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Boreddy SR, Srivastava SK. Pancreatic cancer chemoprevention by phytochemicals. Cancer Lett 2012; 334:86-94. [PMID: 23111102 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States of America. In spite of recent advances in the current therapeutic modalities such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy patients, the average five year survival rate remains still less than 5%. Recently, compounds from natural sources receive ample of attention as anti-cancer agents. Many epidemiological studies published over the past few decades provide a strong correlation between consumption of vegetables, fruits or plant derived products and reduced incidence of cancer. The present review focuses on the potential antitumor effects of various natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Reddy Boreddy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Sanjay K Srivastava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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152
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Liu A, Liu Y, Jin Z, Hu Q, Lin L, Jou D, Yang J, Xu Z, Wang H, Li C, Lin J. XZH-5 inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation and enhances the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs in human breast and pancreatic cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46624. [PMID: 23056374 PMCID: PMC3463519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling is frequently detected in breast and pancreatic cancer. Inhibiting constitutive STAT3 signaling represents a promising molecular target for therapeutic approach. Using structure-based design, we developed a non-peptide cell-permeable, small molecule, termed as XZH-5, which targeted STAT3 phosphorylation. XZH-5 was found to inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation (Tyr705) and induce apoptosis in human breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines expressing elevated levels of phosphorylated STAT3. XZH-5 could also inhibit interleukin-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in cancer cell lines expressing low phosphorylated STAT3. Inhibition of STAT3 signaling by XZH-5 was confirmed by the down-regulation of downstream targets of STAT3, such as Cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and Survivin at mRNA level. In addition, XZH-5 inhibited colony formation, cell migration, and enhanced the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs when combined with Doxorubicin or Gemcitabine. Our results indicate that XZH-5 may be a potential therapeutic agent for breast and pancreatic cancers with constitutive STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AL); (JL)
| | - Yan Liu
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zhigang Jin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Qun Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - David Jou
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zhenghu Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chenglong Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AL); (JL)
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153
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Huang FJ, Lan KC, Kang HY, Liu YC, Hsuuw YD, Chan WH, Huang KE. Effect of curcumin on in vitro early post-implantation stages of mouse embryo development. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 166:47-51. [PMID: 23021938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to examine the embryotoxic potential of the curcumin at the blastocyst stage and during early post-implantation development of mouse embryos in vitro. STUDY DESIGN Curcumin was administered to ICR mice embryos at a dose of 0, 6, 12, 24 μM throughout in vitro culture. A total of 1015 embryos were randomly assigned to the different dosage groups. The embryotoxic effects were studied by the exposure of curcumin at the blastocyst, implanted blastocyst and early egg cylinder stages, respectively. For assessment of implantation in vitro and further embryonic differentiation, blastocysts were cultured for 8 days. The cell proliferation of outgrowth blastocysts was analysed by Giemsa staining. RESULTS Exposure to 24 μM of curcumin at the implanted blastocyst stage or early egg stage cause adverse effects on development. The percentage of embryos in the later stages of development was changed depending upon the dose of curcumin used. Furthermore, exposure to 24 μM of curcumin at the blastocyst stage was lethal to all embryos. The number of nuclei per outgrowth of the blastocyst decreased significantly after curcumin pre-treatment. The percentage of trophoblastic giant cells per outgrowth increased significantly after curcumin pre-treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that curcumin exerts an adverse effect on mouse embryos during the early post-implantation stages of development, equivalent to day 3-day 8 of gestation in vivo. Curcumin treatment or administration should be used carefully at the early post-implantation stage of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jen Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan.
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154
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Hu QD, Chen W, Yan TL, Ma T, Chen CL, Liang C, Zhang Q, Xia XF, Liu H, Zhi X, Zheng XX, Bai XL, Yu XZ, Liang TB. NSC 74859 enhances doxorubicin cytotoxicity via inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 325:207-13. [PMID: 22781398 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin-based therapy is not effective for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), which often undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during tumor progression. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is associated with chemosensitivity and may contribute to EMT during HCC chemotherapy. Low doses of NSC 78459 (a novel STAT3 inhibitor) have little effect on HCC cell proliferation, but efficiently inhibit STAT3. HuH-7, Hep3B, and HepG2 cells, with epithelial phenotypes, show significantly enhanced doxorubicin cytotoxicity following co-treatment with NSC 74859, whereas mesenchymal SNU-449 cells show no such enhancement. NSC 74859 inhibits STAT3 activity and suppressed doxorubicin-induced EMT in epithelial HCC cells. siRNA-mediated STAT3 knockdown resulted in EMT inhibition, which led to attenuation of NSC 74859-mediated chemosensitivity. Our data indicate NSC 74859 co-administration enhances doxorubicin cytotoxicity by inhibiting STAT3 in epithelial HCC cells. STAT3 deactivation and associated EMT attenuation contribute to the synergistic anti-tumor effects of combined NSC 74859/doxorubicin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Da Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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155
