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Inhibitory Effects of Polysaccharides on the Cariogenic Activities ofStreptococcus mutans. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:2313-6. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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152
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Hasan NA, Young BA, Minard-Smith AT, Saeed K, Li H, Heizer EM, McMillan NJ, Isom R, Abdullah AS, Bornman DM, Faith SA, Choi SY, Dickens ML, Cebula TA, Colwell RR. Microbial community profiling of human saliva using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97699. [PMID: 24846174 PMCID: PMC4028220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human saliva is clinically informative of both oral and general health. Since next generation shotgun sequencing (NGS) is now widely used to identify and quantify bacteria, we investigated the bacterial flora of saliva microbiomes of two healthy volunteers and five datasets from the Human Microbiome Project, along with a control dataset containing short NGS reads from bacterial species representative of the bacterial flora of human saliva. GENIUS, a system designed to identify and quantify bacterial species using unassembled short NGS reads was used to identify the bacterial species comprising the microbiomes of the saliva samples and datasets. Results, achieved within minutes and at greater than 90% accuracy, showed more than 175 bacterial species comprised the bacterial flora of human saliva, including bacteria known to be commensal human flora but also Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Gamma proteobacteria. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTn) analysis in parallel, reported ca. five times more species than those actually comprising the in silico sample. Both GENIUSand BLAST analyses of saliva samples identified major genera comprising the bacterial flora of saliva, but GENIUS provided a more precise description of species composition, identifying to strain in most cases and delivered results at least 10,000 times faster. Therefore, GENIUS offers a facile and accurate system for identification and quantification of bacterial species and/or strains in metagenomic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur A. Hasan
- CosmosID, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Kelly Saeed
- CosmosID, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Huai Li
- CosmosID, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Richard Isom
- CosmosID, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Seon Young Choi
- CosmosID, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Thomas A. Cebula
- CosmosID, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rita R. Colwell
- CosmosID, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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153
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Sancilio S, di Giacomo V, Di Giulio M, Gallorini M, Marsich E, Travan A, Tarusha L, Cellini L, Cataldi A. Biological responses of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in an innovative co-culture model with Streptococcus mitis to thermosets coated with a silver polysaccharide antimicrobial system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96520. [PMID: 24806464 PMCID: PMC4013038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to evaluate the in vitro biological response of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) co-coltured with Streptococcus mitis to bisphenol A glycidylmethacrylate/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (BisGMA/TEGDMA) thermosets coated with Chitlac-nAg, a nanocomposite system with antimicrobial properties. To avoid bacterial adhesion to dental devices and to reduce cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells, we coated BisGMA/TEGDMA methacrylic thermosets with a new material, Chitlac-nAg, formed by stabilizing silver nanoparticles, which have well-known antimicrobial properties, with a polyelectrolyte solution containing Chitlac. Cytotoxicity, cell morphology, cell migration and inflammatory interleukine-6 (IL-6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion were evaluated. Our results showed that the cytotoxicity exerted on HGFs by our nanocomposite material was absent in our co-culture model, where fibroblasts are able to adhere and migrate. After 24 h thermosets coated with Chitlac as well as those coated with Chitlac-nAg exerted a minimal cytotoxic effect on HGFs, while after 48 h LDH release rises up 20%. Moreover the presence of S. mitis reduced this release in a greater amount with Chitlac-nAg coated thermosets. The secretion of IL-6 was significant in both Chitlac and Chitlac-nAg coated thermosets, but PGE2 production was minimal, suggesting that the IL-6 production was not related to an inflammatory response. Co-culture and the addiction of saliva did not influence IL-6 and PGE2 secretion. Data obtained in the present work suggest that Chitlac n-Ag coated thermosets could significantly improve the success rates of restorative dentistry, since they limit bacterial adhesion and are not toxic to HGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sancilio
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Viviana di Giacomo
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Mara Di Giulio
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Marsich
- Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Travan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorena Tarusha
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigina Cellini
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Amelia Cataldi
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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155
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Zhang Y, He J, Zhou X, Cao S, Wu T, Cao Y, Xu X. [Human buccal mucosa microbiota succession across age]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2014; 32:177-181. [PMID: 24881215 PMCID: PMC7030814 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This investigation aimed to examine how buccal mucosa microbiome succeeds in a healthy population with different ages and dentition stages. METHODS Twenty-five subjects were recruited and subdivided into five groups: primary dentition group, mixed dentition group, adolescent group, adult group, and elderly group. Individual mucosal microbiota was obtained by gently scraping both sides of the buccal mucosa with a cotton swab. Microbial diversity was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). RESULTS 1) The composition of buccal mucosa microbiota has great intra-individual divergence. 2) The average band numbers of the primary dentition group, mixed dentition group, adolescent group, adult group, and elderly group were 21.2 +/- 4.0, 17.8 +/- 3.9, 15.8 +/- 4.3, 16.8 +/- 3.7, and 22.2 +/- 6.5, respectively. No between-group differences was observed (P > 0.05), indicating that predominant strains in the oral cavity may be stable throughout an individual's lifetime. 3) The Shannon indices of primary dentition group, mixed dentition group, adolescent group, adult group, and elderly group were 1.73 +/- 10.2, 1.43 +/- 0.1, 1.05 +/- 0.2, 1.45 +/- 0.2, and 1.63 +/- 0.3, respectively. A significant between-group difference was observed (P = 0.003), indicating that the microbial diversity of the buccal mucosa decreases from childhood through adolescence, but increases from adult through senescence. 4) The clustering analysis showed that most of the samples in the same group clustered together, indicating higher intra-group community structure similarity. CONCLUSION Composition of the buccal mucosa microbiota was different among age groups. Adolescence may be an essential turning point of microbial ecology succession throughout life.
