Growth on These Substrates. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20220-31. [PMID: 27502277 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular details and impact of oligosaccharide uptake by distinct human gut microbiota (HGM) are currently not well understood. Non-digestible dietary galacto- and gluco-α-(1,6)-oligosaccharides from legumes and starch, respectively, are preferentially fermented by mainly bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the human gut. Here we show that the solute binding protein (BlG16BP) associated with an ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter from the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 binds α-(1,6)-linked glucosides and galactosides of varying size, linkage, and monosaccharide composition with preference for the trisaccharides raffinose and panose. This preference is also reflected in the α-(1,6)-galactoside uptake profile of the bacterium. Structures of BlG16BP in complex with raffinose and panose revealed the basis for the remarkable ligand binding plasticity of BlG16BP, which recognizes the non-reducing α-(1,6)-diglycoside in its ligands. BlG16BP homologues occur predominantly in bifidobacteria and a few Firmicutes but lack in other HGMs. Among seven bifidobacterial taxa, only those possessing this transporter displayed growth on α-(1,6)-glycosides. Competition assays revealed that the dominant HGM commensal Bacteroides ovatus was out-competed by B. animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 in mixed cultures growing on raffinose, the preferred ligand for the BlG16BP. By comparison, B. ovatus mono-cultures grew very efficiently on this trisaccharide. These findings suggest that the ABC-mediated uptake of raffinose provides an important competitive advantage, particularly against dominant Bacteroides that lack glycan-specific ABC-transporters. This novel insight highlights the role of glycan transport in defining the metabolic specialization of gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Ejby
- From the Protein Glycoscience and Biotechnology, Department of Bioengineering, Elektrovej, Building 375
| | - Folmer Fredslund
- MaxLab, MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 1, 221 00 LUND, Sweden, and
| | - Joakim Mark Andersen
- From the Protein Glycoscience and Biotechnology, Department of Bioengineering, Elektrovej, Building 375
| | - Andreja Vujičić Žagar
- Membrane Enzymology, Institute for Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Lars Andersen
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanotechnology, Produktionstorvet Building 423, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- From the Protein Glycoscience and Biotechnology, Department of Bioengineering, Elektrovej, Building 375
| | - Dirk Jan Slotboom
- Membrane Enzymology, Institute for Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maher Abou Hachem
- From the Protein Glycoscience and Biotechnology, Department of Bioengineering, Elektrovej, Building 375,
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191
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Larsson JK, Sonestedt E, Ohlsson B, Manjer J, Sjöberg K. The association between the intake of specific dietary components and lifestyle factors and microscopic colitis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:1309-1317. [PMID: 27460269 PMCID: PMC5107968 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The incidence of microscopic colitis (MC) has increased over the previous decades. In addition to smoking and drugs, currently unidentified environmental factors may have a role. The aim of this study was to determine whether specific dietary or other lifestyle factors were associated with the development of MC. Subject/Methods: The population-based cohort Malmö Diet and Cancer Study of 28 095 individuals was examined. Information about dietary habits was collected by a modified diet history method. Data on anthropometry were measured, and socio-economic and lifestyle factors were collected by questionnaires. Cases of MC were identified in medical registers. Associations were estimated using Cox regression analysis. Results: During a 22-year period, 135 patients were diagnosed with MC. Intakes of protein, carbohydrates, sucrose, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids, fibre and zinc were not associated with MC. We could verify the previously reported association between MC and smoking (hazard ratio (HR): 2.29; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66–3.84) and the female gender (HR: 3.57; 95% CI: 2.22–5.74). High alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk for MC (HR: 1.89 for the highest quartile; 95% CI: 0.82–4.33, P for trend=0.032). In a post hoc analysis, alcohol intake including all patients independently of consumption seemed to reduce the smoking-related risk. Conclusions: Despite a large cohort and a long follow-up period, we could not detect any dietary risk factors for MC. The aetiological mechanisms behind the positive impact of smoking and alcohol on MC risk should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - E Sonestedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - B Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Division of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Manjer
- The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - K Sjöberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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192
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Endesfelder D, Engel M, Zu Castell W. Gut Immunity and Type 1 Diabetes: a Mélange of Microbes, Diet, and Host Interactions? Curr Diab Rep 2016; 16:60. [PMID: 27155610 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-016-0753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disease, and first stages of the disease typically develop early in life. Genetic as well as environmental factors are thought to contribute to the risk of developing autoimmunity against pancreatic beta cells. Several environmental factors, such as breastfeeding or early introduction of solid food, have been associated with increased risk for developing T1D. During the first years of life, the gut microbial community is shaped by the environment, in particular by dietary factors. Moreover, the gut microbiome has been described for its role in shaping the immune system early in life and early data suggest associations between T1D risk and alterations in gut microbial communities. In this article, we discuss environmental factors influencing the colonization process of the gut microbial community. Furthermore, we review possible interactions between the microbiome and the host that might contribute to the risk of developing T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Endesfelder
