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Shiohama Y, Ohtake J, Ohkuri T, Noguchi D, Togashi Y, Kitamura H, Nishimura T. Identification of a meiosis-specific protein, MEIOB, as a novel cancer/testis antigen and its augmented expression in demethylated cancer cells. Immunol Lett 2014; 158:175-82. [PMID: 24440806 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer/testis (CT) antigens, which are expressed in various cancer cells but not in normal cells except germline cells of the testis, have been used as targets for cancer vaccine therapy. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC), a potent inhibitor of genomic and promoter-specific DNA methylation, inhibits DNA methyltransferase activity and is reported to induce the expression of certain CT antigens by the demethylation of promoter CpG islands of the treated cells. Here, using DAC-treated cancer cells, we searched for novel attractive target molecules that would be useful for cancer immunotherapy and found a meiosis-specific protein, meiosis specific with OB domains (MEIOB), to be a novel CT antigen. Indeed, the MEIOB gene is expressed only in the testis and not in other normal tissues. The mRNA expression of MEIOB was greatly enhanced in several lung cancer cell lines after the treatment with DAC. Furthermore, we identified a variety of helper epitopes of the MEIOB antigen, which were recognized by MEIOB antigen-specific T cells in a HLA-restriction manner. Finally, we demonstrated that IFN-γ production of MEIOB peptide-specific helper T cells in response to HLA-matched cancer cells was greatly augmented by treatment with DAC and IFN-γ. Taken together, these findings show DAC to be a promising tool for finding novel CT antigens and for developing a future novel combination cancer vaccine chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Shiohama
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Junya Ohtake
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohkuri
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Daisuke Noguchi
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yuji Togashi
- BioImmulance Co., Ltd., Shin-ei-363-32, Kiyota-ku, Sapporo 004-0839, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Kitamura
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishimura
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan; Division of ROYCE' Health Bioscience, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.
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152
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Xie Q, He L, Lai H, Zheng W, Chen T. Selenium substitution endows cystine with radiosensitization activity against cervical cancer cells. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07031c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium substitution could endow cystine the radiosensitization activity against cervical cancer HeLa cells through overproduction of ROS and activation of downstream signaling, which suggests this could be a novel strategy for design of cancer radiosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632, China
- Wu Jing Zong Dui Hospital of Guangdong Province
- Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizhen He
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haoqiang Lai
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632, China
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153
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Frey B, Rubner Y, Kulzer L, Werthmöller N, Weiss EM, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. Antitumor immune responses induced by ionizing irradiation and further immune stimulation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:29-36. [PMID: 24052136 PMCID: PMC11028436 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The therapy of cancer emerged as multimodal treatment strategy. The major mode of action of locally applied radiotherapy (RT) is the induction of DNA damage that triggers a network of events that finally leads to tumor cell cycle arrest and cell death. Along with this, RT modifies the phenotype of the tumor cells and their microenvironment. Either may contribute to the induction of specific and systemic antitumor immune responses. The latter are boosted when additional immune therapy (IT) is applied at distinct time points during RT. We will focus on therapy-induced necrotic tumor cell death that is immunogenic due to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns. Immune-mediated distant bystander (abscopal) effects of RT when combined with dendritic cell-based IT and the role of fractionation of radiation in the induction of immunogenic tumor cell death will be discussed. Autologous whole-tumor-cell-based vaccines generated by high hydrostatic pressure technology will be introduced and the influence of cytokines and the immune modulator AnnexinA5 on the ex vivo generated or in situ therapy-induced vaccine efficacy will be outlined. RT should be regarded as immune adjuvant for metastatic disease and as a tool for the generation of an in situ vaccine when applied at distinct fractionation doses or especially in combination with IT to generate immune memory against the tumor. To identify the most beneficial combination and chronology of RT with IT is presumably one of the biggest challenges of innovative tumor research and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Rubner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kulzer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Werthmöller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Weiss
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo S. Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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154
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Gerber SA, Lim JYH, Connolly KA, Sedlacek AL, Barlow ML, Murphy SP, Egilmez NK, Lord EM. Radio-responsive tumors exhibit greater intratumoral immune activity than nonresponsive tumors. