151
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Schubert BA, Lowenstein TK, Timofeeff MN. Microscopic identification of prokaryotes in modern and ancient halite, Saline Valley and Death Valley, California. ASTROBIOLOGY 2009; 9:467-482. [PMID: 19566426 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2008.0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Primary fluid inclusions in halite crystallized in Saline Valley, California, in 1980, 2004-2005, and 2007, contain rod- and coccoid-shaped microparticles the same size and morphology as archaea and bacteria living in modern brines. Primary fluid inclusions from a well-dated (0-100,000 years), 90 m long salt core from Badwater Basin, Death Valley, California, also contain microparticles, here interpreted as halophilic and halotolerant prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are distinguished from crystals on the basis of morphology, optical properties (birefringence), and uniformity of size. Electron micrographs of microparticles from filtered modern brine (Saline Valley), dissolved modern halite crystals (Saline Valley), and dissolved ancient halite crystals (Death Valley) support in situ microscopic observations that prokaryotes are present in fluid inclusions in ancient halite. In the Death Valley salt core, prokaryotes in fluid inclusions occur almost exclusively in halite precipitated in perennial saline lakes 10,000 to 35,000 years ago. This suggests that trapping and preservation of prokaryotes in fluid inclusions is influenced by the surface environment in which the halite originally precipitated. In all cases, prokaryotes in fluid inclusions in halite from the Death Valley salt core are miniaturized (<1 microm diameter cocci, <2.5 microm long, very rare rod shapes), which supports interpretations that the prokaryotes are indigenous to the halite and starvation survival may be the normal response of some prokaryotes to entrapment in fluid inclusions for millennia. These results reinforce the view that fluid inclusions in halite and possibly other evaporites are important repositories of microbial life and should be carefully examined in the search for ancient microorganisms on Earth, Mars, and elsewhere in the Solar System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Schubert
- Department of Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA.
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152
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Stability against freezing of aqueous solutions on early Mars. Nature 2009; 459:401-4. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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153
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Wang A, Freeman JJ, Jolliff BL. Phase transition pathways of the hydrates of magnesium sulfate in the temperature range 50°C to 5°C: Implication for sulfates on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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154
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Roach LH, Mustard JF, Murchie SL, Bibring J, Forget F, Lewis KW, Aharonson O, Vincendon M, Bishop JL. Testing evidence of recent hydration state change in sulfates on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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155
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156
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Pham LBS, Karatekin O, Dehant V. Effects of meteorite impacts on the atmospheric evolution of Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2009; 9:45-54. [PMID: 19317624 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2008.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Early in its history, Mars probably had a denser atmosphere with sufficient greenhouse gases to sustain the presence of stable liquid water at the surface. Impacts by asteroids and comets would have played a significant role in the evolution of the martian atmosphere, not only by causing atmospheric erosion but also by delivering material and volatiles to the planet. We investigate the atmospheric loss and the delivery of volatiles with an analytical model that takes into account the impact simulation results and the flux of impactors given in the literature. The atmospheric loss and the delivery of volatiles are calculated to obtain the atmospheric pressure evolution. Our results suggest that the impacts alone cannot satisfactorily explain the loss of significant atmospheric mass since the Late Noachian (approximately 3.7-4 Ga). A period with intense bombardment of meteorites could have increased the atmospheric loss; but to explain the loss of a speculative massive atmosphere in the Late Noachian, other factors of atmospheric erosion and replenishment also need to be taken into account.