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Du L, Subauste MC, DeSevo C, Zhao Z, Baker M, Borkowski R, Schageman JJ, Greer R, Yang CR, Suraokar M, Wistuba II, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Pertsemlidis A. miR-337-3p and its targets STAT3 and RAP1A modulate taxane sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39167. [PMID: 22723956 PMCID: PMC3377607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) often exhibits resistance to paclitaxel treatment. Identifying the elements regulating paclitaxel response will advance efforts to overcome such resistance in NSCLC therapy. Using in vitro approaches, we demonstrated that over-expression of the microRNA miR-337-3p sensitizes NCI-H1155 cells to paclitaxel, and that miR-337-3p mimic has a general effect on paclitaxel response in NSCLC cell lines, which may provide a novel adjuvant strategy to paclitaxel in the treatment of lung cancer. By combining in vitro and in silico approaches, we identified STAT3 and RAP1A as direct targets that mediate the effect of miR-337-3p on paclitaxel sensitivity. Further investigation showed that miR-337-3p mimic also sensitizes cells to docetaxel, another member of the taxane family, and that STAT3 levels are significantly correlated with taxane resistance in lung cancer cell lines, suggesting that endogenous STAT3 expression is a determinant of intrinsic taxane resistance in lung cancer. The identification of a miR-337-3p as a modulator of cellular response to taxanes, and STAT3 and RAP1A as regulatory targets which mediate that response, defines a novel regulatory pathway modulating paclitaxel sensitivity in lung cancer cells, which may provide novel adjuvant strategies along with paclitaxel in the treatment of lung cancer and may also provide biomarkers for predicting paclitaxel response in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Du
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria C. Subauste
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christopher DeSevo
- Division of Basic Sciences, Southwestern Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhenze Zhao
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Baker
- Division of Basic Sciences, Southwestern Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert Borkowski
- Division of Basic Sciences, Southwestern Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeoffrey J. Schageman
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rachel Greer
- Division of Basic Sciences, Southwestern Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chin-Rang Yang
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Milind Suraokar
- Department of Pathology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Department of Pathology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adi F. Gazdar
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - John D. Minna
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander Pertsemlidis
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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156
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Debnath B, Xu S, Neamati N. Small molecule inhibitors of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) protein. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6645-68. [PMID: 22650325 DOI: 10.1021/jm300207s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Debnath
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California , 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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157
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Orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of transcription factor Stat3 regresses human breast and lung cancer xenografts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9623-8. [PMID: 22623533 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1121606109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer-aided lead optimization derives a unique, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)3 Src homology 2 domain. BP-1-102 binds Stat3 with an affinity (K(D)) of 504 nM, blocks Stat3-phospho-tyrosine (pTyr) peptide interactions and Stat3 activation at 4-6.8 μM, and selectively inhibits growth, survival, migration, and invasion of Stat3-dependent tumor cells. BP-1-102-mediated inhibition of aberrantly active Stat3 in tumor cells suppresses the expression of c-Myc, Cyclin D1, Bcl-xL, Survivin, VEGF, and Krüppel-like factor 8, which is identified as a Stat3 target gene that promotes Stat3-mediated breast tumor cell migration and invasion. Treatment of breast cancer cells with BP-1-102 further blocks Stat3-NF-κB cross-talk, the release of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, macrophage migration-inhibitory factor/glycosylation-inhibiting factor, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, and serine protease inhibitor protein 1, and the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin, while enhancing E-cadherin expression. Intravenous or oral gavage delivery of BP-1-102 furnishes micromolar or microgram levels in tumor tissues and inhibits growth of human breast and lung tumor xenografts.
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158
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Winter C, Kristiansen G, Kersting S, Roy J, Aust D, Knösel T, Rümmele P, Jahnke B, Hentrich V, Rückert F, Niedergethmann M, Weichert W, Bahra M, Schlitt HJ, Settmacher U, Friess H, Büchler M, Saeger HD, Schroeder M, Pilarsky C, Grützmann R. Google goes cancer: improving outcome prediction for cancer patients by network-based ranking of marker genes. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002511. [PMID: 22615549 PMCID: PMC3355064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting the clinical outcome of cancer patients based on the expression of marker genes in their tumors has received increasing interest in the past decade. Accurate predictors of outcome and response to therapy could be used to personalize and thereby improve therapy. However, state of the art methods used so far often found marker genes with limited prediction accuracy, limited reproducibility, and unclear biological relevance. To address this problem, we developed a novel computational approach to identify genes prognostic for outcome that couples gene expression measurements from primary tumor samples with a network of known relationships between the genes. Our approach ranks genes according to their prognostic relevance using both expression and network information in a manner similar to Google's PageRank. We applied this method to gene expression profiles which we obtained from 30 patients with pancreatic cancer, and identified seven candidate marker genes prognostic for outcome. Compared to genes found with state of the art methods, such as Pearson correlation of gene expression with survival time, we improve the prediction accuracy by up to 7%. Accuracies were assessed using support vector machine classifiers and Monte Carlo cross-validation. We then validated the prognostic value of our seven candidate markers using immunohistochemistry on an independent set of 412 pancreatic cancer samples. Notably, signatures derived from our candidate markers were independently predictive of outcome and superior to established clinical prognostic factors such as grade, tumor size, and nodal status. As the amount of genomic data of individual tumors grows rapidly, our algorithm meets the need for powerful computational approaches that are key to exploit these data for personalized cancer therapies in clinical practice. Why do some people with the same type of cancer die early and some live long? Apart from influences from the environment and personal lifestyle, we believe that differences in the individual tumor genome account for different survival times. Recently, powerful methods have become available to systematically read genomic information of patient samples. The major remaining challenge is how to spot, among the thousands of changes, those few that are relevant for tumor aggressiveness and thereby affecting patient survival. Here, we make use of the fact that genes and proteins in a cell never act alone, but form a network of interactions. Finding the relevant information in big networks of web documents and hyperlinks has been mastered by Google with their PageRank algorithm. Similar to PageRank, we have developed an algorithm that can identify genes that are better indicators for survival than genes found by traditional algorithms. Our method can aid the clinician in deciding if a patient should receive chemotherapy or not. Reliable prediction of survival and response to therapy based on molecular markers bears a great potential to improve and personalize patient therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Winter