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2383-92. [PMID: 24154990 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) continues to be a cornerstone in the treatment for many cancers. Unfortunately, not all individuals respond effectively to RT resulting clinically in two groups consisting of nonresponders (progressive disease) and responders (tumor control/cure). The mechanisms that govern the outcome of radiotherapy are poorly understood. Interestingly, a new paradigm has emerged demonstrating that the immune system mediates many of the antitumor effects of RT. Therefore, we hypothesized that the immune response following RT may dictate the efficacy of treatment. To examine this, we developed a tumor model that mirrors this clinically relevant phenomenon in which mice bearing Colon38, a colon adenocarcinoma, were treated locally with 15Gy RT resulting in both nonresponders and responders. More importantly, we were able to distinguish responders from nonresponders as early as 4 days post-RT allowing for the unique opportunity to identify critical events that ultimately determined the effectiveness of therapy. Intratumoral immune cells and interferon-gamma were increased in responsive tumors and licensed CD8 T cells to exhibit lytic activity against tumor cells, a response that was diminished in tumors refractory to RT. Combinatorial treatment with RT and the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-12 resulted in complete remission of cancer in 100% of cases compared to a cure rate of only 12% with RT alone. Similar data were obtained when IL-12 was delivered by microspheres. Therefore, the efficacy of RT may depend on the strength of the immune response induced after radiotherapy. Additionally, immunotherapy that further stimulates the immune cells may enhance the effectiveness of RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Gerber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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155
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Xie H, Huang S, Li W, Zhao H, Zhang T, Zhang D. Upregulation of Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2 (Shp2) expression in oral cancer and knockdown of Shp2 expression inhibit tumor cell viability and invasion in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 117:234-42. [PMID: 24439919 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the clinical significance of Shp2 protein expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and elucidated its biologic significance in OSCC cells. STUDY DESIGN A total of 88 OSCC cases were used to assess Shp2 expression, out of which 70 were for immunohistochemistry and 18 paired tumors vs normal tissues were for Western blot of Shp2 expression. OSCC cells were used to assess the effects of Shp2 knockdown for cell viability, apoptosis, invasion, and protein expressions. RESULTS Expression of Shp2 protein was significantly upregulated in OSCC tissues compared with the normal tissues, and Shp2 overexpression was associated with advanced tumor clinical stages and lymph node metastasis ex vivo. Knockdown of Shp2 expression in vitro inhibited OSCC cell viability and invasion but induced apoptosis by regulating expression of the apoptosis-related proteins. CONCLUSIONS The data indicated that Shp2 may play an important role in OSCC progression. Further studies will investigate whether a target of Shp2 expression could be a novel therapeutic strategy for clinical control of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Xie
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shengyun Huang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wengang Li
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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156
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Silk AW, Bassetti MF, West BT, Tsien CI, Lao CD. Ipilimumab and radiation therapy for melanoma brain metastases. Cancer Med 2013; 2:899-906. [PMID: 24403263 PMCID: PMC3892394 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ipilimumab, an antibody that enhances T-cell activation, may augment immunogenicity of tumor cells that are injured by radiation therapy. We hypothesized that patients with melanoma brain metastasis treated with both ipilimumab and radiotherapy would have improved overall survival, and that the sequence of treatments may affect disease control in the brain. We analyzed the clinical and radiographic records of melanoma patients with brain metastases who were treated with whole brain radiation therapy or stereotactic radiosurgery between 2005 and 2012. The hazard ratios for survival were estimated to assess outcomes as a function of ipilimumab use and radiation type. Seventy patients were identified, 33 of whom received ipilimumab and 37 who did not. The patients who received ipilimumab had a censored median survival of 18.3 months (95% confidence interval 8.1–25.5), compared with 5.3 months (95% confidence interval 4.0–7.6) for patients who did not receive ipilimumab. Ipilimumab and stereotactic radiosurgery were each significant predictors of improved overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.43 and 0.45, with P = 0.005 and 0.008, respectively). Four of 10 evaluable patients (40.0%) who received ipilimumab prior to radiotherapy demonstrated a partial response to radiotherapy, compared with two of 22 evaluable patients (9.1%) who did not receive ipilimumab. Ipilimumab is associated with a significantly reduced risk of death in patients with melanoma brain metastases who underwent radiotherapy, and this finding supports the need for multimodality therapy to optimize patient outcomes. Prospective studies are needed and are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann W Silk
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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157
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Durante M, Reppingen N, Held KD. Immunologically augmented cancer treatment using modern radiotherapy. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:565-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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158
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The peripheral myeloid expansion driven by murine cancer progression is reversed by radiation therapy of the tumor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69527. [PMID: 23936036 PMCID: PMC3723876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of myeloid-lineage leukocytes in tumor-bearing mice has been proposed as a cause of systemic immunosuppression. We demonstrate that radiation therapy of tumors leads to a decline in myeloid cell numbers in the blood and a decrease in spleen size. The frequency of myeloid cells does not decline to the level seen in tumor-free mice: we demonstrate that metastatic disease can prevent myeloid cell numbers from returning to baseline, and that tumor recurrence from residual disease correlates with re-expansion of myeloid lineage cells. Radiation therapy results in increased proliferation of T cells in the spleen and while T cell responses to foreign antigens are not altered by tumor burden or myeloid cell expansion, responses to tumor-associated antigens are increased after radiation therapy. These data demonstrate that myeloid cell numbers are directly linked to primary tumor burden, that this population contracts following radiation therapy, and that radiation therapy may open a therapeutic window for immunotherapy of residual disease.