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157
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Wang A, Bell JF, Li R, Johnson JR, Farrand WH, Cloutis EA, Arvidson RE, Crumpler L, Squyres SW, McLennan SM, Herkenhoff KE, Ruff SW, Knudson AT, Chen W, Greenberger R. Light-toned salty soils and coexisting Si-rich species discovered by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit in Columbia Hills. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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158
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Chojnacki M, Hynek BM. Geological context of water-altered minerals in Valles Marineris, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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159
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Massé M, Le Mouélic S, Bourgeois O, Combe JP, Le Deit L, Sotin C, Bibring JP, Gondet B, Langevin Y. Mineralogical composition, structure, morphology, and geological history of Aram Chaos crater fill on Mars derived from OMEGA Mars Express data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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160
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Stivaletta N, Barbieri R. Endoliths in Terrestrial Arid Environments: Implications for Astrobiology. CELLULAR ORIGIN, LIFE IN EXTREME HABITATS AND ASTROBIOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8837-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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161
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Arvidson RE, Ruff SW, Morris RV, Ming DW, Crumpler LS, Yen AS, Squyres SW, Sullivan RJ, Bell JF, Cabrol NA, Clark BC, Farrand WH, Gellert R, Greenberger R, Grant JA, Guinness EA, Herkenhoff KE, Hurowitz JA, Johnson JR, Klingelhöfer G, Lewis KW, Li R, McCoy TJ, Moersch J, McSween HY, Murchie SL, Schmidt M, Schröder C, Wang A, Wiseman S, Madsen MB, Goetz W, McLennan SM. Spirit Mars Rover Mission to the Columbia Hills, Gusev Crater: Mission overview and selected results from the Cumberland Ridge to Home Plate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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162
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Pommerol A, Schmitt B. Strength of the H2O near-infrared absorption bands in hydrated minerals: Effects of particle size and correlation with albedo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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163
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Sutter B, Brown AJ, Stoker CR. Visible-near infrared point spectrometry of drill core samples from Río Tinto, Spain: results from the 2005 Mars Astrobiology Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE) drilling exercise. ASTROBIOLOGY 2008; 8:1049-1060. [PMID: 19105759 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2007.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sampling of subsurface rock may be required to detect evidence of past biological activity on Mars. The Mars Astrobiology Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE) utilized the Río Tinto region, Spain, as a Mars analog site to test dry drilling technologies specific to Mars that retrieve subsurface rock for biological analysis. This work examines the usefulness of visible-near infrared (VNIR) (450-1000 nm) point spectrometry to characterize ferric iron minerals in core material retrieved during a simulated Mars drilling mission. VNIR spectrometry can indicate the presence of aqueously precipitated ferric iron minerals and, thus, determine whether biological analysis of retrieved rock is warranted. Core spectra obtained during the mission with T1 (893-897 nm) and T2 (644-652 nm) features indicate goethite-dominated samples, while relatively lower wavelength T1 (832-880 nm) features indicate hematite. Hematite/goethite molar ratios varied from 0 to 1.4, and within the 880-898 nm range, T1 features were used to estimate hematite/goethite molar ratios. Post-mission X-ray analysis detected phyllosilicates, which indicates that examining beyond the VNIR (e.g., shortwave infrared, 1000-2500 nm) will enhance the detection of other minerals formed by aqueous processes. Despite the limited spectral range of VNIR point spectrometry utilized in the MARTE Mars drilling simulation project, ferric iron minerals could be identified in retrieved core material, and their distribution served to direct core subsampling for biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Sutter
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA.
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164
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Fernández-Remolar DC, Prieto-Ballesteros O, Rodríguez N, Gómez F, Amils R, Gómez-Elvira J, Stoker CR. Underground habitats in the Río Tinto basin: a model for subsurface life habitats on Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2008; 8:1023-1047. [PMID: 19105758 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2006.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A search for evidence of cryptic life in the subsurface region of a fractured Paleozoic volcanosedimentary deposit near the source waters of the Río Tinto River (Iberian pyrite belt, southwest Spain) was carried out by Mars Astrobiology Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE) project investigators in 2003 and 2004. This conventional deep-drilling experiment is referred to as the MARTE ground truth drilling project. Boreholes were drilled at three sites, and samples from extracted cores were analyzed with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Core leachates were analyzed with ion chromatography, and borehole fluids were analyzed with ion and gas chromatography. Key variables of the groundwater system (e.g., pO(2), pH, and salinity) exhibit huge ranges probably due to surficial oxygenation of overall reducing waters, physical mixing of waters, and biologically mediated water-rock interactions. Mineral distribution is mainly driven by the pH of subsurface solutions, which range from highly acidic to neutral. Borehole fluids contain dissolved gases such as CO(2), CH(4), and H(2). SEM-EDS analyses of core samples revealed evidence of microbes attacking pyrite. The Río Tinto alteration mechanisms may be similar to subsurface weathering of the martian crust and provide insights into the possible (bio)geochemical cycles that may have accompanied underground habitats in extensive early Mars volcanic regions and associated sulfide ores.