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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159
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Bid HK, Oswald D, Li C, London CA, Lin J, Houghton PJ. Anti-angiogenic activity of a small molecule STAT3 inhibitor LLL12. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35513. [PMID: 22530037 PMCID: PMC3328460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data indicate the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway is required for VEGF production and angiogenesis in various types of cancers. STAT3 inhibitors have been shown to reduce tumor microvessel density in tumors but a direct anti-angiogenic activity has not been described. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the direct action of a small molecule inhibitor of STAT3 (LLL12) in human umbilical cord vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro, in a Matrigel model for angiogenesis in vivo, and its antitumor activity in a xenograft model of osteosarcoma. LLL12 (100 nM) significantly inhibited VEGF-stimulated STAT3 phosphorylation in HUVECs, reduced their proliferation/migration and inhibited VEGF-induced tube formation. Morphologic analysis of LLL12 treated HUVECs demonstrated marked changes in actin/tubulin distribution and bundling. In scid mice, LLL12 reduced microvessel invasion into VEGF-infused Matrigel plugs by ∼90% at a dose of 5 mg/kg daily. Following a period of tumor progression (2 weeks), LLL12 completely suppressed further growth of established OS-1 osteosarcoma xenografts. Pharmacodynamic studies showed robust phosphorylated STAT3 in control tumors, whereas phospho-STAT3 was not detected in LLL12-treated OS-1 tumors. Treated tumors demonstrated decreased proliferation (Ki67 staining), and decreased microvessel density (CD34 staining), but no significant increase in apoptosis (TUNEL staining), relative to controls. Assay of angiogenic factors, using an antibody array, showed VEGF, MMP-9, Angiopoietin1/2, Tissue Factor and FGF-1 expression were dramatically reduced in LLL12-treated tumors compared to control tumors. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first evidence that LLL12 effectively inhibits tumor angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K. Bid
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Duane Oswald
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chenglong Li
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. London
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Houghton
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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160
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YAN JUN, WANG QIANLIANG, ZOU KANG, WANG LI, SCHWARTZ ERICB, FUCHS JAMESR, ZHENG ZUGEN, WU JIANQIANG. Inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway exerts a therapeutic effect on osteosarcoma. Mol Med Rep 2012; 12:498-502. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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161
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Crosstalk of Sp1 and Stat3 signaling in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:25-35. [PMID: 22342309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer progression is attributed to genetic and epigenetic alterations and a chaotic tumor microenvironment. Those diverse "upstream signal" factors appear to converge on specific sets of central nuclear regulators, namely, transcription factors. Specificity Protein 1 (Sp1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) are central transcription factors that regulate a number of pathways important to tumorigenesis, including tumor cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and evasion of the immune system. Recently, researchers demonstrated many types of crosstalk of Sp1 and Stat3 in tumor signal transduction and that these factors function cooperatively to activate targeted genes and promote tumorigenesis in pancreatic cancer. Therefore, targeting both Sp1 and Stat3 is a potential preventive and therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer.
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162
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STAT3 signaling pathway is necessary for cell survival and tumorsphere forming capacity in ALDH+/CD133+ stem cell-like human colon cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:246-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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163
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Sirica AE. The role of cancer-associated myofibroblasts in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9:44-54. [PMID: 22143274 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is typically characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma, of which cancer-associated myofibroblasts (which express α-smooth muscle actin), are a major cellular component. These stromal myofibroblasts have a crucial role in accelerating the progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and in promoting resistance to therapy through interactive autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways that promote malignant cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, apoptosis resistance and/or epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These changes correlate with aggressive tumor behavior. Hypoxic desmoplasia and aberrant Hedgehog signaling between stromal myofibroblastic cells and cholangiocarcinoma cells are also critical modulators of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression and therapy resistance. A novel strategy has been developed to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, based on targeting of multiple interactive pathways between cancer-associated myofibroblasts and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells that are associated with disease progression and poor survival. Unique organotypic cell culture and orthotopic rat models of cholangiocarcinoma progression are well suited to the rapid preclinical testing of this potentially paradigm-shifting strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse E Sirica
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, VA 23298-0297, USA.