- Scientific Computing Research Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Marion Engel
- Scientific Computing Research Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zu Castell
- Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstrasse 3, 85747, Garching, Germany
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193
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Burcelin R. Gut microbiota and immune crosstalk in metabolic disease. Mol Metab 2016; 5:771-81. [PMID: 27617200 PMCID: PMC5004167 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota is considered as a major regulator of metabolic disease. This reconciles the notion of metabolic inflammation and the epidemic development of the disease. In addition to evidence showing that a specific gut microbiota characterizes patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hepatic steatosis, the mechanisms causal to the disease could be related to the translocation of microbiota from the gut to the tissues, inducing inflammation. The mechanisms regulating such a process are based on the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the host immune system. The hologenome theory of evolution supports this concept and implies that therapeutic strategies aiming to control glycemia should take into account both the gut microbiota and the host immune system. Scope of review This review discusses the latest evidence regarding the bidirectional impact of the gut microbiota on host immune system crosstalk for the control of metabolic disease, hyperglycemia, and obesity. To avoid redundancies with the literature, we will focus our attention on the intestinal immune system, identifying evidence for the generation of novel therapeutic strategies, which could be based on the control of the translocation of gut bacteria to tissues. Such novel strategies should hamper the role played by gut microbiota dysbiosis on the development of metabolic inflammation. Major conclusions Recent evidence in rodents allows us to conclude that an impaired intestinal immune system characterizes and could be causal in the development of metabolic disease. The fine understanding of the molecular mechanisms should allow for the development of a first line of treatment for metabolic disease and its co-morbidities. This article is part of a special issue on microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Inserm 1048, Hôpital Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France. Tel.: +33 561 32 56 14; fax: +33 561 32 56 21.Inserm 1048Hôpital RangueilToulouse31400France
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194
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Pham VT, Lacroix C, Braegger CP, Chassard C. Early colonization of functional groups of microbes in the infant gut. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:2246-58. [PMID: 27059115 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The colonization of the infant gut is crucial for early life development. Although the composition and diversity of the infant gut microbiota (GM) has been well described at a taxonomic level, functional aspects of this ecosystem remain unexplored. In the infant gut, lactate is produced by a number of bacteria and plays an important role in the trophic chain of the fermentation process. However, little is known about the lactate-utilizing bacteria (LUB) community in infants and their impact on gut health. By combining culture-based and molecular methods, we intensively studied LUB in fecal samples of 40 healthy infants on both taxonomic and functional levels. We demonstrated metabolic cross-feeding of lactate and identified keystone species specified for lactate utilization. The interactions of such species and their metabolic outcome could have direct impacts on infant health, either beneficial (production of short chain fatty acids) or detrimental (accumulation of hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide). We identified mode of delivery as a strong determinant for lactate-producing and -utilizing bacteria levels. These findings present the early establishment of GM with a novel perspective and emphasize the importance of lactate utilization in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van T Pham
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH, Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH, Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian P Braegger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Chassard
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH, Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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195
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Grandeur Alliances: Symbiont Metabolic Integration and Obligate Arthropod Hematophagy. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:739-749. [PMID: 27236581 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Several arthropod taxa live exclusively on vertebrate blood. This food source lacks essential metabolites required for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, and as such, these arthropods have formed symbioses with nutrient-supplementing microbes that facilitate their host's 'hematophagous' feeding ecology. Herein we highlight metabolic contributions of bacterial symbionts that reside within tsetse flies, bed bugs, lice, reduviid bugs, and ticks, with specific emphasis on B vitamin and cofactor biosynthesis. Importantly, these arthropods can transmit pathogens of medical and veterinary relevance and/or cause infestations that induce psychological and dermatological distress. Microbial metabolites, and the biochemical pathways that generate them, can serve as specific targets of novel control mechanisms aimed at disrupting the metabolism of hematophagous arthropods, thus combatting pest invasion and vector-borne pathogen transmission.