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156
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Divya VC, Sathasivasubramanian S. Estimation of serum and salivary immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A in oral pre-cancer: A study in oral submucous fibrosis and oral lichen planus. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2014; 5:90-4. [PMID: 24678204 PMCID: PMC3961960 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.127294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral lichen planus (OLP) are two frequently reported, potentially malignant disorders with multifactorial etiologies and ambiguous pathogenesis. An immunological pathogenesis has been hypothesized as a causative factor for both. The present study aims to evaluate the role of serum and salivary immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in both these conditions, by their quantitative estimation. Materials and Methods: Saliva and serum samples were collected from 30 patients, clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed with OSMF, 30 with OLP and 30 age and sex matched controls. The levels of IgG and IgA were estimated by nephelometry. Results: The mean values of serum IgG were marginally higher in both OSMF and OLP groups compared to the controls but this difference was not significant and the mean values of serum immunoglobulin A were marginally decreased in both the study groups compared to the controls but this difference was also not significant. Inconclusively low levels of salivary IgG and IgA were obtained in the three groups. Conclusion: The present study suggests an insignificant association of these immunoglobulins in the pathogenesis of both these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Divya
- Departments of Oral Medicine and Radiology, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospitals, Potheri, Kanchipuram, India
| | - S Sathasivasubramanian
- Departments of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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157
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Turfus SC, Chu M, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer OH. An assessment of the stability of MDMA, methamphetamine and THC in oral fluid. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2013.879204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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158
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Lin SP, Li CY, Suzuki K, Chang CK, Chou KM, Fang SH. Green tea consumption after intense taekwondo training enhances salivary defense factors and antibacterial capacity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87580. [PMID: 24498143 PMCID: PMC3907556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of green tea consumption on selected salivary defense proteins, antibacterial capacity and anti-oxidation activity in taekwondo (TKD) athletes, following intensive training. Twenty-two TKD athletes performed a 2-hr TKD training session. After training, participants ingested green tea (T, caffeine 6 mg/kg and catechins 22 mg/kg) or an equal volume of water (W). Saliva samples were collected at three time points: before training (BT-T; BT-W), immediately after training (AT-T; AT-W), and 30 min after drinking green tea or water (Rec-T; Rec-W). Salivary total protein, immunoglobulin A (SIgA), lactoferrin, α-amylase activity, free radical scavenger activity (FRSA) and antibacterial capacity were measured. Salivary total protein, lactoferrin, SIgA concentrations and α-amylase activity increased significantly immediately after intensive TKD training. After tea drinking and 30 min rest, α-amylase activity and the ratio of α-amylase to total protein were significantly higher than before and after training. In addition, salivary antibacterial capacity was not affected by intense training, but green tea consumption after training enhanced salivary antibacterial capacity. Additionally, we observed that salivary FRSA was markedly suppressed immediately after training and quickly returned to pre-exercise values, regardless of which fluid was consumed. Our results show that green tea consumption significantly enhances the activity of α-amylase and salivary antibacterial capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiuan-Pey Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Department of Genome Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chen-Kang Chang
- Sport Science Research Center, National Taiwan University of Physical Education and Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Ming Chou
- Department of Combat Sports, National Taiwan University of Physical Education and Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Fang
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Physical Education and Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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159
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Koneru S, Tanikonda R. Salivaomics - A promising future in early diagnosis of dental diseases. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2014; 11:11-5. [PMID: 24688554 PMCID: PMC3955304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human saliva plays an important role in the health of the oral cavity and of the body as a whole. Salivary diagnostics is a dynamic and emerging field in the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. Saliva reflects the physiologic state of the body, including emotional, endocrinal, nutritional, and metabolic variations. The collection of saliva samples is noninvasive, safe, and inexpensive. Traditional clinical criteria are insufficient for determining sites of active disease, for monitoring the response to therapy, or for measuring the degree of susceptibility to future disease progression. Salivaomics includes five diagnostic alphabets proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, metabolic compounds, and microbes offering substantial advantages because disease states may be accompanied by detectable changes. Salivaomics, the future of saliva-based techniques for early diagnosis of dental diseases, is promising and may offer a robust alternative for clinicians to use in the near future to make clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneetha Koneru
- Department of Periodontics, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Suneetha Koneru, Department of Periodontics, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram - 534 202, Andhra Pradesh, India. E-mail:
| | - Rambabu Tanikonda
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
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160
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Willcox MD. Characterization of the normal microbiota of the ocular surface. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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161
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Li M, Huang R, Zhou X, Zhang K, Zheng X, Gregory RL. Effect of nicotine on dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 350:125-32. [PMID: 24164376 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis are normal bacterial inhabitants of dental plaque. Streptococcus mutans is the major agent causing dental caries. It has been well documented that nicotine affects the growth of S. mutans. This study investigated the effect of nicotine on mono- and dual-species growth of S. mutans and S. sanguinis. The results indicate that nicotine has no significant effect on S. sanguinis grown in either mono- or dual-species biofilms. However, nicotine significantly increased (P < 0.05) the growth of S. mutans in dual-species biofilm formation. In addition, the CFU level of S. sanguinis was higher than S. mutans without nicotine in the culture. With the addition of nicotine, the level of S. mutans biofilm was significantly enhanced as the nicotine concentration increased over the level of S. sanguinis in dual-species biofilm, and we also got the same result from the fluorescence in situ hybridization detecting the two bacteria grown in biofilm formation. The exopolysaccharide (EPS) of S. mutans has also been increased by the increasing nicotine concentration, while the EPS of S. sanguinis was decreased or inhibited by the affected nicotine. The data further confirm that nicotine is able to enhance the growth of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyun Li
- School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Reddy S, Sanjai K, Kumaraswamy J, Papaiah L, Jeevan M. Oral carriage of enterobacteriaceae among school children with chronic nail-biting habit. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2013; 17:163-8. [PMID: 24250072 PMCID: PMC3830220 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.119743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Onychophagia or habitual nail-biting is widespread among children and adolescents, between 10 and 18 years. Prevalence estimates range from 30% during childhood to 45% in adolescence. Nail-biting habit can result in autoinoculation of pathogens and transmission of infection between body parts. Aims: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the differences in prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli and Enterobacter spp) in saliva samples from subjects with and without chronic nail-biting habit. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and twenty-two subjects with chronic nail-biting habit and 122 subjects with no oral habit were enrolled in the study. All subjects were aged 11-15 years. The saliva samples were collected by oral rinse technique, samples were studied microbiologically. Statistical Analysis Used: Two-tailed Student's t-test and Chi-square/Fisher's exact test were used to find the significance of study parameters between the groups. Results: Enterobacteriaceae were detected in the saliva samples of 80 of the 122 nail-biting subjects, whereas Enterobacteriaceae were detected in the saliva samples of only 10 of the 122 subjects who were not nail-biters. This difference in prevalence was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results suggest a higher carriage of Enterobacteriaceae in the individuals having nail-biting habits when compared to individuals with no habits. Further studies need to be done to know the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae species in different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Reddy
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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163
