151
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Yuan ZS, Zhou YZ, Liao XB, Luo JW, Shen KJ, Hu YR, Gu L, Li JM, Tan CM, Chen HM, Zhou XM. Apelin attenuates the osteoblastic differentiation of aortic valve interstitial cells via the ERK and PI3-K/Akt pathways. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2475-82. [PMID: 26142632 PMCID: PMC4633450 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aortic valve calcification (AVC), which used to be recognized as a passive and irreversible process, is now widely accepted as an active and regulated process characterized by osteoblastic differentiation of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs). Apelin, the endogenous ligand for G-protein-coupled receptor APJ, was found to have protective cardiovascular effects in several studies. However, the effects and mechanisms of apelin on osteoblastic differentiation of AVICs have not been elucidated. Using a pro-calcific medium, we devised a method to produce calcific human AVICs. These cells were used to study the relationship between apelin and the osteoblastic calcification of AVICs and the involved signaling pathways. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity/expression and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) expression were examined as hallmark proteins in this research. The involved signaling pathways were studied using the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor, PD98059, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor, LY294002. The results indicate that apelin attenuates the expression and activity of ALP, the expression of Runx2, and the formation of mineralized nodules. This protective effect was dependent on the dose of apelin, reaching the maximum at 100 pM, and was connected to activity of ERK and Akt (a downstream effector of PI3-K). The activation of ERK and PI3-K initiated the effects of apelin on ALP activity/expression and Runx2, but PD98059 and LY294002 abolished the effect. These results demonstrate that apelin attenuates the osteoblastic differentiation of AVICs via the ERK and PI3-K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-shun Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-zhao Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-bo Liao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-wen Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang-jun Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-rong Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-ming Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-ming Tan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - He-ming Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin-min Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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152
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MicroRNA-204 Targets Runx2 to Attenuate BMP-2-induced Osteoblast Differentiation of Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 66:63-71. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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153
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Daskalopoulos EP. CALibrating the CALumenin gene: New insights in overcoming the vascular CALcification CALamity? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 84:81-3. [PMID: 25912188 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos P Daskalopoulos
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium; Cardiovascular Research (Care) Institute, Athens & Ioannina, Greece.
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154
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Natorska J, Undas A. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in aortic valve stenosis: links with inflammation and calcification. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114:217-27. [PMID: 25809537 DOI: 10.1160/th14-10-0861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis (AS) increasingly afflicts our aging population. However, the pathobiology of the disease is still poorly understood and there is no effective pharmacotherapy for treating those at risk for clinical progression. The progression of AS involves complex inflammatory and fibroproliferative processes that resemble to some extent atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that several coagulation proteins and its inhibitors, including tissue factor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, prothrombin, factor XIII, von Willebrand factor, display increased expression within aortic stenotic valves, predominantly on macrophages and myofibroblasts around calcified areas. Systemic impaired fibrinolysis, along with increased plasma and valvular expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, has also been observed in patients with AS in association with the severity of the disease. There is an extensive cross-talk between inflammation and coagulation in stenotic valve tissue which contributes to the calcification and mineralisation of the aortic valve leaflets. This review summarises the available data on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in AS with the emphasis on their interactions with inflammation and calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Undas
- Anetta Undas, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, 80 Pradnicka St., 31-202 Cracow, Poland, Tel.: +48 12 6143004, Fax: +48 12 6143143, E-mail:
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155
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Morphological and chemical study of pathological deposits in human aortic and mitral valve stenosis: a biomineralogical contribution. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:342984. [PMID: 25685595 PMCID: PMC4313546 DOI: 10.1155/2015/342984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to investigate heart valve calcification process by different biomineralogical techniques to provide morphological and chemical features of the ectopic deposit extracted from patients with severe mitral and aortic valve stenosis, to better evaluate this pathological process. Polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses brought to light the presence of nodular and massive mineralization forms characterized by different levels of calcification, as well as the presence of submicrometric calcified globular cluster, micrometric cavities containing disorganized tissue structures, and submillimeter pockets formed by organic fibers very similar to amyloid formations. Electron microprobe analyses showed variable concentrations of Ca and P within each deposit and the highest content of Ca and P within calcified tricuspid aortic valves, while powder X-ray diffraction analyses indicated in the nanometer range the dimension of the pathological bioapatite crystals. These findings indicated the presence of highly heterogeneous deposits within heart valve tissues and suggested a progressive maturation process with continuous changes in the composition of the valvular tissue, similar to the multistep formation process of bone tissue. Moreover the micrometric cavities represent structural stages of the valve tissue that immediately precedes the formation of heavily mineralized deposits such as bone-like nodules.