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165
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Yusenko K, Fox S, Guni P, Strasdeit H. Model Studies on the Formation and Reactions of Solid Glycine Complexes at the Coasts of a Primordial Salty Ocean. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200800285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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166
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Rossi AP, Neukum G, Pondrelli M, van Gasselt S, Zegers T, Hauber E, Chicarro A, Foing B. Large-scale spring deposits on Mars? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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167
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Mangold N, Ansan V, Masson P, Quantin C, Neukum G. Geomorphic study of fluvial landforms on the northern Valles Marineris plateau, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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168
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Johnson SS, Mischna MA, Grove TL, Zuber MT. Sulfur-induced greenhouse warming on early Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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169
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Le Deit L, Le Mouélic S, Bourgeois O, Combe JP, Mège D, Sotin C, Gendrin A, Hauber E, Mangold N, Bibring JP. Ferric oxides in East Candor Chasma, Valles Marineris (Mars) inferred from analysis of OMEGA/Mars Express data: Identification and geological interpretation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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170
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Elphic RC, Chu P, Hahn S, James MR, Lawrence DJ, Prettyman TH, Johnson JB, Podgorney RK. Surface and downhole prospecting tools for planetary exploration: tests of neutron and gamma ray probes. ASTROBIOLOGY 2008; 8:639-652. [PMID: 18554085 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2007.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability to locate and characterize icy deposits and other hydrogenous materials on the Moon and Mars will help us understand the distribution of water and, therefore, possible habitats at Mars, and may help us locate primitive prebiotic compounds at the Moon's poles. We have developed a rover-borne neutron probe that localizes a near-surface icy deposit and provides information about its burial depth and abundance. We have also developed a borehole neutron probe to determine the stratigraphy of hydrogenous subsurface layers while operating within a drill string segment. In our field tests, we have used a neutron source to "illuminate" surrounding materials and gauge the instruments' efficacy, and we can simulate accurately the observed instrument responses using a Monte Carlo nuclear transport code (MCNPX). An active neutron source would not be needed for lunar or martian near-surface exploration: cosmic-ray interactions provide sufficient neutron flux to depths of several meters and yield better depth and abundance sensitivity than an active source. However, for deep drilling (>or=10 m depth), a source is required. We also present initial tests of a borehole gamma ray lithodensity tool and demonstrate its utility in determining soil or rock densities and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Elphic
- Planetary Systems Branch, Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, USA.
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171
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Tosca NJ, Knoll AH, McLennan SM. Water Activity and the Challenge for Life on Early Mars. Science 2008; 320:1204-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1155432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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172
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Tosca NJ, McLennan SM, Dyar MD, Sklute EC, Michel FM. Fe oxidation processes at Meridiani Planum and implications for secondary Fe mineralogy on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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173
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Rogers AD, Aharonson O. Mineralogical composition of sands in Meridiani Planum determined from Mars Exploration Rover data and comparison to orbital measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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174
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Campbell JL, Gellert R, Lee M, Mallett CL, Maxwell JA, O'Meara JM. Quantitative in situ determination of hydration of bright high-sulfate Martian soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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175
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Liu DL, Beegle LW, Kanik I. Analysis of underivatized amino acids in geological samples using ion-pairing liquid chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. ASTROBIOLOGY 2008; 8:229-241. [PMID: 18393689 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2007.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The capability of detecting biomarkers, such as amino acids, in chemically complex field samples is essential to establishing the knowledge required to search for chemical signatures of life in future planetary explorations. However, due to the complexities of in situ investigations, it is important to establish a new analytical scheme that utilizes a minimal amount of sample preparation. This paper reports the feasibility of a novel and sensitive technique, which has been established to quantitate amino acids in terrestrial crust samples directly without derivatization using volatile ion-pairing liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry equipped with an electrospray ionization source. Adequate separation of 20 underivatized amino acids was achieved on a C(18) capillary column within 26 min with nonafluoropentanoic acid (NFPA) as ion-pairing reagent. Each amino acid was identified from its retention time as well as from its characteristic parent-to-daughter ion transition. Using tandem mass spectrometry as a detection technique allows co-elution of some amino acids, as it is more specific than traditional spectrophotometric methods. In the present study, terrestrial samples collected from 3 different locations were analyzed for their water-extractable free amino acid contents, following the removal of metal and organic interferences via ion exchange procedures. This is the first time that amino acids in geological samples were directly determined quantitatively without complicated derivatization steps. Depending on the amino acid, the detection limits varied from 0.02 to 5.7 pmol with the use of a 1 microl sample injection loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Ling Liu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