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Kim JO, Kim IS. [Effects of aroma self-foot reflexology massage on stress and immune responses and fatigue in middle-aged women in rural areas]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2013; 42:709-18. [PMID: 23221660 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2012.42.5.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was done to examine the effects of aroma self-foot reflexology massage on stress and immune responses and fatigue in middle-aged women in rural areas. METHODS The study was a nonequivalent control group pre-post test design. The participants were 52 middle-aged women from rural areas of which 26 were assigned to the experimental group and 26 to the control group. Data were collected from July to September, 2011 and analyzed using SPSS Win 17.0 version program. The intervention was conducted 3 times a week for six weeks. RESULTS There were significant differences in reported perceived stress, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and fatigue between the two groups. However, the issue of salivary cortisol and immune response were not significant. CONCLUSION Aroma self-foot reflexology massage can be utilized as an effective intervention for perceived stress, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and fatigue in middle-aged woman in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Ok Kim
- Department of Nursing, Seonam University, Namwon, Korea
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164
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Feller L, Altini M, Khammissa R, Chandran R, Bouckaert M, Lemmer J. Oral mucosal immunity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 116:576-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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165
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Kim MA, Lee KY, Kim JG. Monoclonal antibodies specific to Streptococcus mutans GS-5 glucosyltransferase-C inhibit bacterial glucosyltransferase. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2013; 32:330-5. [PMID: 24111864 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosyltransferase-C (GTFC) is a virulence factor of Streptococcus mutans. Additionally, GTFC represents an essential element required for bacterial cell coherence, allowing for the formation of dental plaque, which leads to dental caries. As such, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against S. mutans are believed to offer some protection against dental caries. In the current study, we amplified an approximately 1.5 kb fragment of the N-terminal half of the S. mutans gtfC gene by PCR, then induced expression of this gene. This protein was designated GTFCN. After the expressed protein was purified, it was used as an immunogen and injected into BALB/c mice. We selected and established two MAbs by producing hybridomas (HCN17 and HCN37). The anti-GTFCN antibody isotype was confirmed as IgG2a for HCN17 and IgG2b for HCN37. The anti-GTFCN antibody was found to specifically react with the GTFCN protein. The enzymatic activity of the crude glucosyltransferase of S. mutans GS-5 was significantly inhibited at a concentration of 350 ng of MAb/mL. These results suggest that the monoclonal anti-GTFCN antibodies could represent an alternative modality for passive immunization to prevent S. mutans aggregation and dental plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ah Kim
- 1 Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University , Duckjingu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
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166
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Tandon A, Singh NN, Sreedhar G. Minor salivary glands and dental caries: Approach towards a new horizon. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2013; 4:364-8. [PMID: 24082733 PMCID: PMC3783781 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.117000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Reduction of functioning minor salivary glands may contribute to emergence of mucosal infections, mucosal ulceration, and possibly dental caries. A study was, therefore, designed to understand the exact role of minor salivary gland secretions over dental caries. Methodology: We studied the average labial distribution of functional minor salivary glands using various pre-defined locations, counted the minor salivary gland secretion imprints, and correlated the decayed missing filledlevels in subjects. The functional level and amount of secretion of minor salivary gland were evaluated. The radial immunodiffusion was performed by Diffu-Plate kit and the dimensions of the ring were correlated with the amount of immunoglobulin A in saliva. Results: The mean number of functional labial minor salivary glands, amount of secretion, level of glycoprotein secretion, and immunoglobulin A secretion levels could very well dictate the functional status and role of minor salivary glands over caries assessment. Conclusion: The above-mentioned tests could be of major significance in routine diagnosis of the most common oral disease, i.e., dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Tandon
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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167
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Teleost skin, an ancient mucosal surface that elicits gut-like immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:13097-102. [PMID: 23884653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304319110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin homeostasis is critical to preserve animal integrity. Although the skin of most vertebrates is known to contain a skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT), very little is known about skin B-cell responses as well as their evolutionary origins. Teleost fish represent the most ancient bony vertebrates containing a SALT. Due to its lack of keratinization, teleost skin possesses living epithelial cells in direct contact with the water medium. Interestingly, teleost SALT structurally resembles that of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and it possesses a diverse microbiota. Thus, we hypothesized that, because teleost SALT and gut-associated lymphoid tissue have probably been subjected to similar evolutionary selective forces, their B-cell responses would be analogous. Confirming this hypothesis, we show that IgT, a teleost immunoglobulin specialized in gut immunity, plays the prevailing role in skin mucosal immunity. We found that IgT(+) B cells represent the major B-cell subset in the skin epidermis and that IgT is mainly present in polymeric form in the skin mucus. Critically, we found that the majority of the skin microbiota are coated with IgT. Moreover, IgT responses against a skin parasite were mainly limited to the skin whereas IgM responses were almost exclusively detected in the serum. Strikingly, we found that the teleost skin mucosa showed key features of mammalian mucosal surfaces exhibiting a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Thus, from an evolutionary viewpoint, our findings suggest that, regardless of their phylogenetic origin and tissue localization, the chief immunoglobulins of all mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue operate under the guidance of primordially conserved principles.
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168
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Li F, Weir MD, Fouad AF, Xu HHK. Time-kill behaviour against eight bacterial species and cytotoxicity of antibacterial monomers. J Dent 2013; 41:881-91. [PMID: 23876930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate: (1) the antibacterial activity of two antibacterial monomers, dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) and dimethylammoniumethyl dimethacrylate (DMAEDM), against eight different species of oral pathogens for the first time; (2) the cytotoxicity of DMAEDM and DMADDM. METHODS DMAEDM and DMADDM were synthesized by reacting a tertiary amine group with an organo-halide. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against eight species of bacteria were tested. Time-kill determinations were performed to examine the bactericidal kinetics. Cytotoxicity of monomers on human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) was assessed using a methyl thiazolyltetrazolium assay and live/dead viability assay. RESULTS DMADDM showed strong bactericidal activity against all bacteria, with MIC of 1.2-9.8μg/mL. DMAEDM had MIC of 20-80mg/mL. Time-kill determinations indicated that DMADDM and DMAEDM had rapid killing effects against eight species of bacteria, and eliminated all bacteria in 30min at the concentration of 4-fold MBC. Median lethal concentration for DMADDM and DMAEDM was between 20 and 40μg/mL, which was 20-fold higher than 1-2μg/mL for BisGMA control. CONCLUSIONS DMAEDM and DMADDM were tested in time-kill assay against eight species of oral bacteria for the first time. Both were effective in bacteria-inhibition, but DMADDM had a higher potency than DMAEDM. Different killing efficacy was found against different bacteria species. DMAEDM and DMADDM had much lower cytotoxicity than BisGMA. Therefore, DMADDM and DMAEDM are promising for use in bonding agents and other restorative/preventive materials to combat a variety of oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Papageorgiou SN, Papadelli AP, Koidis PT, Petridis HP. The effect of prosthetic margin location on caries susceptibility. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br Dent J 2013; 214:617-24. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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170
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171
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Soins de bouche et pneumonies acquises sous ventilation mécanique. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-013-0667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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172
