151
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Liu C, Gu S, Sun C, Ye W, Song Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y. FGF signaling sustains the odontogenic fate of dental mesenchyme by suppressing β-catenin signaling. Development 2013; 140:4375-85. [PMID: 24067353 DOI: 10.1242/dev.097733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Odontoblasts and osteoblasts develop from multipotent craniofacial neural crest cells during tooth and jawbone development, but the mechanisms that specify and sustain their respective fates remain largely unknown. In this study we used early mouse molar and incisor tooth germs that possess distinct tooth-forming capability after dissociation and reaggregation in vitro to investigate the mechanism that sustains odontogenic fate of dental mesenchyme during tooth development. We found that after dissociation and reaggregation, incisor, but not molar, mesenchyme exhibits a strong osteogenic potency associated with robustly elevated β-catenin signaling activity in a cell-autonomous manner, leading to failed tooth formation in the reaggregates. Application of FGF3 to incisor reaggregates inhibits β-catenin signaling activity and rescues tooth formation. The lack of FGF retention on the cell surface of incisor mesenchyme appears to account for the differential osteogenic potency between incisor and molar, which can be further attributed to the differential expression of syndecan 1 and NDST genes. We further demonstrate that FGF signaling inhibits intracellular β-catenin signaling by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway to regulate the subcellular localization of active GSK3β in dental mesenchymal cells. Our results reveal a novel function for FGF signaling in ensuring the proper fate of dental mesenchyme by regulating β-catenin signaling activity during tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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152
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Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide Activates Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin and p38 MAPK Signalling in Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla. Inflammation 2013; 36:1393-402. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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153
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Sales KU, Giudice FS, Castilho RM, Salles FT, Squarize CH, Abrahao AC, Pinto DS. Cyclin D1-induced proliferation is independent of beta-catenin in head and neck cancer. Oral Dis 2013; 20:e42-8. [PMID: 23730900 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) progression and metastasis have previously been associated with the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) and Wnt signalling pathways, which lead to the activation of pro-proliferative genes, such as cyclin D1. The current study aims to investigate whether there is a crosstalk between these pathways in HNSCC and which pathway is more likely to regulate cyclin D1. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two HNSCC and a control keratinocyte cell lines were treated with EGF and wortmannin to respectively activate and block the PI3K-Akt and Wnt pathways. Partial and total levels of cyclin D1, beta-catenin and Akt were evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Twenty-four paraffin-embedded samples of human HNSCC, as well as normal oral mucosa biopsies, were also immunohistochemically evaluated for beta-catenin and cyclin D1 expression. RESULTS Following both treatments, change in cyclin D1 protein was correlated with Akt levels only. Cytoplasmic staining for beta-catenin and loss of its membranous expression in the HNSCC invasive areas were found in 92% of the HNSCC biopsies. CONCLUSION Taken together, we show that the change in cyclin D1 levels is more likely to be due to the EGFR-Akt pathway activation than due to beta-catenin nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K U Sales
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
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154
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Xue H, Li Y, Everett ET, Ryan K, Peng L, Porecha R, Yan Y, Lucchese AM, Kuehl MA, Pugach MK, Bouchard J, Gibson CW. Ameloblasts require active RhoA to generate normal dental enamel. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 121:293-302. [PMID: 23841780 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RhoA plays a fundamental role in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, intercellular attachment, and cell proliferation. During amelogenesis, ameloblasts (which produce the enamel proteins) undergo dramatic cytoskeletal changes and the RhoA protein level is up-regulated. Transgenic mice were generated that express a dominant-negative RhoA transgene in ameloblasts using amelogenin gene-regulatory sequences. Transgenic and wild-type (WT) molar tooth germs were incubated with sodium fluoride (NaF) or sodium chloride (NaCl) in organ culture. Filamentous actin (F-actin) stained with phalloidin was elevated significantly in WT ameloblasts treated with NaF compared with WT ameloblasts treated with NaCl or with transgenic ameloblasts treated with NaF, thereby confirming a block in the RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathway in the transgenic mice. Little difference in quantitative fluorescence (an estimation of fluorosis) was observed between WT and transgenic incisors from mice provided with drinking water containing NaF. We subsequently found reduced transgene expression in incisors compared with molars. Transgenic molar teeth had reduced amelogenin, E-cadherin, and Ki67 compared with WT molar teeth. Hypoplastic enamel in transgenic mice correlates with reduced expression of the enamel protein, amelogenin, and E-cadherin and cell proliferation are regulated by RhoA in other tissues. Together these findings reveal deficits in molar ameloblast function when RhoA activity is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xue