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156
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Perrotta I, Moraca FM, Sciangula A, Aquila S, Mazzulla S. HIF-1α and VEGF: Immunohistochemical Profile and Possible Function in Human Aortic Valve Stenosis. Ultrastruct Pathol 2015; 39:198-206. [PMID: 25569379 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2014.991884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic stenosis (CAS) is the most common valvular disease in Western countries. Histological findings in patients with CAS extremely resemble those of atherosclerosis and include accumulation and modification of lipoproteins, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and calcification. Angiogenesis is another prominent feature of CAS; however, there is only a limited amount of data available regarding the mechanisms behind the pathological neovascularization of a structure that is originally avascular. The present study aims to identify the molecular basis that regulates blood vessel growth in stenotic aortic valves, focusing on the role of HIF-1α and VEGF pathway. A total of 19 native degenerating aortic valves obtained at valve replacement surgery have been processed for Western blot, immunohistochemical, morphometric, and ultrastructural analyses. First, we have demonstrated the adverse ECM remodeling and the significant thickening of the leaflet also showing that HIF-1α and VEGF are significantly upregulated in the stenotic valves, are locally produced and colocalize with angiogenesis and areas of calcification. Next, we have characterized, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the morphological features of the neovasculature evidencing the presence of intact blood vessels in close proximity to the mineralized zones. These results suggest that the complex structural remodeling of the matrix might reduce oxygen availability in the valve cusp contributing to the stabilization of HIF-1α that in turn induces a metabolic adaptation through the upregulation of VEGF and the formation of new blood vessels not only to overcome the hypoxic state but also to sustain the calcification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Perrotta
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (Di.B.E.S.T.), University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
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157
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Lerman DA, Prasad S, Alotti N. Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Eur Cardiol 2015; 10:108-112. [PMID: 27274771 PMCID: PMC4888946 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2015.10.2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcification occurs in atherosclerotic vascular lesions and In the aortic valve. Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a slow, progressive disorder that ranges from mild valve thickening without obstruction of blood flow, termed aortic sclerosis, to severe calcification with impaired leaflet motion, termed aortic stenosis. In the past, this process was thought to be 'degenerative' because of time-dependent wear and tear of the leaflets, with passive calcium deposition. The presence of osteoblasts in atherosclerotic vascular lesions and in CAVD implies that calcification is an active, regulated process akin to atherosclerosis, with lipoprotein deposition and chronic inflammation. If calcification is active, via pro-osteogenic pathways, one might expect that development and progression of calcification could be inhibited. The overlap in the clinical factors associated with calcific valve disease and atherosclerosis provides further support for a shared disease mechanism. In our recent research we used an in vitro porcine valve interstitial cell model to study spontaneous calcification and potential promoters and inhibitors. Using this model, we found that denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand may, at a working concentration of 50 μg/mL, inhibit induced calcium deposition to basal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alejandro Lerman
- Royal Infirmary Hospital of Edinburgh (NHS Lothian), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sai Prasad
- Royal Infirmary Hospital of Edinburgh (NHS Lothian), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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158
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Schnabel C, Jannasch A, Faak S, Waldow T, Koch E. Ex vivo 4D visualization of aortic valve dynamics in a murine model with optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:4201-12. [PMID: 25574432 PMCID: PMC4285599 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.004201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The heart and its mechanical components, especially the heart valves and leaflets, are under enormous strain and undergo fatigue, which impinge upon cardiac output. The knowledge about changes of the dynamic behavior and the possibility of early stage diagnosis could lead to the development of new treatment strategies. Animal models are suited for the development and evaluation of new experimental approaches and therefor innovative imaging techniques are necessary. In this study, we present the time resolved visualization of healthy and calcified aortic valves in an ex vivo artificially stimulated heart model with 4D optical coherence tomography and high-speed video microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schnabel
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine CGC, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Germany ; Authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Anett Jannasch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine CGC, Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Germany ; Authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Saskia Faak