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176
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Fernández-Remolar DC, Gómez F, Prieto-Ballesteros O, Schelble RT, Rodríguez N, Amils R. Some ecological mechanisms to generate habitability in planetary subsurface areas by chemolithotrophic communities: the Río Tinto subsurface ecosystem as a model system. ASTROBIOLOGY 2008; 8:157-173. [PMID: 18237256 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2006.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemolithotrophic communities that colonize subsurface habitats have great relevance for the astrobiological exploration of our Solar System. We hypothesize that the chemical and thermal stabilization of an environment through microbial activity could make a given planetary region habitable. The MARTE project ground-truth drilling campaigns that sampled cryptic subsurface microbial communities in the basement of the Río Tinto headwaters have shown that acidic surficial habitats are the result of the microbial oxidation of pyritic ores. The oxidation process is exothermic and releases heat under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. These microbial communities can maintain the subsurface habitat temperature through storage heat if the subsurface temperature does not exceed their maximum growth temperature. In the acidic solutions of the Río Tinto, ferric iron acts as an effective buffer for controlling water pH. Under anaerobic conditions, ferric iron is the oxidant used by microbes to decompose pyrite through the production of sulfate, ferrous iron, and protons. The integration between the physical and chemical processes mediated by microorganisms with those driven by the local geology and hydrology have led us to hypothesize that thermal and chemical regulation mechanisms exist in this environment and that these homeostatic mechanisms could play an essential role in creating habitable areas for other types of microorganisms. Therefore, searching for the physicochemical expression of extinct and extant homeostatic mechanisms through physical and chemical anomalies in the Mars crust (i.e., local thermal gradient or high concentration of unusual products such as ferric sulfates precipitated out from acidic solutions produced by hypothetical microbial communities) could be a first step in the search for biological traces of a putative extant or extinct Mars biosphere.
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177
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Jiang H, Dong H, Yu B, Liu X, Li Y, Ji S, Zhang CL. Microbial response to salinity change in Lake Chaka, a hypersaline lake on Tibetan plateau. Environ Microbiol 2008; 9:2603-21. [PMID: 17803783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations of the salinity effects on the microbial community composition have largely been limited to dynamic estuaries and coastal solar salterns. In this study, the effects of salinity and mineralogy on microbial community composition was studied by using a 900-cm sediment core collected from a stable, inland hypersaline lake, Lake Chaka, on the Tibetan Plateau, north-western China. This core, spanning a time of 17,000 years, was unique in that it possessed an entire range of salinity from freshwater clays and silty sands at the bottom to gypsum and glauberite in the middle, to halite at the top. Bacterial and archaeal communities were studied along the length of this core using an integrated approach combining mineralogy and geochemistry, molecular microbiology (16S rRNA gene analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction), cultivation and lipid biomarker analyses. Systematic changes in microbial community composition were correlated with the salinity gradient, but not with mineralogy. Bacterial community was dominated by the Firmicutes-related environmental sequences and known species (including sulfate-reducing bacteria) in the freshwater sediments at the bottom, but by halophilic and halotolerant Betaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in the hypersaline sediments at the top. Succession of proteobacterial groups along the salinity gradient, typically observed in free-living bacterial communities, was not observed in the sediment-associated community. Among Archaea, the Crenarchaeota were predominant in the bottom freshwater sediments, but the halophilic Halobacteriales of the Euryarchaeota was the most important group in the hypersaline sediments. Multiple isolates were obtained along the whole length of the core, and their salinity tolerance was consistent with the geochemical conditions. Iron-reducing bacteria were isolated in the freshwater sediments, which were capable of reducing structural Fe(III) in the Fe(III)-rich clay minerals predominant in the source sediment. These data have important implications for understanding how microorganisms respond to increased salinity in stable, inland water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Jiang
- Department of Geology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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178
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Hock AN, Cabrol NA, Dohm JM, Piatek J, Warren-Rhodes K, Weinstein S, Wettergreen DS, Grin EA, Moersch J, Cockell CS, Coppin P, Ernst L, Fisher G, Hardgrove C, Marinangeli L, Minkley E, Ori GG, Waggoner A, Wyatt M, Smith T, Thompson D, Wagner M, Jonak D, Stubbs K, Thomas G, Pudenz E, Glasgow J. Life in the Atacama: A scoring system for habitability and the robotic exploration for life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Hock
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Nathalie A. Cabrol
- Space Science Division; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- SETI Institute; Mountain View California USA
| | - James M. Dohm