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159
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160
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Kalbasi A, June CH, Haas N, Vapiwala N. Radiation and immunotherapy: a synergistic combination. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2756-63. [PMID: 23863633 DOI: 10.1172/jci69219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy can be an effective treatment for metastatic cancer, but a significant subpopulation will not respond, likely due to the lack of antigenic mutations or the immune-evasive properties of cancer. Likewise, radiation therapy (RT) is an established cancer treatment, but local failures still occur. Clinical observations suggest that RT may expand the therapeutic reach of immunotherapy. We examine the immunobiologic and clinical rationale for combining RT and immunotherapy, two modalities yet to be used in combination in routine practice. Preclinical data indicate that RT can potentiate the systemic efficacy of immunotherapy, while activation of the innate and adaptive immune system can enhance the local efficacy of RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Kalbasi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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161
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CD4/CD8 co-expression shows independent prognostic impact in resected non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy. Lung Cancer 2013; 80:209-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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162
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Shibamoto Y, Okamoto M, Kobayashi M, Ayakawa S, Iwata H, Sugie C, Mitsuishi Y, Takahashi H. Immune-maximizing (IMAX) therapy for cancer: Combination of dendritic cell vaccine and intensity-modulated radiation. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:649-654. [PMID: 24649223 PMCID: PMC3915482 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine was combined with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or other conformal radiotherapy (RT), assuming minimal immunosuppression by such RT modalities. In this study, the outcomes in the first 40 patients are presented. The patients had recurrent, metastatic or locally advanced tumors. Nine had previously undergone full-course RT. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained by leukapheresis were cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-4, OK-432 and prostaglandin E2 to generate DCs, which were pulsed with autologous tumor lysates or tumor-specific peptides, such as WT1. IMRT using tomotherapy, stereotactic irradiation or 3-dimensional conformal RT (3DCRT) was initially administered. The standard dose was 30 and 60 Gy in patients with and without previous RT, respectively. Every other week thereafter, up to a total of 7 times, DC vaccines were injected directly into the tumor (n=15) or administered intradermally when DCs were pulsed with tumor lysates or peptides. The tumor response was evaluated according to the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST). RT and DC vaccines were well tolerated and there were no major complications. Three patients were not able to complete the planned DC therapy due to disease progression. For the 31 patients receiving full-dose RT, the response rate was 61% and for the 9 patients who had previously received RT, the response rate was 55%. In 9 patients, the tumor response outside the RT target volume was evaluable: 22% had a partial response (PR), 33% had stable disease (SD) and 44% had progressive disease (PD). In conclusion, a combination of IMRT (or 3DCRT) and DC vaccine is feasible and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi 467-8601
| | - Masato Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582
| | - Masanori Kobayashi
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi 467-8601; ; Seren Clinic Nagoya, Aichi 460-0008
| | - Shiho Ayakawa
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Aichi 466-8650
| | - Hiromitsu Iwata
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi 467-8601
| | - Chikao Sugie
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi 467-8601
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163
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Gerber SA, Sedlacek AL, Cron KR, Murphy SP, Frelinger JG, Lord EM. IFN-γ mediates the antitumor effects of radiation therapy in a murine colon tumor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:2345-54. [PMID: 23583648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatments using ionizing radiation (IR) therapy are thought to act primarily through the induction of tumor cell damage at a molecular level. However, a new concept has recently emerged, suggesting that the immune system is required for effective IR therapy. Our work here has identified interferon gamma (IFN-γ) as an essential cytokine for the efficacy of IR therapy. Local IR (15 Gy) to mice bearing Colon38, a colon adenocarcinoma, decreases tumor burden in wild-type animals. Interestingly, IR therapy had no effect on tumor burden in IFNγKO mice. We further determined that intratumoral levels of IFN-γ increased 2 days following IR, which directly correlated with a decrease in tumor burden that was not a result of direct cytotoxic effects of IFN-γ on tumor cells. T cells from IR-treated tumors exhibited a far greater capacity to lyse tumor cells in a (51)Cr release assay, a process that was dependent on IFN-γ. CD8(+) T cells were the predominant producers of IFN-γ, as demonstrated by IFN-γ intracellular staining and studies in IFN-γ reporter mice. Elimination of CD8(+) T cells by antibody treatment reduced the intratumoral levels of IFN-γ by over 90%. More importantly, elimination of CD8(+) T cells completely abrogated the effects of radiation therapy. Our data suggest that IFN-γ plays a pivotal role in mediating the antitumor effects of IR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Gerber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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164
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Wei S, Egenti MU, Teitz-Tennenbaum S, Zou W, Chang AE. Effects of tumor irradiation on host T-regulatory cells and systemic immunity in the context of adoptive T-cell therapy in mice. J Immunother 2013; 36:124-32. [PMID: 23377667 PMCID: PMC3607501 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31828298e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used a murine D5 melanoma model to study the effects of local tumor irradiation on the therapeutic efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapy. Tumor irradiation was delivered in 5 daily fractions (8.5 Gy) to subcutaneous tumors on days 7-11 after tumor inoculation. After the last radiation dose, activated tumor-draining lymph node cells were transferred intravenously followed by intraperitoneal IL-2 administration. Tumor irradiation alone had no significant effect on tumor growth; however, it synergistically enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of T-cell therapy. For 2 days after tumor irradiation there was a significant reduction in T cells, B cells, and CD11c(+) dendritic cells in both the tumor microenvironment and the systemic lymphoid compartments. By days 4-6 after irradiation, the relative reduction in the number of Treg cells within the tumor and the systemic compartments was greater than the reduction in conventional T cells. Furthermore, the suppressive function of the Tregs was significantly impaired in irradiated versus untreated mice. Using effector T cells derived from congenic mice, we found that local tumor irradiation resulted in increased proliferation of donor T cells within the tumor and the systemic lymphoid compartments. Radiation was associated with increased expression of the effector cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α by donor and host CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Altogether, our data indicate that local tumor irradiation has a distinct modulatory effect on Tregs and can enhance systemic antitumor immunity associated with adoptive T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wei