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine CGC, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Germany ; Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine CGC, Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Germany ; Authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Thomas Waldow
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine CGC, Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Germany
| | - Edmund Koch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine CGC, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Germany
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159
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Czarny MJ, Resar JR. Diagnosis and management of valvular aortic stenosis. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2014; 8:15-24. [PMID: 25368539 PMCID: PMC4213201 DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Valvular aortic stenosis (AS) is a progressive disease that affects 2% of the population aged 65 years or older. The major cause of valvular AS in adults is calcification and fibrosis of a previously normal tricuspid valve or a congenital bicuspid valve, with rheumatic AS being rare in the United States. Once established, the rate of progression of valvular AS is quite variable and impossible to predict for any particular patient. Symptoms of AS are generally insidious at onset, though development of any of the three cardinal symptoms of angina, syncope, or heart failure portends a poor prognosis. Management of symptomatic AS remains primarily surgical, though transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is becoming an accepted alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) for patients at high or prohibitive operative risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Czarny
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jon R Resar
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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160
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Abstract
During every heartbeat, cardiac valves open and close coordinately to control the unidirectional flow of blood. In this dynamically challenging environment, resident valve cells actively maintain homeostasis, but the signalling between cells and their microenvironment is complex. When homeostasis is disrupted and the valve opening obstructed, haemodynamic profiles can be altered and lead to impaired cardiac function. Currently, late stages of cardiac valve diseases are treated surgically, because no drug therapies exist to reverse or halt disease progression. Consequently, investigators have sought to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of valvular diseases using in vitro cell culture systems and biomaterial scaffolds that can mimic the extracellular microenvironment. In this Review, we describe how signals in the extracellular matrix regulate valve cell function. We propose that the cellular context is a critical factor when studying the molecular basis of valvular diseases in vitro, and one should consider how the surrounding matrix might influence cell signalling and functional outcomes in the valve. Investigators need to build a systems-level understanding of the complex signalling network involved in valve regulation, to facilitate drug target identification and promote in situ or ex vivo heart valve regeneration.
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161
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Suzuki K, Takahashi S, Watanabe K, Fujioka D, Nakamura T, Obata JE, Kawabata KI, Katoh R, Matsumoto M, Kugiyama K. The expression of groups IIE and V phospholipase A2 is associated with an increased expression of osteogenic molecules in human calcified aortic valves. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 21:1308-25. [PMID: 25132377 DOI: 10.5551/jat.24273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Eicosanoids play various pathogenic roles in aortic valve calcification. Eicosanoids are derived from the arachidonic acid generated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). We therefore sought to determine whether PLA2s are expressed in human aortic valves and, if so, whether the expression of PLA2s is related to the expression of osteogenic molecules in these tissues. METHODS Histological and gene expression analyses of 38 non-rheumatic aortic valves obtained at the time of cardiac valve replacement surgery were conducted. Moreover, gene expression analyses were performed using valve interstitial cells (VICs) obtained from human aortic valves. RESULTS Among the PLA2s examined, the degree of immunoreactivity for PLA2s-IIE and -V was found to significantly correlate with the grade of calcification in the aortic valves. The degree of immunoreactivity and gene expression levels of PLA2s-IIE and -V significantly correlated with those of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In addition, immunoreactivity for cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase, downstream enzymes of PLA2 in the arachidonic acid cascade, was co-localized with that for PLA2s-IIE and -V in cells expressing α-smooth muscle actin and macrophages expressing CD68. Furthermore, in the in vitro experiments using cultured VICs, the mRNA expression levels of BMP-2, osteopontin and ALP were suppressed by the inhibition of the expression of PLA2s-IIE or -V with specific siRNAs. CONCLUSIONS The expression of PLA2s-IIE and -V correlates with the development of calcification as well as the expression of pro-osteogenic molecules in human aortic valves, and inhibiting the expression of PLA2s-IIE and -V suppresses the induction of osteogenic molecules in cultured cells. Therefore, PLA2s-IIE and -V may play a role in the pathogenesis of valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine
