151
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Puttachary S, Sharma S, Stark S, Thippeswamy T. Seizure-induced oxidative stress in temporal lobe epilepsy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:745613. [PMID: 25650148 PMCID: PMC4306378 DOI: 10.1155/2015/745613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An insult to the brain (such as the first seizure) causes excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). ROS and RNS produced during status epilepticus (SE) overwhelm the mitochondrial natural antioxidant defense mechanism. This leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and damage to the mitochondrial DNA. This in turn affects synthesis of various enzyme complexes that are involved in electron transport chain. Resultant effects that occur during epileptogenesis include lipid peroxidation, reactive gliosis, hippocampal neurodegeneration, reorganization of neural networks, and hypersynchronicity. These factors predispose the brain to spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), which ultimately establish into temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This review discusses some of these issues. Though antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are beneficial to control/suppress seizures, their long term usage has been shown to increase ROS/RNS in animal models and human patients. In established TLE, ROS/RNS are shown to be harmful as they can increase the susceptibility to SRS. Further, in this paper, we review briefly the data from animal models and human TLE patients on the adverse effects of antiepileptic medications and the plausible ameliorating effects of antioxidants as an adjunct therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth Puttachary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Shaunik Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Sara Stark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
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152
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Ruszkiewicz J, Albrecht J. Changes in the mitochondrial antioxidant systems in neurodegenerative diseases and acute brain disorders. Neurochem Int 2015; 88:66-72. [PMID: 25576182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress (ONS) contributes to the pathogenesis of most brain maladies, and the magnitude of ONS is related to the ability of cellular antioxidants to neutralize the accumulating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). While the major ROS/RNS scavengers and regenerators of bio-oxidized molecules, superoxide dysmutases (SODs), glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin (Trx) and peroxiredoxin (Prx), are distributed in all cellular compartments. This review specifically focuses on the role of the systems operating in mitochondria. There is a growing consensus that the mitochondrial SOD isoform - SOD2 and GSH are critical for the cellular antioxidant defense. Variable changes of the expression or activities of one or more of the mitochondrial antioxidant systems have been documented in the brains derived from human patients and/or in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), cerebral ischemia, toxic brain cell damage associated with overexposure to mercury or excitotoxins, or hepatic encephalopathy. In many cases, ambiguity of the responses of the different antioxidant systems in one and the same disease needs to be more conclusively evaluated before the balance of the changes is viewed as beneficial or detrimental. Modulation of the mitochondrial antioxidant systems may in the future become a target of antioxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ruszkiewicz
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Albrecht
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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153
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Seker F, Kilic U, Caglayan B, Ethemoglu M, Caglayan A, Ekimci N, Demirci S, Dogan A, Oztezcan S, Sahin F, Yilmaz B, Kilic E. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor rosuvastatin improves abnormal brain electrical activity via mechanisms involving eNOS. Neuroscience 2015; 284:349-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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154
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Oxidative stress associated with neuronal apoptosis in experimental models of epilepsy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:293689. [PMID: 25614776 PMCID: PMC4295154 DOI: 10.1155/2014/293689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is considered one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide. Oxidative stress produced by free radicals may play a role in the initiation and progression of epilepsy; the changes in the mitochondrial and the oxidative stress state can lead mechanism associated with neuronal death pathway. Bioenergetics state failure and impaired mitochondrial function include excessive free radical production with impaired synthesis of antioxidants. This review summarizes evidence that suggest what is the role of oxidative stress on induction of apoptosis in experimental models of epilepsy.