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Yan H. Salivary IgA enhancement strategy for development of a nasal-spray anti-caries mucosal vaccine. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:406-13. [PMID: 23633072 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries remains one of the most common global chronic diseases caused by Streptococcus mutans, which is prevalent all over the world. The caries prevalence of children aged between 5-6 years old in China is still in very high rate. A potent and effective anti-caries vaccine has long been expected for caries prevention but no vaccines have been brought to market till now mainly due to the low ability to induce and maintain protective antibody in oral fluids. This review will give a brief historical retrospect on study of dental caries and pathogenesis, effective targets for anti-caries vaccines, oral immune system and immunization against dental caries. Then, salivary IgA antibodies and the protective responses are discussed in the context of the ontogeny of mucosal immunity to indigenous oral streptococcal. The methods and advancement for induction of specific anti-caries salivary sIgA antibodies and enhancement of specific anti-caries salivary sIgA antibodies by intranasal immunization with a safe effective mucosal adjuvant are described. The progress in the enhancement of salivary sIgA antibodies and anti-caries protection by intranasal immunization with flagellin-PAc fusion protein will be highlighted. Finally, some of the main strategies that have been used for successful mucosal vaccination of caries vaccine are reviewed, followed by discussion of the mucosal adjuvant choice for achieving protective immunity at oral mucosal membranes for development of a nasal-spray or nasal-drop anti-caries vaccine for human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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173
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Plowright RK, Manlove K, Cassirer EF, Cross PC, Besser TE, Hudson PJ. Use of exposure history to identify patterns of immunity to pneumonia in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). PLoS One 2013; 8:e61919. [PMID: 23637929 PMCID: PMC3637318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual host immune responses to infectious agents drive epidemic behavior and are therefore central to understanding and controlling infectious diseases. However, important features of individual immune responses, such as the strength and longevity of immunity, can be challenging to characterize, particularly if they cannot be replicated or controlled in captive environments. Our research on bighorn sheep pneumonia elucidates how individual bighorn sheep respond to infection with pneumonia pathogens by examining the relationship between exposure history and survival in situ. Pneumonia is a poorly understood disease that has impeded the recovery of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) following their widespread extirpation in the 1900s. We analyzed the effects of pneumonia-exposure history on survival of 388 radio-collared adults and 753 ewe-lamb pairs. Results from Cox proportional hazards models suggested that surviving ewes develop protective immunity after exposure, but previous exposure in ewes does not protect their lambs during pneumonia outbreaks. Paradoxically, multiple exposures of ewes to pneumonia were associated with diminished survival of their offspring during pneumonia outbreaks. Although there was support for waning and boosting immunity in ewes, models with consistent immunizing exposure were similarly supported. Translocated animals that had not previously been exposed were more likely to die of pneumonia than residents. These results suggest that pneumonia in bighorn sheep can lead to aging populations of immune adults with limited recruitment. Recovery is unlikely to be enhanced by translocating naïve healthy animals into or near populations infected with pneumonia pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina K Plowright
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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174
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Martínez-Pabón MC, Duque-Agudelo L, Díaz-Gil JD, Isaza-Guzmán DM, Tobón-Arroyave SI. Comparison of the effect of two sugar-substituted chewing gums on different caries- and gingivitis-related variables: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:589-98. [PMID: 23604701 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-0989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two sugar-substituted chewing gums besides toothbrushing on different clinical, microbiological, and biochemical caries- and gingivitis-related variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was designed as a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial with three parallel arms. A total of 130 dental students, who volunteered after signing an informed consent, were randomly allocated to receive one of the following interventions: hexitol-sweetened gum containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), pentitol-sweetened gum containing no CPP-ACP, and control group with no gum. Subjects within the experimental groups chewed two gum pellets for 20 min three times a day after meals. The daily consumption level of both polyols was 6.0 g. Clinical examinations and salivary samplings were conducted at baseline and after 30 days of gum use. Pre- and post-intervention stimulated whole saliva samples were quantified for calcium/phosphate ionic concentration, total facultative bacterial load, Streptococcus mutans/Lactobacillus spp. counts, and Gram-negative percentage. RESULTS A statistically significant reduction in visible plaque score was displayed in the hexitol/CPP-ACP gum group after the intervention when compared with baseline, but the order of the effect was in the same order as the differences between the groups at baseline. A similar tendency was seen in both the pentitol/non-CPP-ACP gum and control groups regarding total salivary facultative bacterial load and S. mutans count, but median values of these parameters were more significantly reduced in the pentitol/non-CPP-ACP gum group in comparison with those of the control group. Alterations of salivary Lactobacillus spp. were demonstrated only in the pentitol/non-CPP-ACP gum group. CONCLUSION Although these findings might indicate that a 30-day protocol of daily chewing of pentitol-sweetened gum containing no CPP-ACP might have some a reducing effect on the salivary levels of facultative bacteria, S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp., there was only a marginal, if any, benefit from the chewing gums under study on some microbiological caries- and gingivitis-related variables. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Taking into account that for transferring results into clinically relevant conclusions the findings need to be strong and consistent, adhering to single significant differences appears not appropriate. Hence, the clinical significance of chewing gums as an adjunctive tool for daily oral care remained questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Martínez-Pabón
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Calle 64 No. 52-59, Medellín, Colombia
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175
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Disentangling sources of individual differences in diurnal salivary α-amylase: reliability, stability and sensitivity to context. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:367-75. [PMID: 22819683 PMCID: PMC6988629 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we employ a longitudinal design and a generalizability framework to examine the sources of variance in the diurnal rhythm of salivary α-amylase (sAA). The sample consisted of 122 first-year law students (55% male, mean age=23.9 years), who collected five saliva samples on each of three consecutive days at each of five data collection waves. In total, over 6900 saliva samples were collected, which allowed us to examine the properties of diurnal variation in sAA in great detail. Systematic individual differences accounted for 15-29% of the variability in the awakening response and diurnal slope, and for 61-65% of the variation in overall daily levels (i.e., diurnal mean, area under the curve with respect to ground [AUCg]). Although less than 1% of the variation was due to differences between waves and between days, the generalizability analyses revealed that between 16% and 17% of the variance in the diurnal mean, slope and AUCg is due to person by wave interactions, indicating that individuals vary in their biological sensitivity to environmental influences. In sum, this study documents sufficient stability and variation in diurnal sAA to warrant future studies on the origins and consequences of alterations in the diurnal rhythm of sAA worthwhile, and proposes guidelines on obtaining reliable measures.
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176
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Saloom HF, Mohammed-Salih HS, Rasheed SF. The influence of different types of fixed orthodontic appliance on the growth and adherence of microorganisms (in vitro study). J Clin Exp Dent 2013; 5:e36-41. [PMID: 24455049 PMCID: PMC3892232 DOI: 10.4317/jced.50988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic appliances serve as different impact zones and modify microbial adherence and colonization, acting as foreign reserves and possible sources of infection. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different types of fixed orthodontic appliances on the growth and adherence of microorganisms in oral flora which are Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Candida albicans. Sixty-four of four different fixed orthodontic appliance-samples were used, divided into four groups of sixteen. Type I: Sapphire brackets- Coated wires, type II: Sapphire brackets- Stainless steel wires, type III: Stainless steel brackets- Coated wires and type IV: Stainless steel brackets- Stainless steel wires. Oral strains of S. mutans and Candida albicans were studied in the present study using biochemical test then microbial suspensions were prepared to do the tests of each microorganism including the antimicrobial effects of different appliance-samples on the growth of microorganisms and their adhesion tests. The results showed significant differences between the different appliances in terms of inhibition zone formation (P<0.001). The adhesion test, which is classified into low, medium and high, showed the adhesion of S. mutans, is low with type I and II, medium with type III and high with type IV, whereas the adhesion of Candida albicans is medium with both type I and II and high with both type III and IV with high significant differences (P<0.001). Appliance with high esthetic appearance, sapphire brackets and coated arch wire, showed the least adherence of S. mutans and Candida albicans in comparison to other appliances with less esthetic and more metal components.