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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155
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Abstract
Wnt/Ctnnb1 and Notch signaling play key roles in kidney development and epithelial cell specification. Recent reports have suggested that these pathways are reactivated in response to injury and in different disease conditions. Studies using genetically modified animal models showed that sustained activation of Notch and Wnt signaling in podocytes are causally related to albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis development. Here, we discuss the role and regulation of Wnt/Ctnnb1 and Notch signaling in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Teikyo, Tokyo, Japan
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156
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Chen ML, Liu SS, Zhang GH, Quan Y, Zhan YH, Gu TY, Qin YM, Deng SP. Effects of early intraoral acesulfame-K stimulation to mice on the adult's sweet preference and the expression of α-gustducin in fungiform papilla. Chem Senses 2013; 38:447-55. [PMID: 23537561 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjt001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to artificial sweetener acesulfame-K (AK) at early development stages may influence the adult sweet preference and the periphery gustatory system. We observed that the intraoral AK stimulation to mice from postnatal day 4 (P4) to weaning decreased the preference thresholds for AK and sucrose solutions in adulthood, with the preference pattern unchanged. The preference scores were increased in the exposure group significantly when compared with the control group at a range of concentrations for AK or sucrose solution. Meanwhile, more α-Gustducin-labeled fungiform taste buds and cells in a single taste bud were induced from week 7 by the early intraoral AK stimulation. However, the growth in the number of α-Gustducin-positive taste bud or positive cell number per taste bud occurred only in the anterior region, the rostral 1-mm part, but not in the intermediate region, the caudal 4-mm part, of the anterior two-third of the tongue containing fungiform papillae. This work extends our previous observations and provides new information about the developmental and regional expression pattern of α-Gustducin in mouse fungiform taste bud under early AK-stimulated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ling Chen
- Sensory Science Laboratory, School of Bioscience and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, PR China.
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157
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Zhu X, Zhao P, Liu Y, Zhang X, Fu J, Ivy Yu HM, Qiu M, Chen Y, Hsu W, Zhang Z. Intra-epithelial requirement of canonical Wnt signaling for tooth morphogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12080-9. [PMID: 23525146 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.462473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Wnt ligands are expressed in the developing tooth and play important and redundant functions during odontogenesis. However, the source of Wnt ligands and their targeting cells and action mechanism in tooth organogenesis remain largely elusive. Here we show that epithelial inactivation of Gpr177, the mouse Wntless (Wls) whose product regulates Wnt sorting and secretion, leads to arrest of tooth development at the early cap stage and abrogates tooth-forming capability of the dental epithelium. Gpr177 in the epithelium is necessary for the activation of canonical Wnt signaling in the dental epithelium and formation of a functional enamel knot. Epithelial deletion of Gpr177 results in defective gene expression and cellular behavior in the dental epithelium but does not alter odontogenic program in the mesenchyme. Furthermore, deletion of Axin2, a negative intracellular regulator of canonical Wnt signaling, rescues the tooth defects in mice carrying Gpr177 mutation in the dental epithelium. Together with the fact that active Wnt canonical signaling is present predominantly in the dental epithelium during tooth development, our results demonstrate that Gpr177-mediated Wnt ligands in the dental epithelium act primarily in an intra-epithelial context to regulate enamel knot formation and subsequent tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoJing Zhu
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, 16 Xuelin Street, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
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158
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Molecular factors resulting in tooth agenesis and contemporary approaches for regeneration: a review. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2013; 13:297-304. [PMID: 23235129 DOI: 10.1007/bf03320830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM This review discusses the complex epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that occur during tooth development and systemic anomalies that may result in hypodontia. Emphasis is placed on four interacting signaling families (Shh, FGF, BMP, and Wnt) that have been identified for their integral role in complete tooth development and on several genetic mutations in the MSX1, PAX9, EDA, and AXIN2 genes that arrest tooth development. Proposed treatment options are presented, including signaling factor supplementation and stem cell isolation for bioengineering new teeth.