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164
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The role of cancer-associated myofibroblasts in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. NATURE REVIEWS. GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY 2011. [PMID: 22143274 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.222.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is typically characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma, of which cancer-associated myofibroblasts (which express α-smooth muscle actin), are a major cellular component. These stromal myofibroblasts have a crucial role in accelerating the progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and in promoting resistance to therapy through interactive autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways that promote malignant cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, apoptosis resistance and/or epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These changes correlate with aggressive tumor behavior. Hypoxic desmoplasia and aberrant Hedgehog signaling between stromal myofibroblastic cells and cholangiocarcinoma cells are also critical modulators of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression and therapy resistance. A novel strategy has been developed to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, based on targeting of multiple interactive pathways between cancer-associated myofibroblasts and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells that are associated with disease progression and poor survival. Unique organotypic cell culture and orthotopic rat models of cholangiocarcinoma progression are well suited to the rapid preclinical testing of this potentially paradigm-shifting strategy.
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165
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Gurda GT, Wang JY, Guo L, Ernst SA, Williams JA. Profiling CCK-mediated pancreatic growth: the dynamic genetic program and the role of STATs as potential regulators. Physiol Genomics 2011; 44:14-24. [PMID: 22010007 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00255.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding mice with protease inhibitor (PI) leads to increased endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) release and results in pancreatic growth. This adaptive response requires calcineurin (CN)-NFAT and AKT-mTOR pathways, but the genes involved, the dynamics of their expression, and other regulatory pathways remain unknown. Here, we examined the early (1-8 h) transcriptional program that underlies pancreatic growth. We found 314 upregulated and 219 downregulated genes with diverse temporal and functional profiles. Several new identifications include the following: stress response genes Gdf15 and Txnip, metabolic mediators Pitpnc1 and Hmges2, as well as components of growth factor response Fgf21, Atf3, and Egr1. The genes fell into seven self-organizing clusters, each with a distinct pattern of expression; a representative gene within each of the upregulated clusters (Egr1, Gadd45b, Rgs2, and Serpinb1a) was validated by qRT-PCR. Genes up at any point throughout the time course and CN-dependent genes were subjected to further bioinformatics-based networking and promoter analysis, yielding STATs as potential transcriptional regulators. As shown by PCR, qPCR, and Western blots, the active phospho-form of STAT3 and the Jak-STAT feedback inhibitor Socs2 were both increased throughout early pancreatic growth. Moreover, immunohistochemistry showed a CCK-dependent and acinar cell-specific increase in nuclear localization of p-STAT3, with >75% nuclear occupancy in PI-fed mice vs. <0.1% in controls. Thus, the study identified novel genes likely to be important for CCK-driven pancreatic growth, characterized and biologically validated the dynamic pattern of their expression and investigated STAT-Socs signaling as a new player in this trophic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz T Gurda
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0622, USA.
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FGF2 regulates melanocytes viability through the STAT3-transactivated PAX3 transcription. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:616-22. [PMID: 21997191 PMCID: PMC3307977 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PAX3 (paired box 3) is known to have an important role in melanocyte development through modulation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor transcription. Here we found that PAX3 transcriptional activity could be regulated through FGF2 (basic fibroblast growth factor)-STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signaling in the pigment cells. To study its function in vivo, we have generated a transgenic mouse model expressing PAX3 driven by tyrosinase promoter in a tissue-specific fashion. These animals exhibit hyperpigmentation in the epidermis, evident in the skin color of their ears and tails. We showed that the darker skin color results from both increased melanocyte numbers and melanin synthesis. Together, our study delineated a novel pathway in the melanocyte lineage, linking FGF2-STAT3 signaling to increased PAX3 transcription. Moreover, our results suggest that this pathway might contribute to the regulation of melanocyte numbers and melanin levels, and thereby provide an alternative strategy to induce pigmentation.
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167
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Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3): a promising target for anticancer therapy. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:567-97. [PMID: 21526897 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an oncogenic protein whose inhibition is sought for the prevention and treatment of cancer. In this review, the validated therapeutic strategy to block aberrant activity of STAT3 in many tumor cell lines is evaluated by presenting the most promising inhibitors to date. The compounds are discussed in classes based on their different mechanisms of action, which are critically explained. In addition, their future clinical development as anticancer agents is considered. Furthermore, the efforts devoted to the comprehension of the structure-activity relationships and to the identification of the biological effects are brought to attention. The synthetic and technological approaches recently developed to overcome the difficulties in the obtainment of clinically suitable drugs are also presented.