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196
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Lin YC, Chen YT, Hsieh HH, Chen MJ. Effect of Lactobacillus mali APS1 and L. kefiranofaciens M1 on obesity and glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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197
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Zhou Z, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Diao Y, Strappe P, Prenzler P, Ayton J, Blanchard C. Deep-fried oil consumption in rats impairs glycerolipid metabolism, gut histology and microbiota structure. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:86. [PMID: 27121709 PMCID: PMC4848804 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep frying in oil is a popular cooking method around the world. However, the safety of deep-fried edible oil, which is ingested with fried food, is a concern, because the oil is exposed continuously to be re-used at a high temperature, leading to a number of well-known chemical reactions. Thus, this study investigates the changes in energy metabolism, colon histology and gut microbiota in rats following deep-fried oil consumption and explores the mechanisms involved in above alterations. METHODS Deep-fried oil was prepared following a published method. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8/group). Group 1: basal diet without extra oil consumption (control group); Group 2: basal diet supplemented with non-heated canola oil (NEO group); Group 3: basal diet supplemented with deep-fried canola oil (DFEO group). One point five milliliters (1.5 mL) of non-heated or heated oil were fed by oral gavage using a feeding needle once daily for 6 consecutive weeks. Effect of DFEO on rats body weight, KEGG pathway regarding lipids metabolism, gut histology and gut microbiota were analyzed using techniques of RNA sequencing, HiSeq Illumina sequencing platform, etc. RESULTS Among the three groups, DFEO diet resulted in a lowest rat body weight. Metabolic pathway analysis showed 13 significantly enriched KEGG pathways in Control versus NEO group, and the majority of these were linked to carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolisms. Comparison of NEO group versus DFEO group, highlighted significantly enriched functional pathways were mainly associated with chronic diseases. Among them, only one metabolism pathway (i.e. glycerolipid metabolism pathway) was found to be significantly enriched, indicating that inhibition of this metabolism pathway (glycerolipid metabolism) may be a response to the reduction in energy metabolism in the rats of DFEO group. Related gene analysis indicated that the down-regulation of Lpin1 seems to be highly associated with the inhibition of glycerolipid metabolism pathway. Histological analysis of gastrointestinal tract demonstrated several changes induced by DFEO on intestinal mucosa with associated destruction of endocrine tissue and the evidence of inflammation. Microbiota data showed that rats in DFEO group had the lowest proportion of Prevotella and the highest proportion of Bacteroides among the three groups. In particular, rats in DFEO group were characterized with higher presence of Allobaculum (Firmicutes), but not in control and NEO groups. CONCLUSION This study investigated the negative effect of DFEO on health, in which DFEO could impair glycerolipid metabolism, destroy gut histological structure and unbalance microbiota profile. More importantly, this is the first attempt to reveal the mechanism involved in these changes, which may provide the guideline for designing health diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China. .,ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia. .,School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yumei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yongjia Diao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Padraig Strappe
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Paul Prenzler
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Jamie Ayton
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Agriculture Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Chris Blanchard
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
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198
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Widder S, Allen RJ, Pfeiffer T, Curtis TP, Wiuf C, Sloan WT, Cordero OX, Brown SP, Momeni B, Shou W, Kettle H, Flint HJ, Haas AF, Laroche B, Kreft JU, Rainey PB, Freilich S, Schuster S, Milferstedt K, van der Meer JR, Groβkopf T, Huisman J, Free A, Picioreanu C, Quince C, Klapper I, Labarthe S, Smets BF, Wang H, Soyer OS. Challenges in microbial ecology: building predictive understanding of community function and dynamics. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:2557-2568. [PMID: 27022995 PMCID: PMC5113837 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The importance of microbial communities (MCs) cannot be overstated. MCs underpin the biogeochemical cycles of the earth's soil, oceans and the atmosphere, and perform ecosystem functions that impact plants, animals and humans. Yet our ability to predict and manage the function of these highly complex, dynamically changing communities is limited. Building predictive models that link MC composition to function is a key emerging challenge in microbial ecology. Here, we argue that addressing this challenge requires close coordination of experimental data collection and method development with mathematical model building. We discuss specific examples where model–experiment integration has already resulted in important insights into MC function and structure. We also highlight key research questions that still demand better integration of experiments and models. We argue that such integration is needed to achieve significant progress in our understanding of MC dynamics and function, and we make specific practical suggestions as to how this could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Widder
- CUBE, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rosalind J Allen