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5932, USA
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165
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Understanding the functions of tumor stroma in resistance to ionizing radiation: Emerging targets for pharmacological modulation. Drug Resist Updat 2013; 16:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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166
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Choi IK, Yun CO. Recent developments in oncolytic adenovirus-based immunotherapeutic agents for use against metastatic cancers. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:70-6. [PMID: 23306610 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent or metastatic cancer in most cases remains an incurable disease, and thus alternative treatment strategies, such as oncolytic virotherapy, are of great interest for clinical application. Oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) have many advantages as virotherapeutic agents and have been safely employed in the clinics. However, the efficacy of oncolytic Ads is insufficient to eradicate tumors and current clinical applications are restricted to local administration against primary tumors because of immunological obstacles and poor tumor-cell targeting. Thus, alternative viable approaches are needed to establish therapies based on oncolytic Ad that will eliminate both primary and metastatic cancers. To this end, rational design of oncolytic Ads that express immunostimulatory genes has been employed. Even when restricted to local viral delivery, these oncolytic Ad-based immunotherapeutics have been shown to exert systemic antitumor immunity and result in eradication of both primary and metastatic cancers. Moreover, oncolytic Ad-based immunotherapeutics in combination with either dendritic cell-based vaccine or radiotherapy further strengthen the systemic tumor-specific immunity, resulting in complete suppression of both local and distant tumor metastatic growth. This review will focus on the most recent updates in strategies to develop potent oncolytic Ad-based immunotherapeutics for use in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-K Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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167
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Narita Y, Kitamura H, Wakita D, Sumida K, Masuko K, Terada S, Nakano K, Nishimura T. The key role of IL-6-arginase cascade for inducing dendritic cell-dependent CD4(+) T cell dysfunction in tumor-bearing mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:812-20. [PMID: 23248265 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of immune dysfunction during the tumor-bearing state is a critical issue in combating cancer. In this study, we initially found that IL-6, one of the cachectic factors, suppressed CD4(+) T cell-mediated immunity through downregulation of MHC class II by enhanced arginase activity of dendritic cells (DC) in tumor-bearing mice. We demonstrated that administration of Ab against IL-6R (anti-IL-6R mAb) greatly enhanced T cell responses and inhibited the growth of tumor in vivo. We also found that IL-6 upregulated the expression of arginase-1 and arginase activity of DC in vitro. Tumor-infiltrating CD11c(+) DC exhibited upregulated mRNA expression of arginase-1 but reduced expression of MHC class II in parallel with the increase in serum IL-6 levels at the late stage in tumor-bearing hosts. However, the administration of anti-IL-6R mAb into tumor-bearing mice inhibited both the downmodulation of MHC class II and the upregulation of arginase-1 mRNA levels in DC. Furthermore, we noted that N(ω)-hydroxy-L-arginine or L-arginine, an arginase-1 inhibitor, blocked the reduction in MHC class II levels on CD11c(+) DC during the tumor-bearing state. Finally, we demonstrated that the administration of N(ω)-hydroxy-L-arginine at the peritumor site significantly enhanced CD4(+) T cell responses and inhibited tumor growth. Thus, IL-6-mediated arginase activation and the subsequent reduction in MHC class II expression on DC appeared to be critical mechanisms for inducing dysfunction of the immune system in the tumor-bearing state. Blockade of the IL-6-arginase cascade is a promising tool to overcome the dysfunction of antitumor immunity in tumor-bearing hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Narita
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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168
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Adequate antigen availability: a key issue for novel approaches to tumor vaccination and tumor immunotherapy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 8:28-36. [PMID: 23224729 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A crucial parameter for activation of the anti-tumor immune response is an adequate antigen availability (AAA) defined here as the optimal tumor antigen dose and related antigen processing and MHC-II-restricted presentation necessary to efficiently trigger tumor-specific TH cells. We will discuss two distinct experimental systems: a) a preventive anti-tumor vaccination system; b) a therapy-induced anti-tumor vaccination approach. In the first case tumor cells are rendered constitutively MHC-II+ by transfecting them with the MHC-II transcriptional activator CIITA. Here AAA is generated by the function of tumor's newly expressed MHC-II molecules to present tumor-associated antigens to tumor-specific TH cells. In the second case, AAA is generated by treating established tumors with neovasculature-targeted TNFα. In conjuction with Melphalan, targeted TNFα delivery produces extensive areas of tumor necrosis that generate AAA capable of optimally activate tumor-specific TH cells which in turn activate CTL immune effectors. In both experimental systems tumor rejection and persistent and long-lived TH cell anti-tumor memory, responsible of defending the animals from subsequent challenges with tumor cells, are achieved. Based on these and other investigators' results we propose that AAA is a key element for triggering adaptive immune functions resulting in subversion from a pro-tumor to an anti-tumor microenvironment, tumor rejection and acquisition of anti-tumor immune memory. Hypotheses of neuro-immune networks involved in these approaches are discussed. These considerations are important also for the comprehension of how chemotherapy and/or radiation therapies may help to block and/or to eradicate the tumor and for the construction of suitable anti-tumor vaccine strategies.