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155
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Singh P, Singh D, Goel RK. Ficus religiosa L. figs--a potential herbal adjuvant to phenytoin for improved management of epilepsy and associated behavioral comorbidities. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 41:171-8. [PMID: 25461211 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, together with mitochondrial dysfunction, has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of epileptogenesis and its associated comorbidities. Phytoflavonoids have shown numerous beneficial ameliorative effects on different neurological disorders by virtue of their antioxidant effect. The present study investigated the effect of flavonoid-rich ethyl acetate fraction of the crude fig extract of Ficus religiosa in combination with phenytoin on seizure severity, depressive behavior, and cognitive deficit in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled mice. The flavonoid-rich ethyl acetate fraction of the crude fig extract was found to show significant antioxidant potential in various in vitro free radical scavenging assays. Combined treatment of this fraction (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg; i.p.) along with a subeffective dose of phenytoin (15 mg/kg; i.p.) in postkindled animals once daily for fifteen days showed a dose-dependent decrease in the seizure severity score, a decreased number of mistakes, increased step-down latency in passive shock avoidance paradigm, and decreased immobility time in the tail suspension test in comparison with the phenytoin only-treated group. Biochemical investigations of the brain tissue showed amelioration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and reduced catalase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, thereby indicating suppression of oxidative stress. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed the protective effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of F. religiosa along with a subeffective dose of phenytoin in PTZ-kindling-associated cognitive deficit and depressive behavior with complete suppression of seizures through reduction of oxidative stress, supporting the the need for clinical evaluation of the supplementation of phytoflavonoids along with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for management of epilepsy and its psychiatric and cognitive comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
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156
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Mehrzadi S, Sadr S, Hosseinzadeh A, Gholamine B, Shahbazi A, FallahHuseini H, Ghaznavi H. Anticonvulsant activity of the ethanolic extract ofPunica granatumL. seed. Neurol Res 2014; 37:470-5. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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157
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Zeng LH, Zhang HD, Xu CJ, Bian YJ, Xu XJ, Xie QM, Zhang RH. Neuroprotective effects of flavonoids extracted from licorice on kainate-induced seizure in mice through their antioxidant properties. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014; 14:1004-12. [PMID: 24190446 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1300138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A relationship between status epilepticus (SE) and oxidative stress has recently begun to be recognized. To explore whether the flavonoids extracted from licorice (LFs) have any protective effect on kainate (KA)-induced seizure in mice, we treated mice with LFs before and after KA injection. In KA-treated mice, we found that superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased immediately after the onset of seizure at 1 h and then increased at 6 h. It returned to baseline 1 d after seizure and then increased again at 3, 7, and 28 d, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content remained at a high level at 1 h, 6 h, 3 d, 7 d, and 28 d, indicating a more oxidized status related to the presence of more reactive oxygen species (ROS). Treatment with LFs before KA injection reversed the seizure-induced change in SOD activity and MDA content at 1 h, 6 h, 3 d, 7 d, and 28 d. Treatment with LFs after seizure decreased KA-induced SOD activity and MDA content at 7 and 28 d. Also, LF pre- and post-KA treatments decreased seizure-induced neuronal cell death. Subsequently, Morris water maze tests revealed that the escape latency was significantly decreased and the number of target quadrant crossings was markedly increased in the LF-treated groups. Thus, our data indicate that LFs have protective effects on seizure-induced neuronal cell death and cognitive impairment through their anti-oxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-hui Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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158
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Nox1 upregulates the function of vascular T-type calcium channels following chronic nitric oxide deficit. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:727-35. [PMID: 24923576 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is characterised by reduced nitric oxide bioavailability resulting from oxidative stress. Our previous studies have shown that nitric oxide deficit per se increases the contribution of T-type calcium channels to vascular tone through increased superoxide from NADPH oxidase (Nox). The aim of the present study was therefore to identify the Nox isoform responsible for modulating T-type channel function, as T-type channels are implicated in several pathophysiological conditions involving oxidative stress. We evaluated T-channel function in skeletal muscle arterioles in vivo, using a novel T-channel blocker, TTA-A2 (3 μmol/L), which demonstrated no cross reactivity with L-type channels. Wild-type and Nox2 knockout (Nox2ko) mice were treated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks. L-NAME treatment significantly increased systolic blood pressure and the contribution of T-type calcium channels to arteriolar tone in wild-type mice, and this was not prevented by Nox2 deletion. In Nox2ko mice, pharmacological inhibition of Nox1 (10 μmol/L ML171), Nox4 (10 μmol/L VAS2870) and Nox4-derived hydrogen peroxide (500 U/mL catalase) significantly reduced the effect of chronic nitric oxide inhibition on T-type channel function. In contrast, in wild-type mice, ML171 and VAS2870, but not catalase, reduced the contribution of T-type channels to vascular tone, suggesting a role for Nox1 and non-selective actions of VAS2870. We conclude that Nox1, but not Nox2 or Nox4, is responsible for the upregulation of T-type calcium channels elicited by chronic nitric oxide deficit. These data point to an important role for this isoform in increasing T-type channel function during oxidative stress.