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162
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Lu KC, Wu CC, Yen JF, Liu WC. Vascular calcification and renal bone disorders. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:637065. [PMID: 25136676 PMCID: PMC4127293 DOI: 10.1155/2014/637065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
At the early stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the systemic mineral metabolism and bone composition start to change. This alteration is known as chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD). It is well known that the bone turnover disorder is the most common complication of CKD-MBD. Besides, CKD patients usually suffer from vascular calcification (VC), which is highly associated with mortality. Many factors regulate the VC mechanism, which include imbalances in serum calcium and phosphate, systemic inflammation, RANK/RANKL/OPG triad, aldosterone, microRNAs, osteogenic transdifferentiation, and effects of vitamins. These factors have roles in both promoting and inhibiting VC. Patients with CKD usually have bone turnover problems. Patients with high bone turnover have increase of calcium and phosphate release from the bone. By contrast, when bone turnover is low, serum calcium and phosphate levels are frequently maintained at high levels because the reservoir functions of bone decrease. Both of these conditions will increase the possibility of VC. In addition, the calcified vessel may secrete FGF23 and Wnt inhibitors such as sclerostin, DKK-1, and secreted frizzled-related protein to prevent further VC. However, all of them may fight back the inhibition of bone formation resulting in fragile bone. There are several ways to treat VC depending on the bone turnover status of the individual. The main goals of therapy are to maintain normal bone turnover and protect against VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 23148, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Fen Yen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonghe Cardinal Tien Hospital, 80 Zhongxing Street, Yonghe District, New Taipei City 23445, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chih Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonghe Cardinal Tien Hospital, 80 Zhongxing Street, Yonghe District, New Taipei City 23445, Taiwan
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163
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Venardos N, Nadlonek NA, Zhan Q, Weyant MJ, Reece TB, Meng X, Fullerton DA. Aortic valve calcification is mediated by a differential response of aortic valve interstitial cells to inflammation. J Surg Res 2014; 190:1-8. [PMID: 24746950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although calcific aortic stenosis is common, calcification of the other three heart valves is not. The aortic valve interstitial cell (VIC) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis. Proinflammatory stimulation of aortic VICs induces an osteogenic and inflammatory phenotypic change. We hypothesized that the VICs of the other heart valves do not undergo these changes. Using isolated human VICs from normal aortic, mitral, pulmonary, and tricuspid valves, our purpose was to compare the osteogenic response to proinflammatory stimulation via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). MATERIALS AND METHODS Aortic, pulmonic, mitral, and tricuspid (n=4 for each valve type) VICs were isolated from hearts valves explanted from patients undergoing cardiac transplantation. Cells were cultured and grown to confluence in passage 2-6 before treatment with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100-200 ng/mL) for 24 or 48 h. Cells were characterized by immunofluorescent staining. TLR-4 expression was analyzed (immunoblotting, flow cytometry). Bone morphogenetic protein 2 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 production were determined (immunoblotting). Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistics were by Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS TLR-4 stimulation induced bone morphogenetic protein 2 production only in aortic VICs (P<0.05). Intra-cellular adhesion molecule 1 production and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 secretion increased in a similar fashion among TLR-4-stimulated VICs from all four valves. CONCLUSIONS Proinflammatory stimulation induces an osteogenic phenotype in aortic VICs but not mitral, pulmonic, or tricuspid VICs. We conclude that this differential osteogenic response of aortic VICs contributes to the pathogenesis of calcific aortic stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Venardos
- The Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine.
| | - Nicole A Nadlonek
- The Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Qiong Zhan
- The Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Michael J Weyant
- The Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Thomas Brett Reece
- The Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- The Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - David A Fullerton
- The Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
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164
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Choi MJ, Kim JK, Kim SG, Kim SE, Kim SJ, Kim HJ, Song YR. Association between cardiac valvular calcification and myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic high-risk patients with end-stage renal disease. Atherosclerosis 2013; 229:369-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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