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159
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Kim T, Bae C, Lee J, Ko S, Yang X, Jiang R, Cho E. β-catenin is Required in Odontoblasts for Tooth Root Formation. J Dent Res 2013; 92:215-21. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034512470137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tooth root is an important part of the tooth that works together with the surrounding periodontium to maintain the tooth in the alveolar socket. The root develops after crown morphogenesis. While the molecular and cellular mechanisms of early tooth development and crown morphogenesis have been extensively studied, little is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling tooth root formation. Here, we show that β-catenin is strongly expressed in odontoblast-lineage cells and is required for root formation. Tissue-specific inactivation of β-catenin in developing odontoblasts produced molars lacking roots and aberrantly thin incisors. At the beginning of root formation in the mutant molars, the cervical loop epithelium extended apically to form Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS), but root odontoblast differentiation was disrupted and followed by the loss of some HERS inner layer cells. However, the outer layer of the HERS extended without the root, and the mutant molars finally erupted. The periodontal tissues extensively invaded the dental pulp. These results indicate that there is a cell-autonomous requirement for Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the dental mesenchyme for root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.H. Kim
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
| | - C.H. Bae
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
| | - J.C. Lee
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
| | - S.O. Ko
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
| | - X. Yang
- Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, China
| | - R. Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - E.S. Cho
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
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160
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Zhu Y, Shang L, Chen X, Kong X, Liu N, Bai Y, Fang J, Dang J, Wang X, Jin Y. Deciduous dental pulp stem cells are involved in osteoclastogenesis during physiologic root resorption. J Cell Physiol 2012; 228:207-15. [PMID: 22674471 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells are derived from the dental pulps of permanent teeth and exfoliated deciduous teeth, and are known to induce bone and dentin generation. However, the role of deciduous dental pulp stem cells (DDPSCs) in physiologic root resorption remains unclear. In this study, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in permanent teeth (P) were retrieved and compared to DDPSCs from deciduous incisors at different root resorption stages: stable (S), middle (M), and final (F). Decalcified teeth sections showed that osteoclasts and resorption lacunae were most prevalent in the M resorption stage. DDPSC proliferation rate was also highest in the M stage. DDPSCs in the F stage produced more calcified nodules than those in the S or M stages. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression was highest in the F stage, indicating that DDPSCs promote mineralization. In addition, the ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression was significantly higher in the M stage, indicating that DDPSCs promote resorption. Dickkopf 1 (Dkk1) expression was remarkably higher in the F and P groups, suggesting that the Wnt pathway is inhibited during the resorption process. Interestingly, despite the fact that Wnt3a down-regulated OPG in osteogenic induction medium and up-regulated RANKL in medium with 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (VD(3) ), the RANKL/OPG ratio was reduced only with VD(3) . Collectively, our data indicate that DDPSCs influence osteoclastogenesis during the physiologic root resorption process, and that the canonical Wnt pathway can change the RANKL/OPG expression ratio in DDPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhu
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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161
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Mostowska A, Biedziak B, Zadurska M, Dunin-Wilczynska I, Lianeri M, Jagodzinski PP. Nucleotide variants of genes encoding components of the Wnt signalling pathway and the risk of non-syndromic tooth agenesis. Clin Genet 2012; 84:429-40. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Mostowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - B Biedziak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
- Private Orthodontic Practice; Poznan Poland
| | - M Zadurska
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry; The Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - I Dunin-Wilczynska
- Department of Jaw Orthopaedics; Medical University of Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - M Lianeri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - PP Jagodzinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
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162
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Almeida FT, Leite AF, de Souza Figueiredo PT, Melo NS, Sousa JB, Almeida R, Acevedo AC, Silva Guerra EN. Dento-osseous anomalies associated to familial adenomatous polyposis mimicking florid cemento-osseous dysplasia. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2012; 40:e498-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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163
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Bae CH, Lee JY, Kim TH, Baek JA, Lee JC, Yang X, Taketo MM, Jiang R, Cho ES. Excessive Wnt/β-catenin signaling disturbs tooth-root formation. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:405-10. [PMID: 23050778 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Wingless-type MMTV integration site family (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling plays an essential role in cellular differentiation and matrix formation during skeletal development. However, little is known about its role in tooth-root formation. In a previous study, we found excessive formation of dentin and cementum in mice with constitutive β-catenin stabilization in the dental mesenchyme. In the present study we analyzed the molar roots of these mice to investigate the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in root formation in more detail. MATERIAL AND METHODS We generated OC-Cre:Catnb(+/lox(ex3)) mice by intercrossing Catnb(+/lox(ex3)) and OC-Cre mice, and we analyzed their mandibular molars using radiography, histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS OC-Cre:Catnb(+/lox(ex3)) mice showed impaired root formation. At the beginning of root formation in mutant molars, dental papilla cells did not show normal differentiation into odontoblasts; rather, they were prematurely differentiated and had a disorganized arrangement. Interestingly, SMAD family member 4 was upregulated in premature odontoblasts. In 4-wk-old mutant mice, molar roots were about half the length of those in their wild-type littermates. In contrast to excessively formed dentin in crown, root dentin was thin and hypomineralized in mutant mice. Biglycan and dentin sialophosphoprotein were downregulated in root dentin of mutant mice, whereas dentin matrix protein 1 and Dickkopf-related protein 1 were upregulated. Additionally, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 was significantly downregulated in the cementoblasts of mutant molars. Finally, in the cementum of mutant mice, bone sialoprotein was downregulated but Dickkopf-related protein 2 was upregulated. CONCLUSION These results suggest that temporospatial regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in cell differentiation and matrix formation during root and cementum formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Bae
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, South Korea
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164
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Kim TH, Bae CH, Jang EH, Yoon CY, Bae Y, Ko SO, Taketo MM, Cho ES. Col1a1-cre mediated activation of β-catenin leads to aberrant dento-alveolar complex formation. Anat Cell Biol 2012; 45:193-202. [PMID: 23094208 PMCID: PMC3472146 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.3.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a critical role in bone formation and regeneration. Dentin and cementum share many similarities with bone in their biochemical compositions and biomechanical properties. Whether Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in the dento-alveolar complex formation is unknown. To understand the roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the dento-alveolar complex formation, we generated conditional β-catenin activation mice through intercross of Catnb+/lox(ex3) mice with Col1a1-cre mice. In mutant mice, tooth formation and eruption was disturbed. Lower incisors and molars did not erupt. Bone formation was increased in the mandible but tooth formation was severely disturbed. Hypomineralized dentin was deposited in the crown but roots of molars were extremely short and distorted. In the odontoblasts of mutant molars, expression of dentin matrix proteins was obviously downregulated following the activation of β-catenin whereas that of mineralization inhibitor was increased. Cementum and periodontal ligament were hypoplastic but periodontal space was narrow due to increased alveolar bone formation. While cementum matrix proteins were decreased, bone matrix proteins were increased in the cementum and alveolar bone of mutant mice. These results indicate that local activation of β-catenin in the osteoblasts and odontoblasts leads to aberrant dento-alveolar complex formation. Therefore, appropriate inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is important for the dento-alveolar complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak-Heun Kim
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, Korea
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165
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Aurrekoetxea M, Lopez J, García P, Ibarretxe G, Unda F. Enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signalling during tooth morphogenesis impedes cell differentiation and leads to alterations in the structure and mineralisation of the adult tooth. Biol Cell 2012; 104:603-17. [PMID: 22671936 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Previous studies have indicated that over-activation of the wingless interaction site (Wnt)/β-catenin signalling pathway has important implications for tooth development, at the level of cell differentiation and morphology, as well as for the production of supernumerary teeth. Here, we provide evidence for a crucial role of this signalling pathway during the stage of tooth morphogenesis. We have developed an in vitro model consisting of 14.5-day-old mouse embryo first molars, in which the Wnt pathway is overactivated by the glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO; 20 µM). RESULTS We found that over-activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway delayed the differentiation and growth of the inner dental epithelium. In addition, in contrast to controls in which Nestin protein expression was restricted to differentiated odontoblasts, in BIO-treated molars, Nestin expression spread through sub-odontoblastic cellular layers. This alteration appears to be related to: (i) the over-expression of Bmp4 in the same region, (ii) the delay in odontoblast precursor cell differentiation and (iii) increased proliferation of mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, treatments longer than 6 days induced the malformation of typical dental structures and led to a total lack of cell differentiation. Finally, over-activation of the Wnt route during odontogenesis resulted in adult teeth which presented altered size, morphology and mineralisation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Wnt/β-catenin over-activation during tooth morphogenesis is sufficient to cause dramatic alterations in the adult tooth, by delaying cellular differentiation and stimulating proliferation of the dental mesenchyme of developing teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitane Aurrekoetxea
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Vizcaya, Spain
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166