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159
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Sheng H, Chaparro RE, Sasaki T, Izutsu M, Pearlstein RD, Tovmasyan A, Warner DS. Metalloporphyrins as therapeutic catalytic oxidoreductants in central nervous system disorders. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2437-64. [PMID: 23706004 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Metalloporphyrins, characterized by a redox-active transitional metal (Mn or Fe) coordinated to a cyclic porphyrin core ligand, mitigate oxidative/nitrosative stress in biological systems. Side-chain substitutions tune redox properties of metalloporphyrins to act as potent superoxide dismutase mimics, peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts, and redox regulators of transcription factor function. With oxidative/nitrosative stress central to pathogenesis of CNS injury, metalloporphyrins offer unique pharmacologic activity to improve the course of disease. RECENT ADVANCES Metalloporphyrins are efficacious in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, opioid tolerance, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and stroke and have proved to be useful tools in defining roles of superoxide, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite in disease progression. The most substantive recent advance has been the synthesis of lipophilic metalloporphyrins offering improved blood-brain barrier penetration to allow intravenous, subcutaneous, or oral treatment. CRITICAL ISSUES Insufficient preclinical data have accumulated to enable clinical development of metalloporphyrins for any single indication. An improved definition of mechanisms of action will facilitate preclinical modeling to define and validate optimal dosing strategies to enable appropriate clinical trial design. Due to previous failures of "antioxidants" in clinical trials, with most having markedly less biologic activity and bioavailability than current-generation metalloporphyrins, a stigma against antioxidants has discouraged the development of metalloporphyrins as CNS therapeutics, despite the consistent definition of efficacy in a wide array of CNS disorders. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further definition of the metalloporphyrin mechanism of action, side-by-side comparison with "failed" antioxidants, and intense effort to optimize therapeutic dosing strategies are required to inform and encourage clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Sheng
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC) , Durham, North Carolina
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160
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Increased Oxidative Stress and Impaired Antioxidant Response in Lafora Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:932-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8747-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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161
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Sawicka-Glazer E, Czuczwar SJ. Vitamin C: a new auxiliary treatment of epilepsy? Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:529-33. [PMID: 24948051 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although many approaches to the therapy of epilepsy exist, most of antiepileptic drugs, beside certain and unquestioned benefits, have convinced disadvantages. That is the reason for looking for new methods of treatment. Ascorbic acid, as an antioxidant and electron donor accumulated in central nervous system, seems to take part in diminishing reactions of oxidative stress in brain and cooperate with other antioxidants like alpha-tocoferol. Vitamin C, easily transported through the blood-brain barrier, is proved to reduce injury in the hippocampus during seizures. Depending on type of seizures, it has mostly inhibitory activity and even decreases mortality. Moreover, vitamin C acts as a neuroprotective factor by consolidating cell membranes and decreasing lipid peroxidation. A possible adjunctive role of vitamin C in epileptic patients needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanisław J Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland; Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland.
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162
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Mendes Arent A, de Souza LF, Walz R, Dafre AL. Perspectives on molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant strategies in traumatic brain injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:723060. [PMID: 24689052 PMCID: PMC3943200 DOI: 10.1155/2014/723060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is frequently associated with abnormal blood-brain barrier function, resulting in the release of factors that can be used as molecular biomarkers of TBI, among them GFAP, UCH-L1, S100B, and NSE. Although many experimental studies have been conducted, clinical consolidation of these biomarkers is still needed to increase the predictive power and reduce the poor outcome of TBI. Interestingly, several of these TBI biomarkers are oxidatively modified to carbonyl groups, indicating that markers of oxidative stress could be of predictive value for the selection of therapeutic strategies. Some drugs such as corticosteroids and progesterone have already been investigated in TBI neuroprotection but failed to demonstrate clinical applicability in advanced phases of the studies. Dietary antioxidants, such as curcumin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane, have been shown to attenuate TBI-induced damage in preclinical studies. These dietary antioxidants can increase antioxidant defenses via transcriptional activation of NRF2 and are also known as carbonyl scavengers, two potential mechanisms for neuroprotection. This paper reviews the relevance of redox biology in TBI, highlighting perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mendes Arent
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biological Sciences Centre, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), 88137-270 Palhoça, SC, Brazil