Key words:Orthodontic appliance, Adherence, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder F Saloom
- BDS, MSc. Assistant Profesor of Orthodontics. Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Baghdad University
| | - Harraa S Mohammed-Salih
- BDS, MSc. Assistant lecturer of Orthodontics. Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Baghdad University
| | - Shaymaa F Rasheed
- BSc, MSc. Assistant Lecturer of Microbiology. Department of Biology, College of Science, Baghdad University
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177
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Rai B, Kaur J. Periodontal status, salivary immunoglobulin, and microbial counts after short exposure to an isolated environment. J Oral Sci 2013; 55:139-43. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.55.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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178
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Moreno S, Contreras A. Functional differences of Porphyromonas gingivalis Fimbriae in determining periodontal disease pathogenesis: a literature review. Colomb Med (Cali) 2013; 44:48-56. [PMID: 24892323 PMCID: PMC4002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is implicated in chronic and aggressive periodontitis. This bacterium has numerous virulence factors and one is the Fimbriae, which is quite important for bacterial colonization. Fimbriae are appendices that anchor to the bacterial wall and are comprised of the protein FimBriline encoded by the FimA gene. Thus far, six genotypes have been identified, FimA I to V and Ib. Genotypes II and IV are associated with periodontal disease, while genotype I is related to gingival health. Genotype identification of P. gingivalis FimA in periodontitis would be important to confirm the pathogenic genotypes and to establish risk at population level. This review is about the P. gingivalis FimA genotype prevalence worldwide. A systematic search using Pubmed, Hinary, and Science Direct within the following descriptors: Porphyromonas gingivalis, bacterial adhesion, periodontitis, Fimbriae, FimA, genotipification was performed to April 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Moreno
- Escuela de Odontología de la Facultad de Salud de la Universidad del Valle, E-mail:
| | - Adolfo Contreras
- Grupo de Investigación Medicina Periodontal de la Universidad del Valle, E-mail:
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179
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Tsai ML, Li TL, Chou LW, Chang CK, Huang SY, Fang SH. Resting salivary levels of IgA and cortisol are significantly affected during intensive resistance training periods in elite male weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2202-8. [PMID: 21997453 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823a4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the cumulative effects of intensive resistance training on salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and cortisol responses in elite male weightlifters. Eleven elite male Taiwanese weightlifters were trained through 3 training stages before a national weightlifting competition, and this was followed by a 2-week recovery stage. Resting saliva samples were collected once in each of the 4 stages. Salivary concentrations of total protein (TP), SIgA, lactoferrin, and cortisol were measured. The results showed that (a) salivary TP concentrations were not significantly affected; (b) resting levels of SIgA, the ratio of SIgA to TP (SIgA/TP), cortisol, and the ratio of cortisol to TP (cortisol/TP) were significantly higher in the training stages than in the recovery stage; (c) a positive correlation was revealed between the ratios of SIgA/TP and cortisol/TP; and (d) the resting salivary lactoferrin concentrations and the ratio of lactoferrin to TP (lactoferrin/TP) were significantly lower in stage 1 than in the recovery stage. The findings in this study suggest that prolonged, intensive resistance training exerts cumulative effects on SIgA and cortisol responses in elite weightlifters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Lung Tsai
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan College of Physical Education, Taichung, Taiwan
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180
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Shilpashree HS, Sarapur S. Evaluation of salivary immunoglobulin A levels in tobacco smokers and patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2012; 3:177-81. [PMID: 23225981 PMCID: PMC3510913 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of smoking on the salivary immunoglobulin response in smokers and to evaluate the salivary immunoglobulin A in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers. Materials and Methods: The study included total of 80 subjects, of whom 40 were having history of chronic smoking habit, 20 were clinically diagnosed cases of recurrent aphthous ulcer and 20 were in the control group. Sample of unstimulated saliva was collected, centrifuged and analyzed for the level of salivary immunoglobulin A with turbidimetric immunoassay. For all the tests, a P- value of < 0.05 was considered for statistical significance. Results: The mean salivary immunoglobulin A level in control group was 0.20 Grams/litre and in smokers the mean salivary immunoglobulin A level was 0.13 Grams / Litre. In patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers mean salivary immunoglobulin A level was 0.31 Grams / Litre. The mean salivary immunoglobulin A levels showed a decreasing trend from controls to smokers. These results were highly significant for values between control groups to smokers. Conclusion: The mean salivary immunoglobulin A levels demonstrated a progressive decrease from controls to smokers. This investigative procedure although non-specific, can be used as a diagnostic marker in smokers and patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Shilpashree
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, RKDF Dental College and Research Center, Bhopal 462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India
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181
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Patil PB, Patil BR. Saliva: A diagnostic biomarker of periodontal diseases. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2012; 15:310-7. [PMID: 22368352 PMCID: PMC3283925 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.92560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of disease plays a crucial role in successful therapy. Early diagnosis and management reduces the severity and possible complications of the disease process. To overcome this challenge, medical researchers are devoted to finding molecular disease biomarkers that reveal a hidden lethal threat before the disease becomes complicated. Saliva, an important physiologic fluid, containing a highly complex mixture of substances, is rapidly gaining popularity as a diagnostic tool. Periodontal disease is a chronic disease of the oral cavity comprising a group of inflammatory conditions affecting the supporting structures of the dentition. In the field of periodontology, traditional clinical criteria are often insufficient for determining sites of active disease, for monitoring the response to therapy, or for measuring the degree of susceptibility to future disease progression. Saliva, as a mirror of oral and systemic health, is a valuable source for clinically relevant information because it contains biomarkers specific for the unique physiologic aspects of periodontal diseases. This review highlights the various potentials of saliva as a diagnostic biomarker for periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Basgauda Patil
- Department of Periodontology, Tatyasaheb Kore Dental College and Research Centre, Maharashtra, India
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182
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Saluja R, Kale A, Hallikerimath S. Determination of levels of salivary IgA subclasses in patients with minor recurrent aphthous ulcer. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2012; 16:49-53. [PMID: 22438643 PMCID: PMC3303523 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.92973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer (RAU) is an inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent, painful oral ulcers. It is of multifactorial etiology. Salivary immunoglobulins have important role in the protection of mucosal surfaces. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine salivary immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) and IgA2 in acute and remission phases of the disease. Materials and Methods: Thirty clinically confirmed cases of RAU and 30 age-and sex-matched controls were included in the study. After detailed case history and thorough clinical examination, 2 mL of saliva was collected in both acute and remission phases of the disease. The obtained saliva samples were subjected to quantification of IgA1 and IgA2 levels using RID kit. Results: The mean IgA2 level was significantly higher (P<.001) in both acute and remission phase of the study group. The mean IgA1 level also showed a significant increase in the acute phase compared to remission as well as controls (P<.05). Females exhibited a higher level in acute phase for IgA1 and in both phases for IgA2 (P<.05). Conclusion: The results associated with clinical observations suggest that acute phase is characterized with increase in IgA2 that might reflect increased immune response as a possible result of the microbial stimulation seen in the acute phase in comparison to the remission period. IgA plays an important role in the pathogenesis of RAU and it can be used as a parameter to assess the mucosal immune status