- Hydrology and Water Resources Department; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Jennifer Piatek
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Kim Warren-Rhodes
- Space Science Division; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- SETI Institute; Mountain View California USA
| | - Shmuel Weinstein
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center; Mellon Institute, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | | | - Edmond A. Grin
- Space Science Division; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- SETI Institute; Mountain View California USA
| | - Jeffrey Moersch
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Charles S. Cockell
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute; Open University; Milton Keynes UK
| | - Peter Coppin
- Eventscope, Remote Experience and Learning Laboratory, Studio for Creative Inquiry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Lauren Ernst
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center; Mellon Institute, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Gregory Fisher
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center; Mellon Institute, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Craig Hardgrove
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | | | - Edwin Minkley
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center; Mellon Institute, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | | | - Alan Waggoner
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center; Mellon Institute, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Mike Wyatt
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Trey Smith
- Robotics Institute; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - David Thompson
- Robotics Institute; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- Robotics Institute; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Dominic Jonak
- Robotics Institute; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Kristen Stubbs
- Robotics Institute; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Geb Thomas
- GROK Laboratory; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Erin Pudenz
- GROK Laboratory; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
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179
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Lichtenberg KA, Arvidson RE, Poulet F, Morris RV, Knudson A, Bell JF, Bellucci G, Bibring JP, Farrand WH, Johnson JR, Ming DW, Pinet PC, Rogers AD, Squyres SW. Coordinated analyses of orbital and Spirit Rover data to characterize surface materials on the cratered plains of Gusev Crater, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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180
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Halevy
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maria T. Zuber
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel P. Schrag
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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181
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Boynton WV, Taylor GJ, Evans LG, Reedy RC, Starr R, Janes DM, Kerry KE, Drake DM, Kim KJ, Williams RMS, Crombie MK, Dohm JM, Baker V, Metzger AE, Karunatillake S, Keller JM, Newsom HE, Arnold JR, Brückner J, Englert PAJ, Gasnault O, Sprague AL, Mitrofanov I, Squyres SW, Trombka JI, d'Uston L, Wänke H, Hamara DK. Concentration of H, Si, Cl, K, Fe, and Th in the low- and mid-latitude regions of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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182
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Sharma SK, Misra AK, Lucey PG, Wiens RC, Clegg SM. Combined remote LIBS and Raman spectroscopy at 8.6m of sulfur-containing minerals, and minerals coated with hematite or covered with basaltic dust. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 68:1036-45. [PMID: 17723318 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Combined remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Raman spectroscopy investigations at a distance of 8.6m have been carried out in air and under a simulated Martian atmosphere of 933Pa (7Torr) CO(2) on calcite (CaCO(3)), gypsum (CaSO(4).2H(2)O), and elemental sulfur (S), and LIBS investigations on chalcopyrite (CuFeS(2)) and pyrite (FeS(2)). Both Raman and LIBS techniques have also been used sequentially in air on hematite-coated calcite crystals and on a sample of anhydrite covered with basaltic dust. These experiments demonstrate that by using a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG pulsed laser co-radiating 1064 nm and 532 nm laser beams with a 5x beam expander, it is possible to measure simultaneously both the Raman and LIBS spectra of calcite, gypsum and elemental sulfur by adjusting the laser power electronically. The spectra of calcite, gypsum, and elemental sulfur contain fingerprint Raman lines; however, it was not possible to measure the remote Raman spectra of pyrite and chalcopyrite because of low intensities of Raman lines. In the cases of CuFeS(2), FeS(2), and elemental sulfur, S atomic emission lines in the LIBS spectra were detected only in 7Torr of CO(2) pressure and not in air. No S atomic emission lines were detected for gypsum in air or in CO(2). In the case of coated/dusted minerals, it was possible to remove the coating or dust with the focused LIBS laser and measure the Raman spectra of subsurface minerals with a 532 nm laser excitation. The complementary nature of these two techniques is highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sharma
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, SOEST, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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183
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McDowell ML, Hamilton VE. Geologic characteristics of relatively high thermal inertia intracrater deposits in southwestern Margaritifer Terra, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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184
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Chou IM, Seal RR. Magnesium and calcium sulfate stabilities and the water budget of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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185