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169
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Burnette B, Fu YX, Weichselbaum RR. The confluence of radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2012; 2:143. [PMID: 23087904 PMCID: PMC3472545 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has been considered a local modality and outcomes have emphasized local and regional control of tumors. Recent data suggests that RT may activate the immune system and the combination of radiation therapy and immune therapies may have the potential to improve both local and distant control of tumor deposits. Below we review principals underlying the concepts of combining both modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Burnette
- Department of Pathology, The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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170
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Seung SK, Curti BD, Crittenden M, Walker E, Coffey T, Siebert JC, Miller W, Payne R, Glenn L, Bageac A, Urba WJ. Phase 1 study of stereotactic body radiotherapy and interleukin-2--tumor and immunological responses. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:137ra74. [PMID: 22674552 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical models suggest that focal high-dose radiation can make tumors more immunogenic. We performed a pilot study of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) followed by high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) to assess safety and tumor response rate and perform exploratory immune monitoring studies. Patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who had received no previous medical therapy for metastatic disease were eligible. Patients received one, two, or three doses of SBRT (20 Gy per fraction) with the last dose administered 3 days before starting IL-2. IL-2 (600,000 IU per kilogram by means of intravenous bolus infusion) was given every 8 hours for a maximum of 14 doses with a second cycle after a 2-week rest. Patients with regressing disease received up to six IL-2 cycles. Twelve patients were included in the intent-to-treat analysis, and 11 completed treatment per the study design. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria were used to assess overall response in nonirradiated target lesions. Eight of 12 patients (66.6%) achieved a complete (CR) or partial response (PR) (1 CR and 7 PR). Six of the patients with PR on computed tomography had a CR by positron emission tomography imaging. Five of seven (71.4%) patients with melanoma had a PR or CR, and three of five (60%) with RCC had a PR. Immune monitoring showed a statistically significantly greater frequency of proliferating CD4(+) T cells with an early activated effector memory phenotype (CD3(+)CD4(+)Ki67(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(-)CCR7(-)CD45RA(-)CD27(+)CD28(+/-)) in the peripheral blood of responding patients. SBRT and IL-2 can be administered safely. Because the response rate in patients with melanoma was significantly higher than expected on the basis of historical data, we believe that the combination and investigation of CD4(+) effector memory T cells as a predictor of response warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Seung
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland, OR 97213, USA
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171
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Levy A, Chargari C, Cheminant M, Simon N, Bourgier C, Deutsch E. Radiation therapy and immunotherapy: implications for a combined cancer treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 85:278-87. [PMID: 23036459 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is used as primary treatment for numerous localized cancers. Although it is usually described as an immunosuppressive modality, there are new preclinical evidences suggesting that IR could have also generated substantial changes in the tumor microenvironment, including triggering an inflammatory process. This finding implies that radiotherapy could both modulate tumor immunity and have out-of-field activity by recruiting biological effectors. There are numerous uncertainties regarding the true biological impact of radiation on tumor immunogenicity, but some preclinical studies established the proof of concept that combining IR with strategies modifying immunology could enhance antitumor effects. From these findings, clinical trials are now analyzing how immunotherapy and radiation work while given together, with promising preliminary results. This review aims at summarizing the recent developments regarding the impact of IR on tumor immunity, with focus on potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Levy
- Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie moléculaire, Université Paris XI, le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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172
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Altmeyer A, Josset E, Denis JM, Gueulette J, Slabbert J, Mutter D, Noël G, Bischoff P. The mTOR inhibitor RAD001 augments radiation-induced growth inhibition in a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line by increasing autophagy. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1381-6. [PMID: 22895785 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major concern for physicians as its response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy remains generally poor, due, in part, to intrinsic resistance to either form of treatment. We previously reported that an irradiation with fast neutrons, which are high-linear energy transfer (LET) particles, massively induced autophagic cell death in the human HCC SK-Hep1 cell line. In the present study, we tested the capacity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor RAD001 to augment the cytotoxicity of low and high-LET radiation in these cells. As mTOR is a key component in a series of pathways involved in tumor growth and development, it represents a potential molecular target for cancer treatment. Results indicate that RAD001, at clinically relevant nanomolar concentrations, enhances the efficacy of both high- and low-LET radiation in SK-Hep1 cells, and that the induction of autophagy may account for this effect. However, fast neutrons were found to be more efficient at reducing tumor cell growth than low-LET radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Altmeyer