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Abuzeid WM, Davis S, Tang AL, Saunders L, Brenner JC, Lin J, Fuchs JR, Light E, Bradford CR, Prince MEP, Carey TE. Sensitization of head and neck cancer to cisplatin through the use of a novel curcumin analog. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 137:499-507. [PMID: 21576562 DOI: 10.1001/archoto.2011.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a novel small molecule inhibitor derived from curcumin (FLLL32) that targets signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 would induce cytotoxic effects in STAT3-dependent head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) cells and would sensitize tumors to cisplatin. DESIGN Basic science. Two HNSCC cell lines, UM-SCC-29 and UM-SCC-74B, were characterized for cisplatin [cis-diammineplatinum(II) dichloride] sensitivity. Baseline expression of STAT3 and other apoptosis proteins was determined. The FLLL32 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) dose was determined for each cell line, and the effect of FLLL32 treatment on the expression of phosphorylated STAT3 and other key proteins was elucidated. The antitumor efficacy of cisplatin, FLLL32, and combination treatment was measured. The proportion of apoptotic cells after cisplatin, FLLL32, or combination therapy was determined. RESULTS The UM-SCC-29 cell line is cisplatin resistant, and the UM-SCC-74B cell line is cisplatin sensitive. Both cell lines express STAT3, phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), and key apoptotic proteins. FLLL32 downregulates the active form of STAT3, pSTAT3, in HNSCC cells and induces a potent antitumor effect. FLLL32, alone or with cisplatin, increases the proportion of apoptotic cells. FLLL32 sensitized cisplatin-resistant cancer cells, achieving an equivalent tumor kill with a 4-fold lower dose of cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS FLLL32 monotherapy induces a potent antitumor effect and sensitizes cancer cells to cisplatin, permitting an equivalent or improved antitumor effect at lower doses of cisplatin. Our results suggest that FLLL32 acts by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation, reduced survival signaling, increased susceptibility to apoptosis, and sensitization to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Abuzeid
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5616, USA
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Li H, Liu A, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Lin J, Jou D, Li C. Fragment-based drug design and drug repositioning using multiple ligand simultaneous docking (MLSD): identifying celecoxib and template compounds as novel inhibitors of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). J Med Chem 2011; 54:5592-6. [PMID: 21678971 DOI: 10.1021/jm101330h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel method of drug discovery using MLSD and drug repositioning, with cancer target STAT3 being used as a test case. Multiple drug scaffolds were simultaneously docked into hot spots of STAT3 by MLSD, followed by tethering to generate virtual template compounds. Similarity search of virtual hits on drug database identified celecoxib as a novel inhibitor of STAT3. Furthermore, we designed two novel lead inhibitors based on one of the lead templates and celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huameng Li
- Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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170
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Liu A, Liu Y, Xu Z, Yu W, Wang H, Li C, Lin J. Novel small molecule, XZH-5, inhibits constitutive and interleukin-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1381-7. [PMID: 21435102 PMCID: PMC11158026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling is constitutively activated in many types of human cancers and cancer cell lines and represents a promising target for cancer therapy. We previously reported that the STAT3 signaling pathway is constitutively activated in human rhabodomyosarcoma cell lines (RH28, RH30 and RD2). We also demonstrated that inhibition of the STAT3 pathway led to apoptosis in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of a novel small molecule, XZH-5, on the STAT3 signaling pathway in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. XZH-5 was designed based on STAT3 structure, and our idea was to design peptide mimics to bind to the phosphorylated Tyr705 site and the side pocket. We found that XZH-5 downregulated STAT3 phosphorylation. The inhibition of STAT3 by XZH-5 was confirmed by the inhibition of STAT3 DNA binding ability and the downregulation of STAT3 downstream genes, such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Cyclin D1 and Survivin; we also demonstrated that blockade of STAT3 phosphorylation in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells with XZH-5 caused apoptosis and suppressed colony-forming ability and cell migration. In addition to reducing constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation, XZH-5 also exhibited the potency to block interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation but did not inhibit the stimulation of STAT1 phosphorylation by interferon (IFN)-γ. Our findings indicate that XZH-5 has the potential for targeting human rhabdomyosarcoma cells expressing constitutive STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Liu
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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171
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Chiu HC, Chou DL, Huang CT, Lin WH, Lien TW, Yen KJ, Hsu JTA. Suppression of Stat3 activity sensitizes gefitinib-resistant non small cell lung cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:1263-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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172
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Liu A, Liu Y, Li PK, Li C, Lin J. LLL12 inhibits endogenous and exogenous interleukin-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in human pancreatic cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2011; 31:2029-2035. [PMID: 21737619 PMCID: PMC4288000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most serious types of cancer, with a five-year survival rate at only 6%. There is a critical need to develop more effective treatments for pancreatic cancer. Growing evidence shows that chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in tumor initiation and progression. Here we demonstrated that the endogenous expression of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) correlates with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in human pancreatic cancer cells. Inhibition of the endogenous IL-6/STAT3 pathway reduces cell viability. Exogenous IL-6 induces STAT3 phosphorylation, but differently induces phosphorylation of STAT3 upstream kinases, Janus kinase 1(JAK1), JAK2, and tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2). Interestingly, LLL12, a nonpeptide, cell-permeable small molecule, selectively blocked exogenous IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in both PANC-1 and ASPC-1 pancreatic cancer cell lines independently of the phosphorylation of JAK1, JAK2, and TYK2. These results suggest that the inhibition of endogenous and exogenous IL-6-mediated STAT3 signaling may be a potential therapeutic approach for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Liu