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Saluja
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Swami Devi Dyal Hospital and Dental College, Barwala, Haryana, India
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183
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Love RM. Biofilm-substrate interaction: from initial adhesion to complex interactions and biofilm maturity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.00280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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184
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Assessing the oral microbiota of healthy and alcohol-treated rats using whole-genome DNA probes from human bacteria. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 58:317-23. [PMID: 22939371 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of whole-genome DNA probes prepared from human oral bacteria to cross-react with bacteria from the oral cavity of rats, and to assess the influence of alcohol ingestion on the animals' oral biofilm. DESIGN Twenty four mature Wistar rats were equally divided in two groups. One group (control) was fed balanced diet of rat pellets and water. The alcohol-treated group (AT) received the same diet and 20% ethanol solution. Upon euthanasia after 30 days, bacterial samples from the oral biofilm covering the animals' teeth were collected using microbrushes. Bacteria identification and quantification were performed using the DNA checkerboard hybridization method with 33 probes prepared from human oral bacteria. Signals corresponding to bacterial genome counts and percentages were compared using a Mann-Whitney U test with a significance level <0.05. RESULTS Cross-reaction for all targeted species, except Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis-like species, occurred in the control group. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Porphyromonas endodontalis, and Veillonella parvula-like species only produced detectable signals in the AT group. Significantly more signals were detected in the control group compared to the AT group (p=0.001). The percentage of E. coli-like species was highest in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Whole-genome DNA probes prepared from human oral bacteria can cross-react with rats' oral bacterial species. Alcohol consumption is associated with lower levels and diversity of bacterial species in the oral cavity of rats.
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185
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Levels of salivary IgA in patients with minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a matched case-control study. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:975-80. [PMID: 22814759 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common oral mucosal disease. Despite plenty of studies on aetiopathogenesis of RAS, a definite cause is not clear. The objective of this study was to determine the potential changes of salivary IgA and salivary flow rate in patients affected with minor form of RAS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Levels of salivary IgA in 33 patients with acute RAS (minor form) and 33 matched healthy controls were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Resting salivary flow rates were determined too. Both measurements, levels of salivary IgA and resting salivary flow rate, were performed again for each RAS patient in remission phase. RESULTS Levels of salivary IgA were significantly increased in acute phase of RAS [median (interquartile range)-124.94 μg/mL (106.22-136.31)] in comparison with the levels in healthy controls [88.92 μg/mL (76.85-93.91; P < 0.001)] and with the levels in remission phase [102.4 μg/mL (84.6-120.16; P = 0.01)]. Even in the disease-free period (remission phase), levels of salivary IgA remained significantly higher in comparison with the levels in healthy controls (P = 0.01). Salivary flow rates, on the other side, were not influenced by the disease state (RAS vs. healthy), phase (acute vs. remission) or even gender (males vs. females). CONCLUSION Marked increase of salivary IgA in acute and remission phases of the minor RAS may suggest a potential role for this immunoglobulin in pathogenesis of the disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Salivary IgA may be an important aetiological agent in the pathogenesis of RAS, and hence, its immunomodulation may help prevent the disease.
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186
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Khan R, Adil M, Danishuddin M, Verma PK, Khan AU. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm by Trachyspermum ammi seeds: an approach of alternative medicine. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:747-755. [PMID: 22633847 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the crude and active solvent fraction of Trachyspermum ammi on S. mutans cariogenicity, effect on expression of genes involved in biofilm formation and caries development in rats. GC-MS was carried out to identify the major components present in the crude and the active fraction of T. ammi. The crude extract and the solvent fraction exhibiting least MIC were selected for further experiments. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to observe the effect of the extracts on S. mutans biofilm. Comparative gene expression analysis was carried out for nine selected genes. 2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-phenol was found as major compound in crude and the active fraction. Binding site of this compound within the proteins involved in biofilm formation, was mapped with the help of docking studies. Real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed significant suppression of the genes involved in biofilm formation. All the test groups showed reduction in caries (smooth surface as well as sulcal surface caries) in rats. Moreover, it also provides new insight to understand the mechanism influencing biofilm formation in S. mutans. Furthermore, the data suggest the putative cariostatic properties of T. Ammi and hence can be used as an alternative medicine to prevent caries infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002, India
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187
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Fernandes KS, Kokron CM, Barros MT, Kalil J, Gallottini M. Oral manifestations in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 114:e19-24. [PMID: 22703644 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The overall objective of this study was to assess the oral manifestations and their association with immunologic status and health history, of individuals with hypogammaglobulinemia. STUDY DESIGN A case-controlled study of 100 subjects with hypogammaglobulinemia and 93 control individuals was performed. All participants were examined for dental caries, periodontal disease, mucosal lesions/infections, and general oral health problems. Decayed, missing, filled teeth and community periodontal index were recorded. Complete blood count, serum immunoglobulins, and lymphocyte immunophenotyping were measured on the same day of the oral health assessment. RESULTS Individuals with hypogammaglobulinemia showed higher prevalence of enamel hypoplasia and complaints of dry mouth, and lower prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease. CONCLUSIONS The systemic conditions associated with hypogammaglobulinemia were not associated with enhanced susceptibility to caries, gingivitis, or periodontitis; however, individuals with hypogammaglobulinemia were more likely to report more episodes of recurrent aphthous ulcers compared with control individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sá Fernandes
- Post-graduate student, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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188
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Qiqiang L, Huanxin M, Xuejun G. Longitudinal study of volatile fatty acids in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis before and after nonsurgical therapy. J Periodontal Res 2012; 47:740-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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189