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Ibarretxe G, Aurrekoetxea M, Crende O, Badiola I, Jimenez-Rojo L, Nakamura T, Yamada Y, Unda F. Epiprofin/Sp6 regulates Wnt-BMP signaling and the establishment of cellular junctions during the bell stage of tooth development. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:95-107. [PMID: 22868911 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Epiprofin/Specificity Protein 6 (Epfn) is a Krüppel-like family (KLF) transcription factor that is critically involved in tooth morphogenesis and dental cell differentiation. However, its mechanism of action is still not fully understood. We have employed both loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches to address the role of Epfn in the formation of cell junctions in dental cells and in the regulation of junction-associated signal transduction pathways. We have evaluated the expression of junction proteins in bell-stage incisor and molar tooth sections from Epfn(-/-) mice and in dental pulp MDPC-23 cells overexpressing Epfn. In Epfn(-/-) mice, a dramatic reduction occurs in the expression of tight junction and adherens junction proteins and of the adherens-junction-associated β-catenin protein, a major effector of canonical Wnt signaling. Loss of cell junctions and β-catenin in Epfn(-/-) mice is correlated with a clear decrease in bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) expression, a decrease in nestin in the tooth mesenchyme, altered cell proliferation, and failure of ameloblast cell differentiation. Overexpression of Epfn in MDPC-23 cells results in an increased cellular accumulation of β-catenin protein, indicative of upregulation of canonical Wnt signaling. Together, these results suggest that Epfn enhances canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the developing dental pulp mesenchyme, a condition that promotes the activity of other downstream signaling pathways, such as BMP, which are fundamental for cellular induction and ameloblast differentiation. These altered signaling events might underlie some of the most prominent dental defects observed in Epfn(-/-) mice, such as the absence of ameloblasts and enamel, and might throw light on developmental malformations of the tooth, including hyperdontia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaskon Ibarretxe
- Cell Biology & Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain
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167
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Mostowska A, Hozyasz KK, Wójcicki P, Lasota A, Dunin-Wilczyńska I, Jagodziński PP. Association of DVL2 and AXIN2 gene polymorphisms with cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a Polish population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 94:943-50. [PMID: 22887353 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is one of the most common congenital anomalies, with a complex and still not fully understood etiology. Given the important role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway during craniofacial development, we decided to test the hypothesis that common polymorphic variants of the genes encoding crucial components of this signaling pathway might contribute to the risk of NSCL/P in the Polish population. METHODS A set of 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the APC, AXIN1, AXIN2, CTNNB1, DVL2, and GSK-3β genes were analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism and high-resolution melting curve methods in a group of 280 patients with NSCL/P and a properly matched control group (n = 330). RESULTS Both single-marker and haplotype analyses showed an association between SNPs in the DVL2 gene and the risk for NSCL/P. The strongest association was found under an overdominant model for the rs35594616 variant located in the exonic sequence of DVL2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-2.62; p < 0.0001). Moreover, the gene-gene interaction analysis revealed a significant epistatic interaction between DVL2 gene SNPs in the susceptibility to orofacial clefts. Borderline association with a decreased risk of NSCL/P was also observed for the AXIN2 rs3923087 variant (dominant model OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.50-0.95; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION This study suggests that polymorphic variants of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes have a role in the susceptibility to orofacial clefts. The DVL2 and AXIN2 genes might be candidate genes for this craniofacial anomaly in the Polish population. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Mostowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Mostowska A, Hozyasz KK, Biedziak B, Wojcicki P, Lianeri M, Jagodzinski PP. Genotype and haplotype analysis of WNT genes in non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120:1-8. [PMID: 22288914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The wingless-type MMTV integration site family (Wnt) signalling pathway plays a crucial role in craniofacial development. Recently, nucleotide variants in WNT genes have been shown to be associated with oral congenital anomalies, including facial clefts. Therefore, in the current study we decided to assay the association of nucleotide variants in selected WNT genes with the risk of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NCL/P) in the Polish population. Fourteen polymorphisms in WNT3, WNT3A, WNT5A, WNT8A, WNT9B, and WNT11 were tested in a group of 210 patients with NCL/P and in a properly matched control group. The most significant results were found for the WNT3 rs3809857 variant, which, under the assumption of a recessive model, was associated with a two-fold decrease in the risk of NCL/P (OR(TT vs. GT + GG) = 0.492, 95% CI: 0.276-0.879, P = 0.015). Moreover, haplotype analysis revealed that WNT3 is significantly correlated with NCL/P. The global P-values for haplotypes of rs12452064_rs7207916 and rs3809857_rs12452064_rs7207916 were 0.0034 and 0.0014, respectively, and these results were statistically significant, even after the permutation test correction. In conclusion, our study confirmed the involvement of polymorphisms in the WNT3 gene in NCL/P aetiology in the tested population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Mostowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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169
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Lee SS, Tsai CH, Tsai LL, Chou MC, Chou MY, Chang YC. β-catenin expression in areca quid chewing-associated oral squamous cell carcinomas and upregulated by arecoline in human oral epithelial cells. J Formos Med Assoc 2012; 111:194-200. [PMID: 22526207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Nuclear localization of β-catenin is known to associate with malignant transformation of many squamous cell carcinomas. The aim of this study was to compare β-catenin expression in normal human oral epithelium and areca quid chewing associated oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) and further to explore the potential mechanisms that may lead to induce β-catenin expression. METHODS A total of 40 areca quid chewing-associated OSCCs and 10 normal oral tissue biopsy samples without areca quid chewing were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The oral epithelial cell line GNM cells were challenged with arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, by using Western blot analysis. Furthermore, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase inhibitor PD98059, glutathione precursor