- Neurosurgery Service, São José Regional Hospital (HRSJ-HMG), 88103-901 São José, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biological Sciences Centre, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Roger Walz
- Applied Neurosciences Centre (CeNAp) and Department of Medical Clinics, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alcir Luiz Dafre
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biological Sciences Centre, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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163
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Amigo I, Kowaltowski AJ. Dietary restriction in cerebral bioenergetics and redox state. Redox Biol 2014; 2:296-304. [PMID: 24563846 PMCID: PMC3926116 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain has a central role in the regulation of energy stability of the organism. It is the organ with the highest energetic demands, the most susceptible to energy deficits, and is responsible for coordinating behavioral and physiological responses related to food foraging and intake. Dietary interventions have been shown to be a very effective means to extend lifespan and delay the appearance of age-related pathological conditions, notably those associated with brain functional decline. The present review focuses on the effects of these interventions on brain metabolism and cerebral redox state, and summarizes the current literature dealing with dietary interventions on brain pathology.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- CR, caloric restriction
- Caloric restriction
- Energy metabolism
- FR, food restriction
- IF, intermittent fasting
- KA, kainic acid
- MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- Mitochondria
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- Neurological diseases
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PTZ, pentylenetetrazole
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Amigo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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164
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Ryan K, Liang LP, Rivard C, Patel M. Temporal and spatial increase of reactive nitrogen species in the kainate model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 64:8-15. [PMID: 24361554 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Steady-state levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules are increased in the rodent hippocampus during epileptogenesis. However, the role of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in epileptogenesis remains to be explored. The goal of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal occurrence of RNS i.e. nitric oxide levels in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Rats were injected with a single high dose of kainate and monitored by video for behavioral seizures for 6weeks to determine the onset and severity of chronic seizures. RNS and tissue/mitochondrial redox status (glutathione redox couple and coenzyme A:glutathione redox couple) were measured in the hippocampus at 8h, 24h, 48h, 1wk, 3wk and 6wk following kainate to assess the level of reactive species in subcellular compartments. We observed a biphasic increase in RNS levels with a return to control values at the 48h time point. However, both tissue and mitochondrial redox status showed permanent and significant decreases during the entire time course of epilepsy development. 3 nitrotyrosine (3NT) protein adducts were found to gradually increase throughout epileptogenesis, conceivably as a result of the local environment under oxidative and nitrosative stress. Colocalization of 3NT immunostaining with neuron- or astrocyte-specific markers revealed neuron-specific localization of 3NT in hippocampal principal neurons. Persistent and concurrent glutathione oxidation and nitrosative stress occur during epileptogenesis suggesting a favorable environment for posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Ryan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christopher Rivard
- Division of Renal Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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165
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Nicotine decreases the activity of glutamate transporter type 3. Toxicol Lett 2013; 225:147-52. [PMID: 24355585 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, the main ingredient of tobacco, elicits seizures in animal models and cigarette smoking is regarded as a behavioral risk factor associated with epilepsy or seizures. In the hippocampus, the origin of nicotine-induced seizures, most glutamate uptake could be performed primarily by excitatory amino acid transporter type 3 (EAAT3). An association between temporal lobe epilepsy and EAAT3 downregulation has been reported. Therefore, we hypothesized that nicotine may elicit seizures through the attenuation of EAAT3 activity. We investigated chronic nicotine exposure (72 h) cause reduction of the activity of EAAT3 in a Xenopus oocyte expression system using a two-electrode voltage clamp. The roles of protein kinase C (PKC) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) were also determined. Nicotine (0.001-1 μM) resulted in a time- and dose-dependent decrease in EAAT3 activity with maximal inhibition at nicotine concentrations of 0.03 μM or higher and at an exposure time of 72 h. Vmax on the glutamate response was significantly reduced in the nicotine group (0.03 μM for 72 h), but the Km value of EAAT3 for glutamate was not altered. When nicotine-exposed oocytes (0.03 μM for 72 h) were pretreated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, a PKC activator), the nicotine-induced reduction in EAAT3 activity was abolished. PKC inhibitors (staurosporine, chelerythrine, and calphostin C) significantly reduced basal EAAT3 activity, but there were no significant differences among the PKC inhibitors, nicotine, and PKC inhibitors+nicotine groups. Similar response patterns were observed among PI3K inhibitors (wortmannin and LY294002), nicotine, and PI3K inhibitors+nicotine. In conclusion, this study suggests that nicotine decreases EAAT3 activity, and that this inhibition seems to be dependent on PKC and PI3K. Our results may provide an additional mechanism for nicotine-induced seizure.