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas Pfeiffer
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas P Curtis
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carsten Wiuf
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William T Sloan
- Infrastructure and Environment Research Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Otto X Cordero
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sam P Brown
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Babak Momeni
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.,Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wenying Shou
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Helen Kettle
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harry J Flint
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Andreas F Haas
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Béatrice Laroche
- Département de Mathématiques Informatiques Appliquées, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Paul B Rainey
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shiri Freilich
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Stefan Schuster
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kim Milferstedt
- INRA, UR0050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Narbonne, France
| | - Jan R van der Meer
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Groβkopf
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jef Huisman
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Free
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cristian Picioreanu
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Isaac Klapper
- Department of Mathematics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simon Labarthe
- Département de Mathématiques Informatiques Appliquées, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Barth F Smets
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Harris Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Orkun S Soyer
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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199
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Wang BG, Xu HB, Xu F, Zeng ZL, Wei H. Efficacy of oral Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 29521 on microflora and antioxidant in mice. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:249-62. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine whether Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 29521, a species of colonic microflora in humans, is involved in the intestinal tract of mice. This study was also conducted to determine the antioxidant activity of this species by evaluating different microbial populations and reactive oxygen species isolated from feces and intestinal contents for 28 days of oral administration. Microbial diversities were assessed through bacterial culture techniques, PCR–DGGE, and real-time PCR. This study showed that the intake of B. bifidum ATCC 29521 significantly (p < 0.05) improved the ecosystem of the intestinal tract of BALB/c mice by increasing the amount of probiotics (Lactobacillus intestinalis and Lactobacillus crispatus) and by reducing unwanted bacterial populations (Enterobacter, Escherichia coli). Antioxidative activities of incubated cell-free extracts were evaluated through various assays, including the scavenging ability of DPPH radical (64.5% and 67.54% (p < 0.05), respectively, at 21 days in nutrients and 28 days in MRS broth), superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radical (85% and 61.5% (p < 0.05), respectively, at intestinal contents in nutrients and 21 days in MRS broth). Total reducing power (231.5 μmol/L (p < 0.05), 14 days in MRS broth) and mRNA level of genes related to oxidative stress were also determined. Results indicated that B. bifidum ATCC 29521 elicits a beneficial effect on murine gut microbiota and antioxidant activities compared with the control samples. This species can be considered as a potential bioresource antioxidant to promote health. Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 29521 may also be used as a promising material in microbiological and food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-gui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-bo Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 300381, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe-ling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People’s Republic of China
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200
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A wide range of dietary carbohydrates, including prebiotic food ingredients, fermentable fibers, and milk oligosaccharides, are able to produce significant changes in the intestinal microbiota. These shifts in the microbial community are often characterized by increased levels of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. More recent studies have revealed that species of Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, and other less well studied members may also be enriched. We review the implications of these recent studies on future design of prebiotics and synbiotics to promote gastrointestinal health. RECENT FINDINGS Investigations assessing the clinical outcomes associated with dietary modification of the gut microbiota have shown systemic as well as specific health benefits. Both prebiotic oligosaccharides comprised of a linear arrangement of simple sugars, as well as fiber-rich foods containing complex carbohydrates, have been used in these trials. However, individual variability and nonresponding study participants can make the outcome of dietary interventions less predictable. In contrast, synergistic synbiotics containing prebiotics that specifically stimulate a cognate probiotic provide additional options for personalized gut therapies. SUMMARY This review describes recent research on how prebiotics and fermentable fibers can influence the gut microbiota and result in improvements to human health.
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