- EA 3430, University of Strasbourg, Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France
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173
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Sumida K, Wakita D, Narita Y, Masuko K, Terada S, Watanabe K, Satoh T, Kitamura H, Nishimura T. Anti-IL-6 receptor mAb eliminates myeloid-derived suppressor cells and inhibits tumor growth by enhancing T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2060-72. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Sumida
- Division of Immunoregulation; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Daiko Wakita
- Division of Immunoregulation; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Yoshinori Narita
- Division of Immunoregulation; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Kazutaka Masuko
- Division of Immunoregulation; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Satoshi Terada
- Division of Immunoregulation; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Kazue Watanabe
- Division of Immunoregulation; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Takayuki Satoh
- Division of ROYCE’ Health Bioscience; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Kitamura
- Division of Immunoregulation; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
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174
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Accolla RS, Tosi G. Optimal MHC-II-restricted tumor antigen presentation to CD4+ T helper cells: the key issue for development of anti-tumor vaccines. J Transl Med 2012; 10:154. [PMID: 22849661 PMCID: PMC3478985 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Present immunoprevention and immunotherapeutic approaches against cancer suffer from the limitation of being not “sterilizing” procedures, as very poor protection against the tumor is obtained. Thus newly conceived anti-tumor vaccination strategies are urgently needed. In this review we will focus on ways to provide optimal MHC class II-restricted tumor antigen presentation to CD4+ T helper cells as a crucial parameter to get optimal and protective adaptive immune response against tumor. Through the description of successful preventive or therapeutic experimental approaches to vaccinate the host against the tumor we will show that optimal activation of MHC class II-restricted tumor specific CD4+ T helper cells can be achieved in various ways. Interestingly, the success in tumor eradication and/or growth arrest generated by classical therapies such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy in some instances can be re-interpreted on the basis of an adaptive immune response induced by providing suitable access of tumor-associated antigens to MHC class II molecules. Therefore, focussing on strategies to generate better and suitable MHC class II–restricted activation of tumor specific CD4+ T helper cells may have an important impact on fighting and defeating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto S Accolla
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi, n.9, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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175
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Rubner Y, Wunderlich R, Rühle PF, Kulzer L, Werthmöller N, Frey B, Weiss EM, Keilholz L, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. How does ionizing irradiation contribute to the induction of anti-tumor immunity? Front Oncol 2012; 2:75. [PMID: 22848871 PMCID: PMC3404483 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) with ionizing irradiation is commonly used to locally attack tumors. It induces a stop of cancer cell proliferation and finally leads to tumor cell death. During the last years it has become more and more evident that besides a timely and locally restricted radiation-induced immune suppression, a specific immune activation against the tumor and its metastases is achievable by rendering the tumor cells visible for immune attack. The immune system is involved in tumor control and we here outline how RT induces anti-inflammation when applied in low doses and contributes in higher doses to the induction of anti-tumor immunity. We especially focus on how local irradiation induces abscopal effects. The latter are partly mediated by a systemic activation of the immune system against the individual tumor cells. Dendritic cells are the key players in the initiation and regulation of adaptive anti-tumor immune responses. They have to take up tumor antigens and consecutively present tumor peptides in the presence of appropriate co-stimulation. We review how combinations of RT with further immune stimulators such as AnnexinA5 and hyperthermia foster the dendritic cell-mediated induction of anti-tumor immune responses and present reasonable combination schemes of standard tumor therapies with immune therapies. It can be concluded that RT leads to targeted killing of the tumor cells and additionally induces non-targeted systemic immune effects. Multimodal tumor treatments should therefore tend to induce immunogenic tumor cell death forms within a tumor microenvironment that stimulates immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Rubner
- Radiation Immunobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen, Germany
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176
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Gupta A, Probst HC, Vuong V, Landshammer A, Muth S, Yagita H, Schwendener R, Pruschy M, Knuth A, van den Broek M. Radiotherapy promotes tumor-specific effector CD8+ T cells via dendritic cell activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:558-66. [PMID: 22685313 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important treatment for cancer. The main mode of action is thought to be the irreversible damage to tumor cell DNA, but there is evidence that irradiation mobilizes tumor-specific immunity, and recent studies showed that the efficacy of high-dose radiotherapy depends on the presence of CD8(+) T cells. We show in this study that the efficacy of radiotherapy given as a single, high dose (10 Gy) crucially depends on dendritic cells and CD8(+) T cells, whereas CD4(+) T cells or macrophages are dispensable. We show that local high-dose irradiation results in activation of tumor-associated dendritic cells that in turn support tumor-specific effector CD8(+) T cells, thus identifying the mechanism that underlies radiotherapy-induced mobilization of tumor-specific immunity. We propose that in the absence of irradiation, the activation status of dendritic cells rather than the amount of tumor-derived Ag is the bottleneck, which precludes efficient anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Gupta