N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin-A, p38 inhibitor SB203580, and phosphatidylinositaol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 were added to find the possible regulatory mechanisms. RESULTS β-catenin expression was significantly higher in OSCC specimens than that in normal oral epithelial specimens (p < 0.05). It was demonstrated that normal oral epithelium showed only membranous staining for β-catenin, and membranous staining was lost or reduced with an increase in cytoplasmic/nuclear staining in OSCCs. Arecoline was found to elevate β-catenin expression in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The addition of PD98059, NAC, herbimycin-A, SB203580, and LY294002 markedly inhibited the arecoline-induced β-catenin expression (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION β-catenin expression is significantly upregulated in areca quid chewing-associated OSCC. The localization of β-catenin expression is correlated with the tumor size and clinical stage. In addition, β-catenin expression induced by arecoline is downregulated by PD98059, NAC, herbimycin-A, SB203580, and LY294002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiuan-Shinn Lee
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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170
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The human HECA interacts with cyclins and CDKs to antagonize Wnt-mediated proliferation and chemoresistance of head and neck cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:489-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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171
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Wang J, Liu B, Gu S, Liang J. Effects of Wnt/β-catenin signalling on proliferation and differentiation of apical papilla stem cells. Cell Prolif 2012; 45:121-31. [PMID: 22288815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Wnt signalling pathway has been shown to play an important role in tooth development, however its effects with stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) have remained unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine effects of Wnt/β-catenin on proliferation and differentiation of SCAP in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS SCAP were obtained, identified and cultured. Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mRNA expression of mineralization-related genes and mineralized nodule formation were measured in presence or absence of various concentrations of lithium chloride. RESULTS MTT assay and flow cytometry demonstrated that Wnt/β-catenin activity could promote proliferation of SCAP. Real-time PCR analysis found that Wnt/β-catenin strongly upregulated expression of dentine sialophosphoprotein, osteocalcin and ALP in SCAP after incubation with mineralization induction medium, while ALP and alizarin red staining indicated that Wnt/β-catenin enhanced ALP activity and formation of mineralized nodules. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling promotes proliferation and odonto/osteogenic differentiation of SCAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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172
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Sprio AE, Di Scipio F, Ceppi P, Salamone P, Di Carlo F, Scagliotti GV, Papotti M, Ceccarelli A, Berta GN. Differentiation-inducing factor-1 enhances 5-fluorouracil action on oral cancer cells inhibiting E2F1 and thymidylate synthase mRNAs accumulation. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 69:983-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-011-1790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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173
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Siar CH, Nagatsuka H, Han PP, Buery RR, Tsujigiwa H, Nakano K, Ng KH, Kawakami T. Differential expression of canonical and non-canonical Wnt ligands in ameloblastoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:332-9. [PMID: 22077561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Huat Siar
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine & Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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174
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Kim TH, Lee JY, Baek JA, Lee JC, Yang X, Taketo MM, Jiang R, Cho ES. Constitutive stabilization of ß-catenin in the dental mesenchyme leads to excessive dentin and cementum formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:549-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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175
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Rosenfeld JA, Drautz JM, Clericuzio CL, Cushing T, Raskin S, Martin J, Tervo RC, Pitarque JA, Nowak DM, Karolak JA, Lamb AN, Schultz RA, Ballif BC, Bejjani BA, Gajecka M, Shaffer LG. Deletions and duplications of developmental pathway genes in 5q31 contribute to abnormal phenotypes. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:1906-16. [PMID: 21744490 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although copy number changes of 5q31 have been rarely reported, deletions have been associated with some common characteristics, such as short stature, failure to thrive, developmental delay (DD)/intellectual disability (ID), club feet, dislocated hips, and dysmorphic features. We report on three individuals with deletions and two individuals with duplications at 5q31, ranging from 3.6 Mb to 8.1 Mb and 830 kb to 3.4 Mb in size, respectively. All five copy number changes are apparently de novo and involve several genes that are important in developmental pathways, including PITX1, SMAD5, and WNT8A. The individuals with deletions have characteristic features including DD, short stature, club feet, cleft or high palate, dysmorphic features, and skeletal anomalies. Haploinsufficiency of PITX1, a transcription factor important for limb development, is likely the cause for the club feet, skeletal anomalies, and cleft/high palate, while additional genes, including SMAD5 and WNT8A, may also contribute to additional phenotypic features. Two patients with deletions also presented with corneal anomalies. To identify a causative gene for the corneal anomalies, we sequenced candidate genes in a family with apparent autosomal dominant keratoconus with suggestive linkage to 5q31, but no mutations in candidate genes were found. The duplications are smaller than the deletions, and the patients with duplications have nonspecific features. Although development is likely affected by increased dosage of the genes in the region, the developmental disruption appears less severe than that seen with deletion.