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R.C
| | - Yan Liu
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Pui-Kai Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Chenglong Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
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173
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Lesina M, Kurkowski MU, Ludes K, Rose-John S, Treiber M, Klöppel G, Yoshimura A, Reindl W, Sipos B, Akira S, Schmid RM, Algül H. Stat3/Socs3 activation by IL-6 transsignaling promotes progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and development of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:456-69. [PMID: 21481788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiological levels of Kras(G12D) are sufficient to induce pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs); the mechanisms that drive PanIN progression are unknown. Here, we establish that, in addition to oncogenic Kras(G12D), IL-6 transsignaling-dependent activation of Stat3/Socs3 is required to promote PanIN progression and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Myeloid compartment induces Stat3 activation by secreting IL-6; consequently, IL-6 transsignaling activates Stat3 in the pancreas. Using genetic tools, we show that inactivation of IL-6 transsignaling or Stat3 inhibits PanIN progression and reduces the development of PDAC. Aberrant activation of Stat3 through homozygous deletion of Socs3 in the pancreas accelerates PanIN progression and PDAC development. Our data describe the involvement of IL-6 transsignaling/Stat3/Socs3 in PanIN progression and PDAC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lesina
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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174
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Fossey SL, Bear MD, Lin J, Li C, Schwartz EB, Li PK, Fuchs JR, Fenger J, Kisseberth WC, London CA. The novel curcumin analog FLLL32 decreases STAT3 DNA binding activity and expression, and induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma cell lines. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:112. [PMID: 21443800 PMCID: PMC3074561 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Curcumin is a naturally occurring phenolic compound shown to have a wide variety of antitumor activities; however, it does not attain sufficient blood levels to do so when ingested. Using structure-based design, a novel compound, FLLL32, was generated from curcumin. FLLL32 possesses superior biochemical properties and more specifically targets STAT3, a transcription factor important in tumor cell survival, proliferation, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance. In our previous work, we found that several canine and human osteosarcoma (OSA) cell lines, but not normal osteoblasts, exhibit constitutive phosphorylation of STAT3. Compared to curcumin, we hypothesized that FLLL32 would be more efficient at inhibiting STAT3 function in OSA cells and that this would result in enhanced downregulation of STAT3 transcriptional targets and subsequent death of OSA cells. Methods Human and canine OSA cells were treated with vehicle, curcumin, or FLLL32 and the effects on proliferation (CyQUANT®), apoptosis (SensoLyte® Homogeneous AMC Caspase- 3/7 Assay kit, western blotting), STAT3 DNA binding (EMSA), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), survivin, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) expression (RT-PCR, western blotting) were measured. STAT3 expression was measured by RT-PCR, qRT- PCR, and western blotting. Results Our data showed that FLLL32 decreased STAT3 DNA binding by EMSA. FLLL32 promoted loss of cell proliferation at lower concentrations than curcumin leading to caspase-3- dependent apoptosis, as evidenced by PARP cleavage and increased caspase 3/7 activity; this could be inhibited by treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Treatment of OSA cells with FLLL32 decreased expression of survivin, VEGF, and MMP2 at both mRNA and protein levels with concurrent decreases in phosphorylated and total STAT3; this loss of total STAT3 occurred, in part, via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Conclusions These data demonstrate that the novel curcumin analog FLLL32 has biologic activity against OSA cell lines through inhibition of STAT3 function and expression. Future work with FLLL32 will define the therapeutic potential of this compound in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Fossey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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175
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Small molecules, LLL12 and FLLL32, inhibit STAT3 and exhibit potent growth suppressive activity in osteosarcoma cells and tumor growth in mice. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:916-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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176
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Morikawa T, Baba Y, Yamauchi M, Kuchiba A, Nosho K, Shima K, Tanaka N, Huttenhower C, Frank DA, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. STAT3 expression, molecular features, inflammation patterns, and prognosis in a database of 724 colorectal cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:1452-62. [PMID: 21310826 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE STAT3 is a transcription factor that is constitutively activated in some cancers. It seems to play crucial roles in cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, tumor-promoting inflammation, and suppression of antitumor host immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Although the STAT3 signaling pathway is a potential drug target, clinical, pathologic, molecular, or prognostic features of STAT3-activated colorectal cancer remain uncertain. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Utilizing a database of 724 colon and rectal cancer cases, we evaluated phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) expression by immunohistochemistry. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to compute mortality HR, adjusting for clinical, pathologic, and molecular features, including microsatellite instability (MSI), the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), LINE-1 methylation, 18q LOH, TP53 (p53), CTNNB1 (β-catenin), JC virus T-antigen, and KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations. RESULTS Among the 724 tumors, 131 (18%) showed high-level p-STAT3 expression (p-STAT3-high), 244 (34%) showed low-level expression (p-STAT3-low), and the remaining 349 (48%) were negative for p-STAT3. p-STAT3 overexpression was associated with significantly higher colorectal cancer-specific mortality [log-rank P = 0.0020; univariate HR (p-STAT3-high vs. p-STAT3-negative): 1.85, 95% CI: 1.30-2.63, P(trend) = 0.0005; multivariate HR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.11-2.34, P(trend) = 0.015]. p-STAT3 expression was positively associated with peritumoral lymphocytic reaction (multivariate OR: 3.23; 95% CI: 1.89-5.53, P < 0.0001). p-STAT3 expression was not associated with MSI, CIMP, or LINE-1 hypomethylation. CONCLUSIONS STAT3 activation in colorectal cancer is associated with adverse clinical outcome, supporting its potential roles as a prognostic biomarker and a chemoprevention and/or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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177