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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177
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Takahashi N, Ohkuri T, Homma S, Ohtake J, Wakita D, Togashi Y, Kitamura H, Todo S, Nishimura T. First clinical trial of cancer vaccine therapy with artificially synthesized helper/ killer-hybrid epitope long peptide of MAGE-A4 cancer antigen. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:150-3. [PMID: 22221328 PMCID: PMC11164142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A patient with pulmonary metastasis of colon cancer was treated with artificially synthesized helper/killer-hybrid epitope long peptide (H/K-HELP) of MAGE-A4 cancer antigen. The patient was vaccinated with MAGE-A4-H/K-HELP combined with OK432 and Montanide ISA-51. There were no severe side-effects except for a skin reaction at the injection site. MAGE-A4-H/K-HELP induced MAGE-A4-specific Th1 and Tc1 immune responses and the production of MAGE-A4-specific complement-fixing IgG antibodies. Tumor growth and carcinoembryonic antigen tumor marker were significantly decreased in the final diagnosis. This is the first report that artificially synthesized MAGE-A4-H/K-HELP induces Th1-dependent cellular and humoral immune responses in a human cancer patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Takahashi
- First Department of Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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178
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Kue CS, Jung MY, Cho D, Kim TS. C6-ceramide enhances Interleukin-12-mediated T helper type 1 cell responses through a cyclooxygenase-2-dependent pathway. Immunobiology 2011; 217:601-9. [PMID: 22112438 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides, lipid molecules located predominantly within the plasma membrane of a cell, can function as second messengers, and have been known to carry out a number of cellular functions. T helper type 1 (Th1) immune responses are known to be involved in the cellular immunity, which is crucial in the cancer and allergy immunotherapy. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of ceramides on T helper cell responses and their underlying mechanisms. We demonstrated that a cell-permeable C6-ceramide (C6) together with IL-12 enhanced Th1 cell differentiation, whereas C6 alone had no effects, as demonstrated by the increased populations of IFN-γ expressing CD4(+) T cells and the up-regulation of IFN-γ production from CD4(+) T cells. In contrast, C2-ceramide and long chain ceramides (C16 and C24) did not affect the Th1 responses. C6 treatment was shown to increase the expression of T-bet, a master transcription factor of Th1 responses, in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, C6 increased the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in CD4(+) T cells. The C6-mediated increase of IFN-γ production and IFN-γ expressing CD4(+) T cell populations were significantly suppressed by a COX-2 specific inhibitor (NS-398) in a dose-dependent manner. T-bet expression was also decreased by NS-398 treatment, thereby indicating that C6 ceramide enhances Th1 responses via a COX-2 dependent pathway. This result demonstrates that C6 may be utilized in therapies for the treatment of immune diseases such cancer and allergy by enhancing the Th1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Siang Kue
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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179
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Hussain A, Brahmbhatt K, Priyani A, Ahmed M, Rizvi TA, Sharma C. Eugenol Enhances the Chemotherapeutic Potential of Gemcitabine and Induces Anticarcinogenic and Anti-inflammatory Activity in Human Cervical Cancer Cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:519-27. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2010.0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arif Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kruti Brahmbhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anita Priyani
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Musthaq Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tahir A. Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chhavi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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180
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Ma Y, Conforti R, Aymeric L, Locher C, Kepp O, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. How to improve the immunogenicity of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:71-82. [PMID: 21298323 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy or radiotherapy could induce various tumor cell death modalities, releasing tumor-derived antigen as well as danger signals that could either be captured for triggering antitumor immune response or ignored. Exploring the interplay among therapeutic drugs, tumor cell death and the immune cells should improve diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic management of tumor. We summarized some of the cell death-derived danger signals and the mechanism for host to sense and response to cell death in the tumor microenvironment. Based on the recent clinical or experimental findings, several strategies have been suggested to improve the immunogenicity of cell death and augment antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ma
- INSERM, U1015, 94805 Villejuif, France
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181