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166
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Ding Y, Wang S, Jiang Y, Yang Y, Zhang M, Guo Y, Wang S, Ding MP. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate protects against epileptogenesis by modifying cation-chloride co-transporters in a model of amygdaloid-kindling temporal epilepticus. Brain Res 2013; 1539:87-94. [PMID: 24095797 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) shifts the metabolism of glucose from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway and has anticonvulsant activity in several acute seizure animal models. In the present study, we investigated the anti-epileptogenic effects of FDP in an amygdaloid-kindling seizure model, which is an animal model of the most common form of human temporal lobe epilepsy. We found that 1.0 g/kg FDP slowed seizure progression and shortened the corresponding after-discharge duration (ADD). FDP increased the number of stimulations needed to reach seizure stages 2-5 and prolonged the cumulative ADD prior to reaching stages 3-5. It also shortened staying days and cumulative ADD in stages 4-5. However, it demonstrated no significant protective effect when administered after the animals were fully kindled. In hippocampal neurons, cation-chloride co-transporters (CCCs) are suggested to play interesting roles in epilepsy by modulating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic activity through controlling GABAA receptor-mediated reversal potential. We examined the potential link between FDP and the hippocampal expression of two main members of the CCCs: the neuron-specific K(+)-Cl(-)co-transporter 2 (KCC2) and Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-)co-transporter 1 (NKCC1). FDP inhibited the kindling-induced downregulation of KCC2 expression and decreased NKCC1 expression during the kindling session. Taken together, our data reveal that FDP may have protective activity against epileptogenesis, from partial to generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the FDP-induced imbalance between KCC2 and NKCC1 expression may be involved in the neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ding
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
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167
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Zhao ZM, Sun ZH, Chen MH, Liao Q, Tan M, Zhang XW, Zhu HD, Pi RB, Yin S. Neuroprotective polyhydroxypregnane glycosides from Cynanchum otophyllum. Steroids 2013; 78:1015-20. [PMID: 23831785 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Five new polyhydroxypregnane glycosides, namely cynanotosides A-E (1-5), together with two known analogues, deacetylmetaplexigenin (6) and cynotophylloside H (7), were isolated from the roots of Cynanchum otophyllum. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods and acid hydrolysis. The neuroprotective effects of compounds 1-7 against glutamate-, hydrogen peroxide-, and homocysteic acid (HCA)-induced cell death were tested by MTT assay in a hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22. Compounds 1, 2, and 7 exhibited protective activity against HCA-induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner ranging from 1 to 30μM, which may explain the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) use of this plant for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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168
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Nassiri-Asl M, Naserpour Farivar T, Abbasi E, Sadeghnia HR, Sheikhi M, Lotfizadeh M, Bazahang P. Effects of rutin on oxidative stress in mice with kainic acid-induced seizure. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2013; 11:337-42. [DOI: 10.3736/jintegrmed2013042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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169
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de Araújo DP, De Sousa CNS, Araújo PVP, Menezes CEDS, Sousa Rodrigues FT, Escudeiro SS, Lima NBC, Patrocínio MCA, Aguiar LMV, Viana GSDB, Vasconcelos SMM. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of alpha-lipoic Acid in the model of Parkinson's disease induced by unilateral stereotaxic injection of 6-ohda in rat. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:571378. [PMID: 24023579 PMCID: PMC3760123 DOI: 10.1155/2013/571378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate behavioral and neurochemical effects of α -lipoic acid (100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg) alone or associated with L-DOPA using an animal model of Parkinson's disease induced by stereotaxic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in rat striatum. Motor behavior was assessed by monitoring body rotations induced by apomorphine, open field test and cylinder test. Oxidative stress was accessed by determination of lipid peroxidation using the TBARS method, concentration of nitrite and evaluation of catalase activity. α -Lipoic acid decreased body rotations induced by apomorphine, as well as caused an improvement in motor performance by increasing locomotor activity in the open field test and use of contralateral paw (in the opposite side of the lesion produced by 6-OHDA) at cylinder test. α -lipoic acid showed antioxidant effects, decreasing lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels and interacting with antioxidant system by decreasing of endogenous catalase activity. Therefore, α -lipoic acid prevented the damage induced by 6-OHDA or by chronic use of L-DOPA in dopaminergic neurons, suggesting that α -lipoic could be a new therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayane Pessoa de Araújo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Caren Nádia Soares De Sousa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Paulo Victor Pontes Araújo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo de Souza Menezes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisca Taciana Sousa Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Sarah Souza Escudeiro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lissiana Magna Vasconcelos Aguiar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Glauce Socorro de Barros Viana
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Silvânia Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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170