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Sutter B, Dalton JB, Ewing SA, Amundson R, McKay CP. Terrestrial analogs for interpretation of infrared spectra from the Martian surface and subsurface: Sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, and phyllosilicate-bearing Atacama Desert soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Sutter
- SETI Institute; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - J. B. Dalton
- SETI Institute; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - S. A. Ewing
- Division of Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - R. Amundson
- Division of Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - C. P. McKay
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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186
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Bibring JP, Arvidson RE, Gendrin A, Gondet B, Langevin Y, Le Mouelic S, Mangold N, Morris RV, Mustard JF, Poulet F, Quantin C, Sotin C. Coupled Ferric Oxides and Sulfates on the Martian Surface. Science 2007; 317:1206-10. [PMID: 17673623 DOI: 10.1126/science.1144174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Mars Exploration Rover (MER), Opportunity, showed that layered sulfate deposits in Meridiani Planum formed during a period of rising acidic ground water. Crystalline hematite spherules formed in the deposits as a consequence of aqueous alteration and were concentrated on the surface as a lag deposit as wind eroded the softer sulfate rocks. On the basis of Mars Express Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité (OMEGA) orbital data, we demonstrate that crystalline hematite deposits are associated with layered sulfates in other areas on Mars, implying that Meridiani-like ground water systems were indeed widespread and representative of an extensive acid sulfate aqueous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Bibring
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Batiment 121, 91405 Orsay Campus, France.
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187
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Jouglet D, Poulet F, Milliken RE, Mustard JF, Bibring JP, Langevin Y, Gondet B, Gomez C. Hydration state of the Martian surface as seen by Mars Express OMEGA: 1. Analysis of the 3 μ
m hydration feature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Jouglet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS); Université Paris 11; Orsay France
| | - F. Poulet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS); Université Paris 11; Orsay France
| | - R. E. Milliken
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - J. F. Mustard
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - J.-P. Bibring
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS); Université Paris 11; Orsay France
| | - Y. Langevin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS); Université Paris 11; Orsay France
| | - B. Gondet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS); Université Paris 11; Orsay France
| | - C. Gomez
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS); Université Paris 11; Orsay France
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188
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Milliken RE, Mustard JF, Poulet F, Jouglet D, Bibring JP, Gondet B, Langevin Y. Hydration state of the Martian surface as seen by Mars Express OMEGA: 2. H2O content of the surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E. Milliken
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - John F. Mustard
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | | | - Denis Jouglet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS); Orsay Cedex France
| | | | | | - Yves Langevin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS); Orsay Cedex France
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189
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Wilson SA, Howard AD, Moore JM, Grant JA. Geomorphic and stratigraphic analysis of Crater Terby and layered deposits north of Hellas basin, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A. Wilson
- Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum; Smithsonian Institution; Washington D. C. USA
| | - Alan D. Howard
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Moore
- Space Sciences Division; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - John A. Grant
- Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum; Smithsonian Institution; Washington D. C. USA
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190
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Mustard JF, Poulet F, Head JW, Mangold N, Bibring JP, Pelkey SM, Fassett CI, Langevin Y, Neukum G. Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 1. Ancient impact melt in the Isidis Basin and implications for the transition from the Noachian to Hesperian. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Mustard
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - F. Poulet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris Sud; Orsay France
| | - J. W. Head
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - N. Mangold
- Laboratoire IDES; UMR8148 CNRS and Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - J.-P. Bibring
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris Sud; Orsay France
| | - S. M. Pelkey
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - C. I. Fassett
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Y. Langevin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris Sud; Orsay France
| | - G. Neukum
- Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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191
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Mangold N, Poulet F, Mustard JF, Bibring JP, Gondet B, Langevin Y, Ansan V, Masson P, Fassett C, Head JW, Hoffmann H, Neukum G. Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 2. Aqueous alteration of the crust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Mangold
- Laboratoire IDES; UMR8148 CNRS and Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - F. Poulet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - J. F. Mustard
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - J.-P. Bibring
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - B. Gondet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - Y. Langevin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - V. Ansan
- Laboratoire IDES; UMR8148 CNRS and Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - Ph. Masson