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176
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Lan F, Yue X, Han L, Yuan X, Shi Z, Huang K, Yang Y, Zou J, Zhang J, Jiang T, Pu P, Kang C. Antitumor effect of aspirin in glioblastoma cells by modulation of β-catenin/T-cell factor-mediated transcriptional activity. J Neurosurg 2011; 115:780-8. [PMID: 21721879 DOI: 10.3171/2011.5.jns113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The goal in this study was to investigate the antitumor effect of aspirin in glioblastoma cells and the molecular mechanism involved in its antineoplastic activities. METHODS The authors used the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method, flow cytometry, the annexin V method, and Transwell cell invasion test to detect the proliferation and invasive activity of U87 and A172 glioma cells before and after being treated with aspirin. To determine the effects of aspirin on β-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) transcription activity, reporter constructs containing 3 repeats of the wild-type (TOPflash) or mutant (FOPflash) TCF-binding sites were used. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses were used to detect the expression of multiple β-catenin/TCF target genes following aspirin treatment. RESULTS The transcriptional activity of the β-catenin/TCF complex was strongly inhibited by aspirin. Increasing the concentration of aspirin resulted in decreased expression of c-myc, cyclin D1, and fra-1 mRNA and protein in U87 and A172 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Aspirin inhibited glioma cell proliferation and invasive ability, and induced apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that aspirin is a potent antitumor agent, and that it exerts its antineoplastic action by inhibition of the β-catenin/TCF signaling pathway in glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Lan
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Taijin, People’s Republic of China
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177
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Lin M, Li L, Liu C, Liu H, He F, Yan F, Zhang Y, Chen Y. Wnt5a regulates growth, patterning, and odontoblast differentiation of developing mouse tooth. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:432-40. [PMID: 21246660 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for tooth development beyond the bud stage, but little is known about the role of non-canonical Wnt signaling in odontogenesis. Here we compared the expression of Wnt5a, a representative of noncanonical Wnts, with that of Ror2, the Wnt5a receptor for non-canonical signaling, in the developing tooth, and analyzed tooth phenotype in Wnt5a mutants. Wnt5a-deficient mice exhibit retarded tooth development beginning from E16.5, leading to the formation of smaller and abnormally patterned teeth with a delayed odontoblast differentiation at birth. These defects are associated with upregulated Axin2 and Shh expression in the dental epithelium and reduced levels of cell proliferation in the dental epithelium and mesenchyme. Retarded tooth development and defective odontoblast differentiation were also observed in Ror2 mutant mice. Our results suggest that Wnt5a regulates growth, patterning, and odontoblast differentiation during odontogenesis, at least partially by modulating Wnt/β-catenin canonical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkui Lin
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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178
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Andrade Filho PA, Letra A, Cramer A, Prasad JL, Garlet GP, Vieira AR, Ferris RL, Menezes R. Insights from studies with oral cleft genes suggest associations between WNT-pathway genes and risk of oral cancer. J Dent Res 2011; 90:740-6. [PMID: 21393552 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511401622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for more than 90% of the malignant neoplasms that arise in the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract. Recent studies of cleft lip/palate have shown the association of genes involved in cancer. WNT pathway genes have been associated with several types of cancer and recently with cleft lip/palate. To investigate if genes associated with cleft lip/palate were also associated with oral cancer, we genotyped 188 individuals with OSCC and 225 control individuals for markers in AXIN2, AXIN1, GSK3β, WNT3A, WNT5A, WNT8A, WNT11, WNT3, and WNT9B. Statistical analysis was performed with PLINK 1.06 software to test for differences in allele frequencies of each polymorphism between cases and controls. We found association of SNPs in GSK3B (p = 0.0008) and WNT11 (p = 0.03) with OSCC. We also found overtransmission of GSK3B haplotypes in OSCC cases. Expression analyses showed up-regulation of WNT3A, GSK3B, and AXIN1 and down-regulation of WNT11 in OSCC in comparison with control tissues (P < 0.001). Additional studies should focus on the identification of potentially functional variants in these genes as contributors to human clefting and oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Andrade Filho
- Department of Otolaryngology and Immunology, Hillman Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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179
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of β-catenin and vascular endothelial growth factor-C/-D (VEGF-C/-D) in colorectal cancer (CRC) and to analyze their significance.