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Abstract
We report the history of a child with autism and epilepsy who, after limited response to other interventions following her regression into autism, was placed on a gluten-free, casein-free diet, after which she showed marked improvement in autistic and medical symptoms. Subsequently, following pubertal onset of seizures and after failing to achieve full seizure control pharmacologically she was advanced to a ketogenic diet that was customized to continue the gluten-free, casein-free regimen. On this diet, while still continuing on anticonvulsants, she showed significant improvement in seizure activity. This gluten-free casein-free ketogenic diet used medium-chain triglycerides rather than butter and cream as its primary source of fat. Medium-chain triglycerides are known to be highly ketogenic, and this allowed the use of a lower ratio (1.5:1) leaving more calories available for consumption of vegetables with their associated health benefits. Secondary benefits included resolution of morbid obesity and improvement of cognitive and behavioral features. Over the course of several years following her initial diagnosis, the child's Childhood Autism Rating Scale score decreased from 49 to 17, representing a change from severe autism to nonautistic, and her intelligence quotient increased 70 points. The initial electroencephalogram after seizure onset showed lengthy 3 Hz spike-wave activity; 14 months after the initiation of the diet the child was essentially seizure free and the electroencephalogram showed only occasional 1-1.5 second spike-wave activity without clinical accompaniments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha R Herbert
- Pediatric Neurology and TRANSCEND Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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171
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Hirotsu C, Matos G, Tufik S, Andersen ML. Changes in gene expression in the frontal cortex of rats with pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus after sleep deprivation. Epilepsy Behav 2013; 27:378-84. [PMID: 23542896 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and epilepsy present a bidirectional interaction. Sleep complaints are common in epilepsy, and sleep deprivation may provoke seizures. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unknown. Thus, this study investigated the effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD24h) and total sleep deprivation (TSD6h) in the expression of genes related to reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production in the frontal cortex of a rodent model of temporal lobe epilepsy (PILO). The data show that PILO rats had increased NOX-2 expression and decreased SOD expression, independent of sleep. Higher NOX-2 expression was observed only in PILO rats subjected to the control condition and TSD6h. Also, eNOS and DDAH1 were increased in the PILO group submitted to TSD6h. Moreover, CAT expression in the frontal cortex of PILO rats submitted to PSD24h was reduced compared to that of PILO rats that were not sleep-deprived. The molecular changes found in the frontal cortex of PILO rats following sleep deprivation suggest a mechanism via oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Hirotsu
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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172
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Castellino S, Groseclose MR, Sigafoos J, Wagner D, de Serres M, Polli JW, Romach E, Myer J, Hamilton B. Central Nervous System Disposition and Metabolism of Fosdevirine (GSK2248761), a Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor: An LC-MS and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging MS Investigation into Central Nervous System Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 26:241-51. [DOI: 10.1021/tx3004196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Castellino
- Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - M. Reid Groseclose
- Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - James Sigafoos
- Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - David Wagner
- Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - Mark de Serres
- Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - Joseph W. Polli
- Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - Elizabeth Romach
- Safety
Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - James Myer
- Safety
Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - Brad Hamilton
- Safety
Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
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173
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Monocrotaline: histological damage and oxidant activity in brain areas of mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:697541. [PMID: 23251721 PMCID: PMC3517861 DOI: 10.1155/2012/697541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This work was designed to study MCT effect in histopathological analysis of hippocampus (HC) and parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and in oxidative stress (OS) parameters in brain areas such as hippocampus (HC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and striatum (ST). Swiss mice (25–30 g) were administered a single i.p. dose of MCT (5, 50, or 100 mg/kg) or 4% Tween 80 in saline (control group). After 30 minutes, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation and the brain areas (HC, PHC, PFC, or ST) were removed for histopathological analysis or dissected and homogenized for measurement of OS parameters (lipid peroxidation, nitrite, and catalase) by spectrophotometry. Histological evaluation of brain structures of rats treated with MCT (50 and 100 mg/kg) revealed lesions in the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex compared to control. Lipid peroxidation was evident in all brain areas after administration of MCT. Nitrite/nitrate content decreased in all doses administered in HC, PFC, and ST. Catalase activity was increased in the MCT group only in HC. In conclusion, monocrotaline caused cell lesions in the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex regions and produced oxidative stress in the HC, PFC, and ST in mice. These findings may contribute to the neurological effects associated with this compound.
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