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Peixoto AP, Campos GS, Queiroz LB, Sardi SI. Asymptomatic oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women with a histopathologic diagnosis of genital HPV. J Oral Sci 2012; 53:451-9. [PMID: 22167030 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.53.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The oral route of human papillomavirus (HPV) transmission is not fully understood. It has been suggested that genital infection can act as a reservoir for oral HPV infection. We investigated the presence of oral HPV DNA and anti-HPV IgA in the buccal cavity of patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of cervical HPV infection. One hundred women underwent oral clinical examinations to detect HPV-DNA by polymerase chain reaction and salivary anti-HPV IgA by indirect immunofluorescence. Information on the personal habits of all the women was collected in personal interviews. Our results showed that 99% of the patients had no clinical manifestations of oral HPV. However, HPV DNA was detected in 81% of oral mucosa samples, and anti-HPV IgA was detected in the saliva of 44% of the patients. Consumption of alcoholic beverages was significantly associated with detection of oral HPV DNA and salivary anti-HPV IgA. Other behavioral risk factors associated with oral HPV and anti-HPV IgA are also discussed. In conclusion, patients with genital HPV infection are at risk for subclinical oral HPV infection. Thus, a molecular assay might be necessary to diagnose such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Peixoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biointeraction, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Vale do Canela, Brazil
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190
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Five questions about Streptococcus mutans: theoretical study of its transmission and colonisation. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1498-511. [PMID: 22541733 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This theoretical study aimed to identify the decisive (and controllable) factors involved in Streptococcus mutans (Sm) infection through addressing questions about (i) the time and prevalence pattern (including the raison d'etre of the discrete period for the infection or WI) of initial Sm colonisation and (ii) the infant's selection of bacterial types and their diversity, which are not yet definitely answered by empirical works. METHOD A model of Sm infection (within-host type) was developed. For questions (i): using the basic model, stochastic simulation was performed to reproduce longitudinal observations of the initial colonisation time. A symmetrical or right-skewed gamma distribution was assumed for the maximum colonisable area (K(max)) and transmission rate (mx). Additionally, 3 or 4 developmental modes of colonisable area [K(t)] were assigned based on the K(max) value. For (ii): by extending the basic model to the two-bacterial type model, intraspecific competition analysis focusing on the differences in mx (received by the infancy) and colonisation ability (θD) was performed. RESULTS The basic model simulation showed that mx and K(t) played a pivotal role in determining the individual time of initial colonisation and their variations among infants in forming its prevalence patterns (with or without WI). The competition model simulation showed that higher mx could be more advantageous in competitive colonisation than higher θD under repeated invasions. Accordingly, it played a decisive role in infant's selection of initially, persistently and transiently colonising bacterial types, and thus in their diversity. CONCLUSIONS (i) The mx is the primary and controllable (risk) factor that extensively affects various aspects of the Sm infection process. (ii) Also, the growing carrying capacity, i.e., K(t) is another important factor when considering how to effectively delay the onset of the colonisation. (iii) Thus, currently, the most feasible and effective control measure for the infection should be microbiological interventions in the primary host with concurrent oral hygiene and dietary control in the exposed child.
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191
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Jiang P, Lan J, Hu Y, Li D, Jiang G. Enhancing CCL28 expression through the gene transfer to salivary glands for controlling cariogenic microbe. Cytokine 2012; 59:94-9. [PMID: 22503614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CCL28 participates in direct antimicrobial activities as well as homing of certain types of lymphocytes. The present study was conducted to harness these properties of the chemokine for the prevention of dental caries. The gene encoding CCL28 was transferred to salivary glands to enhance the production of this chemokine locally. First, a recombinant eukaryotic plasmid expressing CCL28 was constructed. Then, the CCL28 protein from 293 cells transfected with the recombinant plasmid was verified to inhibit the caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in a biofilm. Finally, the recombinant plasmid was retrogradely administered to the parotid glands of rats through the secretory ducts. The successful transfer of the gene encoding CCL28 to rat parotid acinar cells was confirmed by immunofluorescence and real-time PCR. Increases in both CCL28 and secretory IgA (SIgA) in the rat saliva were tested by ELISA. It was revealed that the CCL28 protein obtained from the study was able to strongly inhibit S. mutans living in biofilm in vitro. The delivery of the recombinant plasmid to the rat parotid glands was able to induce high levels of CCL28 and SIgA in saliva, and the increased levels of CCL28 and SIgA in saliva were maintained for 2 weeks. Notably, the dental plaque from the rats treated with the delivery of the recombinant plasmid in the study harbored significantly less S. mutans. These data indicated that the present strategy may hold hope for the effective prevention of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Research of Shandong Province, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, China
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192
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Olayanju OA, Rahamon SK, Joseph IO, Arinola OG. Salivary immunoglobulin classes in Nigerians with periodontitis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012; 13:163-6. [PMID: 22665741 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To provide information on the usefulness of salivary immunoglobulin classes in the diagnosis of periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS About 5 ml of unstimulated saliva was collected from 25 newly diagnosed subjects with periodontitis and 21 sex/age-matched apparently healthy individuals into plain sample bottles. The samples were collected between 9 am and 11 am at least, 1 hour after eating or washing of mouth and levels of salivary immunoglobulin classes (IgA, IgG, IgE and IgM) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Only the mean level of IgA was significantly raised (p = 0.05) in the saliva of periodontitis patients compared with controls. The mean levels of IgG, IgM and IgE were not significantly elevated in patients with periodontitis, when compared with controls (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION This study showed that elevated salivary levels of IgA could be used as a screening tool for periodontitis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Identification of patients at risk and the diagnosis of active phases of periodontal disease remains a challenge due to lack of laboratory test routinely employed in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with periodontal disease. This study showed that elevated salivary levels of immunoglobulin classes especially, IgA could be used as a screening tool for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Olayanju
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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193
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Inhibitory effects of the phenolic fraction from the pomace of Vitis coignetiae on biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:711-9. [PMID: 22284343 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The anti-cariogenic properties of the phenolic fraction from the pomace of Vitis coignetiae (VcPP) were evaluated by in vitro assays and compared with fruit juices from V. coignetiae and common grapes and with other phenolic fractions. The effects of VcPP against the biofilm of Streptococcus mutans were investigated. DESIGN Sucrose-dependent biofilm formation by S. mutans cultured in the presence of VcPP was measured by crystal violet dye uptake. Inhibition of adhesion to the saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (sHA) beads was quantified using fluorescent-labelled cells. The MIC for S. mutans was determined by colony counting on agar plates containing VcPP. The ability of VcPP to inhibit glucan synthesis by three distinct recombinant glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) was assessed by quantifying the production of water-soluble and -insoluble polysaccharides in bacterial cultures. In addition, the buffering effect of VcPP in cultures of S. mutans was evaluated. RESULTS VcPP reduced adhesion of S. mutans to sHA and biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. The MIC of VcPP was 7.50mg/ml. VcPP inhibited GtfB activity associated with the synthesis of water-insoluble glucans. It also inhibited GtfD activity associated with the synthesis of water-soluble glucans at a concentration which was lower than that used for inhibition of GtfB. VcPP had no effect on acidification associated with glucose utilization by S. mutans. CONCLUSIONS The current study supports the potential of VcPP as a food additive for reducing caries by inhibiting adhesion to the tooth surface and GtfD-mediated soluble glucan synthesis.