- Laboratoire IDES; UMR8148 CNRS and Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - C. Fassett
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - J. W. Head
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - H. Hoffmann
- Institut für Weltraumsensorik; DLR; Berlin Germany
| | - G. Neukum
- Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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192
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Zolotov MY, Mironenko MV. Timing of acid weathering on Mars: A kinetic-thermodynamic assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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193
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Pelkey SM, Mustard JF, Murchie S, Clancy RT, Wolff M, Smith M, Milliken R, Bibring JP, Gendrin A, Poulet F, Langevin Y, Gondet B. CRISM multispectral summary products: Parameterizing mineral diversity on Mars from reflectance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Pelkey
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - J. F. Mustard
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - S. Murchie
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | | | - M. Wolff
- Space Science Institute; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - M. Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - R. Milliken
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | | | - A. Gendrin
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - F. Poulet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Orsay France
| | - Y. Langevin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Orsay France
| | - B. Gondet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Orsay France
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194
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Fishbaugh KE, Poulet F, Chevrier V, Langevin Y, Bibring JP. On the origin of gypsum in the Mars north polar region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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195
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Chevrier V, Poulet F, Bibring JP. Early geochemical environment of Mars as determined from thermodynamics of phyllosilicates. Nature 2007; 448:60-3. [PMID: 17611538 DOI: 10.1038/nature05961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Images of geomorphological features that seem to have been produced by the action of liquid water have been considered evidence for wet surface conditions on early Mars. Moreover, the recent identification of large deposits of phyllosilicates, associated with the ancient Noachian terrains suggests long-timescale weathering of the primary basaltic crust by liquid water. It has been proposed that a greenhouse effect resulting from a carbon-dioxide-rich atmosphere sustained the temperate climate required to maintain liquid water on the martian surface during the Noachian. The apparent absence of carbonates and the low escape rates of carbon dioxide, however, are indicative of an early martian atmosphere with low levels of carbon dioxide. Here we investigate the geochemical conditions prevailing on the surface of Mars during the Noachian period using calculations of the aqueous equilibria of phyllosilicates. Our results show that Fe3+-rich phyllosilicates probably precipitated under weakly acidic to alkaline pH, an environment different from that of the following period, which was dominated by strongly acid weathering that led to the sulphate deposits identified on Mars. Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that the oxidation state of the martian surface was already high, supporting early escape of hydrogen. Finally, equilibrium with carbonates implies that phyllosilicate precipitation occurs preferentially at a very low partial pressure of carbon dioxide. We suggest that the possible absence of Noachian carbonates more probably resulted from low levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, rather than primary acidic conditions. Other greenhouse gases may therefore have played a part in sustaining a warm and wet climate on the early Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chevrier
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Space Simulation, Arkansas Center for Space and Planetary Sciences, MUSE 202, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
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196
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Dong H, Rech JA, Jiang H, Sun H, Buck BJ. Endolithic cyanobacteria in soil gypsum: Occurrences in Atacama (Chile), Mojave (United States), and Al-Jafr Basin (Jordan) Deserts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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197
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McCord TB, Adams JB, Bellucci G, Combe JP, Gillespie AR, Hansen G, Hoffmann H, Jaumann R, Neukum G, Pinet P, Poulet F, Stephan K. Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera spectrophotometric data: Characteristics and science analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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198
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Glotch TD, Rogers AD. Evidence for aqueous deposition of hematite- and sulfate-rich light-toned layered deposits in Aureum and Iani Chaos, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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199
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Minitti ME, Weitz CM, Lane MD, Bishop JL. Morphology, chemistry, and spectral properties of Hawaiian rock coatings and implications for Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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200
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Murchie S, Arvidson R, Bedini P, Beisser K, Bibring JP, Bishop J, Boldt J, Cavender P, Choo T, Clancy RT, Darlington EH, Des Marais D, Espiritu R, Fort D, Green R, Guinness E, Hayes J, Hash C, Heffernan K, Hemmler J, Heyler G, Humm D, Hutcheson J, Izenberg N, Lee R, Lees J, Lohr D, Malaret E, Martin T, McGovern JA, McGuire P, Morris R, Mustard J, Pelkey S, Rhodes E, Robinson M, Roush T, Schaefer E, Seagrave G, Seelos F, Silverglate P, Slavney S, Smith M, Shyong WJ, Strohbehn K, Taylor H, Thompson P, Tossman B, Wirzburger M, Wolff M. Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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