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Shahani VM, Yue P, Haftchenary S, Zhao W, Lukkarila JL, Zhang X, Ball D, Nona C, Gunning PT, Turkson J. Identification of Purine-Scaffold Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Stat3 Activation by QSAR Studies. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:79-84. [PMID: 21243039 PMCID: PMC3021410 DOI: 10.1021/ml100224d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To facilitate the discovery of clinically useful Stat3 inhibitors, computational analysis of the binding to Stat3 of the existing Stat3 dimerization disruptors and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) were pursued, by which a pharmacophore model was derived for predicting optimized Stat3 dimerization inhibitors. The 2,6,9-trisubstituted-purine scaffold was functionalized in order to access the three subpockets of the Stat3 SH2 domain surface and to derive potent Stat3-binding inhibitors. Select purine scaffolds showed good affinities (K(D), 0.8-12 μM) for purified, nonphosphorylated Stat3 and inhibited Stat3 DNA-binding activity in vitro and intracellular phosphorylation at 20-60 μM. Furthermore, agents selectively suppressed viability of human prostate, breast and pancreatic cancer cells, and v-Src-transformed mouse fibroblasts that harbor aberrant Stat3 activity. Studies herein identified novel small-molecule trisubstituted purines as effective inhibitors of constitutively active Stat3 and of the viability of Stat3-dependent tumor cells, and are the first to validate the use of purine bases as templates for building novel Stat3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peibin Yue
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 6900 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | | | - Wei Zhao
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 6900 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | | | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 6900 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | | | | | | | - James Turkson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 6900 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
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178
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Sato T, Neilson LM, Peck AR, Liu C, Tran TH, Witkiewicz A, Hyslop T, Nevalainen MT, Sauter G, Rui H. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and breast cancer prognosis. Am J Cancer Res 2011; 1:347-355. [PMID: 21776434 PMCID: PMC3138712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) is frequently activated in breast cancer and multiple lines of evidence suggest that Stat3 promotes tumor progression. However, the prognostic value of Stat3 in human breast cancer remains controversial and associations range from favorable to unfavorable based on four outcome studies of 62, 102, 255 and 517 patients. Cellular Stat3 protein expression was measured in three studies whereas nuclear localized, tyrosine phosphorylated Stat3 (Nuc-pYStat3) was used as the readout in only one study. We therefore retrospectively analyzed the prognostic value of Nuc-pYStat3 in a larger material of 721 breast cancer specimens. Overall, patients whose tumors were positive for Nuc-pYStat3 tended to have improved survival, but the trend did not reach statistical significance (P=0.08). When specimens were stratified by tumor grade, patients with low grade but not high grade tumors that were positive for Nuc-pYStat3 had significantly prolonged overall survival in univariate analysis (P=0.014) but not in multivariate analyses. Unexpectedly, quantitative immunofluoresence detection revealed highest levels of Nuc-pYStat3 in normal breast epithelia and gradual loss of Nuc-pYStat3 during progression from DCIS, invasive ductal carcinoma, and lymph node metastases. Levels of Nuc-pYStat3 correlated positively with levels of Nuc-pYStat5, a favorable prognostic marker, in invasive ductal carcinomas. Furthermore, NucpYStat3 levels correlated strongly with protein levels of nuclear localized Stat5a (r=0.633, P<0.001) but not Stat5b. Our data does not support the notion that Nuc-pYStat3 is an independent marker of prognosis in breast cancer, although future studies may reveal prognostic utility within molecularly characterized subtypes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sato
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lynn Moretti Neilson
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Amy R Peck
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Chengbao Liu
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Thai H Tran
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Agnes Witkiewicz
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Terry Hyslop
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Division of Biostatistics, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Marja T Nevalainen
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institut für Pathologie, Diagnostikzentrum, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hallgeir Rui
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA 19107, USA
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179
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Culig Z. Cytokine disbalance in common human cancers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:308-14. [PMID: 21167870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6, -4, and -8 levels have been elevated in most patients suffering from prostate, breast, or colon cancer. There is a large body of evidence suggesting that chronic inflammation is one of the etiologic factors in these tumors. IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine which is known to influence proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in cancer. Its transcription factor STAT3 is known as an oncogene that is constitutively phosphorylated in these malignancies. However, IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation may result in growth arrest. IL-6 activation of androgen receptor in prostate cancer may yield either tumor cell proliferation or differentiation. Prolonged treatment with IL-6 results in generation of sublines which express a more malignant phenotype. Therapy options against IL-6 have been established and the antibody siltuximab has been applied in preclinical and clinical studies. Recently, investigations of the role of suppressors of cytokine signaling have been carried out. IL-4 and -8 are implicated in regulation of apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis in cancers associated with chronic inflammation. All cytokines mentioned above regulate cellular events in stem cells. These cells could not be targeted by most conventional cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Australia.