METHODS: The expression of β-catenin and VEGF-C/-D in 96 CRC specimens were detected by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: In normal colonic mucosa, β-catenin was detected on the plasma membrane of epithelial cells. Reduced membrane expression of β-catenin was noted in CRC, and 67.71% of cases of CRC showed cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of β-catenin. The positive rates of VEGF-C/-D expression were significantly higher in tumor tissue than in normal mucosa (43.75% vs 19.79%; 38.54% vs 13.54%, both P < 0.01). The expression of β-catenin had a significantly positive correlation with that of VEGF-C/-D (both P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin expression may induce VEGF-C/-D overexpression in CRC, which may play an important role in lymphangiogenesis in CRC.
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180
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Epithelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates palatal shelf fusion through regulation of Tgfβ3 expression. Dev Biol 2010; 350:511-9. [PMID: 21185284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays essential role in development and diseases. Previous studies have implicated the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the regulation of normal palate development, but functional Wnt/β-catenin signaling and its tissue-specific activities remain to be accurately elucidated. In this study, we show that functional Wnt/β-catenin signaling operates primarily in the palate epithelium, particularly in the medial edge epithelium (MEE) of the developing mouse palatal shelves, consistent with the expression patterns of β-catenin and several Wnt ligands and receptors. Epithelial specific inactivation of β-catenin by the K14-Cre transgenic allele abolishes the canonical Wnt signaling activity in the palatal epithelium and leads to an abnormal persistence of the medial edge seam (MES), ultimately causing a cleft palate formation, a phenotype resembling that in Tgfβ3 mutant mice. Consistent with this phenotype is the down-regulation of Tgfβ3 and suppression of apoptosis in the MEE of the β-catenin mutant palatal shelves. Application of exogenous Tgfβ3 to the mutant palatal shelves in organ culture rescues the midline seam phenotype. On the other hand, expression of stabilized β-catenin in the palatal epithelium also disrupts normal palatogenesis by activating ectopic Tgfβ3 expression in the palatal epithelium and causing an aberrant fusion between the palate shelf and mandible in addition to severely deformed palatal shelves. Collectively, our results demonstrate an essential role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the epithelial component at the step of palate fusion during palate development by controlling the expression of Tgfβ3 in the MEE.
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181
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Rao SK, Pavicevic Z, Du Z, Kim JG, Fan M, Jiao Y, Rosebush M, Samant S, Gu W, Pfeffer LM, Nosrat CA. Pro-inflammatory genes as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32512-21. [PMID: 20702412 PMCID: PMC2952253 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.150490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a major health problem worldwide, and patients have a particularly poor 5-year survival rate. Thus, identification of the molecular targets in OSCC and subsequent innovative therapies are greatly needed. Prolonged exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and pathogenic agents are known risk factors and have suggested that chronic inflammation may represent a potential common denominator in the development of OSCC. Microarray analysis of gene expression in OSCC cell lines with high basal NF-κB activity and OSCC patient samples identified dysregulation of many genes involved in inflammation, wound healing, angiogenesis, and growth regulation. In particular IL-8, CCL5, STAT1, and VEGF gene expression was up-regulated in OSCC. Moreover, IL-8 protein levels were significantly higher in OSCC cell lines as compared with normal human oral keratinocytes. Targeting IL-8 expression by siRNA significantly reduced the survival of OSCC cells, indicating that it plays an important role in OSCC development and/or progression. Inhibiting the inflammatory pathway by aspirin and the proteasome/NF-κB pathway by bortezomib resulted in marked reduction in cell viability in OSCC lines. Taken together our studies indicate a strong link between inflammation and OSCC development and reveal IL-8 as a potential mediator. Treatment based on prevention of general inflammation and/or the NF-κB pathway shows promise in OSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailaja K. Rao
- From the Departments of Bioscience Research and
- Center for Integrative Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Zoran Pavicevic
- From the Departments of Bioscience Research and
- Center for Integrative Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Ziyun Du
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Center for Integrative Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | | | - Meiyun Fan
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Center for Integrative Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Yan Jiao
- Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, and
| | | | | | - Weikuan Gu
- Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, and
| | - Lawrence M. Pfeffer
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Center for Integrative Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Christopher A. Nosrat
- From the Departments of Bioscience Research and
- Center for Integrative Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
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