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Vranova J, Vinakurau S, Richter J, Starec M, Fiserova A, Rosina J. The evolution of rectal and urinary toxicity and immune response in prostate cancer patients treated with two three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy techniques. Radiat Oncol 2011; 6:87. [PMID: 21794152 PMCID: PMC3162893 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-6-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our research compared whole pelvic (WP) and prostate-only (PO) 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) techniques in terms of the incidence and evolution of acute and late toxicity of the rectum and urinary bladder, and identified the PTV-parameters influencing these damages and changes in antitumor immune response. Methods We analyzed 197 prostate cancer patients undergoing 3DCRT for gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicities, and conducted a pilot immunological study including flow cytometry and an NK cell cytotoxicity assay. Acute and late toxicities were recorded according to the RTOG and the LENT-SOMA scales, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted for factors associated with toxicity. Results In the WP group, an increase of acute rectal toxicity was observed. A higher incidence of late GI/GU toxicity appeared in the PO group. Only 18 patients (WP-7.76% and PO-11.11%) suffered severe late GI toxicity, and 26 patients (WP-11.21% and PO-16.05%) severe late GU toxicity. In the majority of acute toxicity suffering patients, the diminution of late GI/GU toxicity to grade 1 or to no toxicity after radiotherapy was observed. The 3DCRT technique itself, patient age, T stage of TNM classification, surgical intervention, and some dose-volume parameters emerged as important factors in the probability of developing acute and late GI/GU toxicity. The proportion and differentiation of NK cells positively correlated during 3DCRT and negatively so after its completion with dose-volumes of the rectum and urinary bladder. T and NKT cells were down-regulated throughout the whole period. We found a negative correlation between leukocyte numbers and bone marrow irradiated by 44-54 Gy and a positive one for NK cell proportion and doses of 5-25 Gy. The acute GU, late GU, and GI toxicities up-regulated the T cell (CTL) numbers and NK cytotoxicity. Conclusion Our study demonstrates the association of acute and late damage of the urinary bladder and rectum, with clinical and treatment related factors. The 3DCRT itself does not induce the late GI or GU toxicity and rather reduces the risk of transition from acute to late toxicity. We have described for the first time the correlation between organs at risk, dose-volume parameters, and the immunological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vranova
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Medical Informatics, 3rd Faculty ofMedicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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182
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Glazer PM, Le QT, Bristow R, Helleday T, Pelroy R, Bernhard EJ. New translational possibilities for microenvironmental modulation of radiosensitivity. Radiat Res 2011; 176:412-4. [PMID: 21867431 DOI: 10.1667/rrxx33.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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183
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Driessens G, Nuttin L, Gras A, Maetens J, Mievis S, Schoore M, Velu T, Tenenbaum L, Préat V, Bruyns C. Development of a successful antitumor therapeutic model combining in vivo dendritic cell vaccination with tumor irradiation and intratumoral GM-CSF delivery. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:273-81. [PMID: 21076828 PMCID: PMC11029469 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination of dendritic cells (DC) combined with GM-CSF secreting tumor cells has shown good therapeutic efficacy in several tumor models. Nevertheless, the engineering of GM-CSF secreting tumor cell line could represent a tedious step limiting its application for treatment in patients. We therefore developed in rats, an "all in vivo" strategy of combined vaccination using an in vivo local irradiation of the tumor as a source of tumor antigens for DC vaccines and an exogenous source of GM-CSF. We report here that supplying recombinant mGM-CSF by local injections or surgical implantation of osmotic pumps did not allow reproducing the therapeutic efficacy observed with in vitro prepared combined vaccines. To bypass this limitation possibly due to the short half-life of recombinant GM-CSF, we have generated adeno-associated virus coding for mGM-CSF and tested their efficacy to transduce tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. The in vivo vaccines combining local irradiation and AAV2/1-mGM-CSF vectors showed high therapeutic efficacy allowing to cure 60% of the rats with pre-implanted tumors, as previously observed with in vitro prepared vaccines. Same efficacy has been observed with a second generation of vaccines combining DC, local tumor irradiation, and the controlled supply of recombinant mGM-CSF in poloxamer 407, a biocompatible thermoreversible hydrogel. By generating a successful "all in vivo" vaccination protocol combining tumor radiotherapy with DC vaccines and a straightforward supply of GM-CSF, we have developed a therapeutic strategy easily translatable to clinic that could become accessible to a much bigger number of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Driessens
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, route de Lennik 808, Brussels, Belgium.
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184
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Shiao SL, Coussens LM. The tumor-immune microenvironment and response to radiation therapy. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:411-21. [PMID: 21161342 PMCID: PMC3011087 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT) are standard therapeutic modalities for patients with cancer, including breast cancer. Historic studies examining tissue and cellular responses to RT have predominantly focused on damage caused to proliferating malignant cells leading to their death. However, there is increasing evidence that RT also leads to significant alterations in the tumor microenvironment, particularly with respect to effects on immune cells infiltrating tumors. This review focuses on tumor-associated immune cell responses following RT and discusses how immune responses may be modified to enhance durability and efficacy of RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L. Shiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW450C, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW450C, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW450C, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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