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194
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Nogueira RD, Sesso MLT, Borges MCL, Mattos-Graner RO, Smith DJ, Ferriani VPL. Salivary IgA antibody responses to Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus mutans in preterm and fullterm newborn children. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 57:647-53. [PMID: 22169809 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The intensities and specificities of salivary IgA antibody responses to antigens of Streptococcus mutans, the main pathogen of dental caries, may influence colonization by these organisms during the first 1.5 year of life. Thus, the ontogeny of salivary IgA responses to oral colonizers continues to warrant investigation, especially with regard to the influence of birth conditions, e.g. prematurity, on the ability of children to efficiently respond to oral microorganisms. In this study, we characterised the salivary antibody responses to two bacterial species which are prototypes of pioneer and pathogenic microorganisms of the oral cavity (Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus mutans, respectively) in fullterm (FT) and preterm (PT) newborn children. METHODS Salivas from 123 infants (70 FT and 53 PT) were collected during the first 10h after birth and levels of IgA and IgM antibodies and the presence of S. mutans and S. mitis were analysed respectively by ELISA and by chequerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Two subgroups of 24 FT and 24 PT children were compared with respect to patterns of antibody specificities against S. mutans and S. mitis antigens, using Western blot assays. Cross-adsorption of 10 infant's saliva was tested to S. mitis, S. mutans and Enterococcus faecalis antigens. RESULTS Salivary levels of IgA at birth were 2.5-fold higher in FT than in PT children (Mann-Whitney; P<0.05). Salivary IgA antibodies reactive with several antigens of S. mitis and S. mutans were detected at birth in children with undetectable levels of those bacteria. Adsorption of infant saliva with cells of S. mutans produced a reduction of antibodies recognizing S. mitis antigens in half of the neonates. The diversity and intensity of IgA responses were lower in PT compared to FT children, although those differences were not significant. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence that children have salivary IgA antibodies shortly after birth, which might influence the establishment of the oral microbiota, and that the levels of salivary antibody might be related to prematurity.
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195
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Nelun Barfod M, Magnusson K, Lexner MO, Blomqvist S, Dahlén G, Twetman S. Oral microflora in infants delivered vaginally and by caesarean section. Int J Paediatr Dent 2011; 21:401-6. [PMID: 21702851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263x.2011.01136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Early in life, vaginally delivered infants exhibit a different composition of the gut flora compared with infants delivered by caesarean section (C-section); however, it is unclear whether this also applies to the oral cavity. AIM. To investigate and compare the oral microbial profile between infants delivered vaginally and by C-section. DESIGN. This is a cross-sectional case-control study. Eighty-four infants delivered either vaginally (n = 42) or by C-section (n = 42) were randomly selected from the 2009 birth cohort at the County Hospital in Halmstad, Sweden. Medically compromised and premature children (<32 weeks) were excluded. The mean age was 8.25 months (range 6-10 months), and parents were asked to complete a questionnaire on socioeconomic factors, lifestyle, and hygiene habits. Saliva was collected and analysed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS. A higher prevalence of salivary Streptococcus salivarius, Lactobacillus curvata, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Lactobacuillus casei was detected in infants delivered vaginally (P < 0.05). The caries-associated bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were detected in 63% and 59% of all children, respectively. CONCLUSION. A significantly higher prevalence of certain strains of health-related streptococci and lactobacilli was found in vaginally delivered infants compared with infants delivered by C-section. The possible long-term effects on oral health need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Nelun Barfod
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Institute of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Determination of the effect of dairy powders on adherence of Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus salivarius to hydroxylapatite and growth of these bacteria. J Funct Foods 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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198
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Patıroğlu T, Kondolot M. The effect of bovine colostrum on viral upper respiratory tract infections in children with immunoglobulin A deficiency. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2011; 7:21-6. [PMID: 21801330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-699x.2011.00268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunoglobulin A (IgA)-deficient patients predominantly suffer from respiratory and gastrointestinal infections since secretory IgA has important functions to protect mucosal surfaces. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of bovine colostrum, rich in IgA, on the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract (URT) infections in IgA-deficient children. METHODS Thirty-one IgA-deficient children with viral URT infections were included in this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, and randomly oral bovine colostrum or placebo was given three times a day for 1 week. Samples of saliva IgA were collected before treatment, after the administration of the first dose, and after the last dose. Mothers of the children completed a daily questionnaire regarding the severity of the infection and any adverse effects. RESULTS The bovine colostrum group had a lower infection severity score than the placebo group after 1 week (respectively 0.81±0.83, 3.00±1.85; P=0.000), but there was no difference between the salivary IgA levels of the groups. CONCLUSION This is the first study to evaluate the effect of bovine colostrum in IgA-deficient children, and no adverse effects were observed. However, further studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of bovine colostrum in IgA-deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Türkan Patıroğlu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Abstract
Biofilms are masses of microorganisms that bind to and multiply on a solid surface, typically with a fluid bathing the microbes. The microorganisms that are not attached but are free floating in an aqueous environment are termed planktonic cells. Traditionally, microbiology research has addressed results from planktonic bacterial cells. However, many recent studies have indicated that biofilms are the preferred form of growth of most microbes and particularly those of a pathogenic nature. Biofilms on animal hosts have significantly increased resistance to various antimicrobials compared to planktonic cells. These microbial communities form microcolonies that interact with each other using very sophisticated communication methods (i.e., quorum-sensing). The development of unique microbiological tools to detect and assess the various biofilms around us is a tremendously important focus of research in many laboratories. In the present review, we discuss the major biofilm mechanisms and the interactions among oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Huang
- Department of Oral Biology and Tobacco Cessation and Biobehavioral Center, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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200
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Dsamou M, Palicki O, Septier C, Chabanet C, Lucchi G, Ducoroy P, Chagnon MC, Morzel M. Salivary protein profiles and sensitivity to the bitter taste of caffeine. Chem Senses 2011; 37:87-95. [PMID: 21873273 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjr070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interindividual variation in the sensitivity to bitterness is attributed in part to genetic polymorphism at the taste receptor level, but other factors, such as saliva composition, might be involved. In order to investigate this, 2 groups of subjects (hyposensitive, hypersensitive) were selected from 29 healthy male volunteers based on their detection thresholds for caffeine, and their salivary proteome composition was compared. Abundance of 26 of the 255 spots detected on saliva electrophoretic patterns was significantly different between hypo- and hypersensitive subjects. Saliva of hypersensitive subjects contained higher levels of amylase fragments, immunoglobulins, and serum albumin and/or serum albumin fragments. It also contained lower levels of cystatin SN, an inhibitor of protease. The results suggest that proteolysis occurring within the oral cavity is an important perireceptor factor associated to the sensitivity to the bitter taste of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Dsamou
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, UMR6265 CNRS, UMR1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Agrosup Dijon, 17 rue Sully, F-21000 Dijon, France
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