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180
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Liby KT, Royce DB, Risingsong R, Williams CR, Maitra A, Hruban RH, Sporn MB. Synthetic triterpenoids prolong survival in a transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:1427-34. [PMID: 20959520 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and is nearly always fatal. Whereas early detection offers the most promising approach for reducing the mortality of this disease, there is still a need to develop effective drugs for the prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer. We tested two promising classes of noncytotoxic drugs, synthetic oleanane triterpenoids and rexinoids, for the prevention of carcinogenesis in the highly relevant LSL-Kras(G12D/+);LSL-Trp53(R127H/+);Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) mouse model of pancreatic cancer. KPC transgenic mice closely recapitulate the genetic mutations, clinical symptoms, and histopathology found in human pancreatic cancer. Beginning at 4 weeks of age, mice were fed powdered control diet or a diet containing the triterpenoids CDDO-methyl ester (CDDO-Me) or CDDO-ethyl amide, the rexinoid LG100268 (LG268), or the combination, until the mice displayed overt symptoms of pancreatic cancer. CDDO-Me, LG268, the combination of CDDO-Me and LG268, and the combination of CDDO-ethyl amide and LG268, all significantly (P < 0.05) increased survival in the KPC mice by 3 to 4 weeks. Recent studies have shown that gemcitabine, the current standard of care for human pancreatic cancer, does not extend survival in KPC mice. In cell lines developed from the KPC mice, the triterpenoids directly interact with both signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and IκB kinase (IKK) to decrease constitutive interleukin-6 secretion, inhibit constitutive signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation, and block the degradation of IκBα when challenged with tumor necrosis factor α. These results suggest that oleanane triterpenoids and rexinoids have the potential to prevent pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Liby
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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181
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Schneider G, Krämer OH. NFκB/p53 crosstalk-a promising new therapeutic target. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1815:90-103. [PMID: 20951769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factors p53 and NFκB determine cellular fate and are involved in the pathogenesis of most-if not all-cancers. The crosstalk between these transcription factors becomes increasingly appreciated as an important mechanism operative during all stages of tumorigenesis, metastasis, and immunological surveillance. In this review, we summarize molecular mechanisms regulating cross-signaling between p53 and NFκB proteins and how dysregulated interactions between p53 and NFκB family members contribute to oncogenesis. We furthermore analyze how such signaling modules represent targets for the design of novel intervention strategies using established compounds and powerful combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Schneider
- Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, II. Medizinische Klinik, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675 München, Germany
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Senft C, Polacin M, Priester M, Seifert V, Kögel D, Weissenberger J. The nontoxic natural compound Curcumin exerts anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, and anti-invasive properties against malignant gliomas. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:491. [PMID: 20840775 PMCID: PMC2949804 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background New drugs are constantly sought after to improve the survival of patients with malignant gliomas. The ideal substance would selectively target tumor cells without eliciting toxic side effects. Here, we report on the anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, and anti-invasive properties of the natural, nontoxic compound Curcumin observed in five human glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines in vitro. Methods We used monolayer wound healing assays, modified Boyden chamber trans-well assays, and cell growth assays to quantify cell migration, invasion, and proliferation in the absence or presence of Curcumin at various concentrations. Levels of the transcription factor phospho-STAT3, a potential target of Curcumin, were determined by sandwich-ELISA. Subsequent effects on transcription of genes regulating the cell cycle were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Effects on apoptosis were determined by caspase assays. Results Curcumin potently inhibited GBM cell proliferation as well as migration and invasion in all cell lines contingent on dose. Simultaneously, levels of the biologically active phospho-STAT3 were decreased and correlated with reduced transcription of the cell cycle regulating gene c-Myc and proliferation marking Ki-67, pointing to a potential mechanism by which Curcumin slows tumor growth. Conclusions Curcumin is part of the diet of millions of people every day and is without known toxic side effects. Our data show that Curcumin bears anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, and anti-invasive properties against GBM cells in vitro. These results warrant further in vivo analyses and indicate a potential role of Curcumin in the treatment of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Senft
- Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe-University, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Bill MA, Fuchs JR, Li C, Yui J, Bakan C, Benson DM, Schwartz EB, Abdelhamid D, Lin J, Hoyt DG, Fossey SL, Young GS, Carson WE, Li PK, Lesinski GB. The small molecule curcumin analog FLLL32 induces apoptosis in melanoma cells via STAT3 inhibition and retains the cellular response to cytokines with anti-tumor activity. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:165. [PMID: 20576164 PMCID: PMC2902420 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We characterized the biologic effects of a novel small molecule STAT3 pathway inhibitor that is derived from the natural product curcumin. We hypothesized this lead compound would specifically inhibit the STAT3 signaling pathway to induce apoptosis in melanoma cells. Results FLLL32 specifically reduced STAT3 phosphorylation at Tyr705 (pSTAT3) and induced apoptosis at micromolar amounts in human melanoma cell lines and primary melanoma cultures as determined by annexin V/propidium iodide staining and immunoblot analysis. FLLL32 treatment reduced expression of STAT3-target genes, induced caspase-dependent apoptosis, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. FLLL32 displayed specificity for STAT3 over other homologous STAT proteins. In contrast to other STAT3 pathway inhibitors (WP1066, JSI-124, Stattic), FLLL32 did not abrogate IFN-γ-induced pSTAT1 or downstream STAT1-mediated gene expression as determined by Real Time PCR. In addition, FLLL32 did not adversely affect the function or viability of immune cells from normal donors. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), FLLL32 inhibited IL-6-induced pSTAT3 but did not reduce signaling in response to immunostimulatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL 2). Treatment of PBMCs or natural killer (NK) cells with FLLL32 also did not decrease viability or granzyme b and IFN-γ production when cultured with K562 targets as compared to vehicle (DMSO). Conclusions These data suggest that FLLL32 represents a lead compound that could serve as a platform for further optimization to develop improved STAT3 specific inhibitors for melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Bill
- Department of Surgery, Arthur G, James Cancer Hospital and Richard J, Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 410 W, 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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