151
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Ajay Sharma L, Sharma A, Dias GJ. Advances in regeneration of dental pulp--a literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 6:85-98. [PMID: 23946258 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the biological response of dentin-pulp complexes to a variety of stimuli and responses to current treatment therapies and reviews the role of tissue engineering and its application in regenerative endodontics. An electronic search was undertaken based on keywords using Medline/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Ovid database resources up to March 2012 to identify appropriate articles, supplemented by a manual search using reference lists from relevant articles. Inclusion criteria were mainly based on different combinations of keywords and restricted to articles published in English language only. Biological approaches based on tissue engineering principles were found to offer the possibility of restoring natural tooth vitality, with distinct evidence that regeneration of lost dental tissues is possible. Studies to formulate an ideal restorative material with regenerative properties, however, are still under way. Further research with supporting clinical studies is required to identify the most effective and safe treatment therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Ajay Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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152
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Rai S, Kaur M, Kaur S. Applications of stem cells in interdisciplinary dentistry and beyond: an overview. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2013; 3:245-54. [PMID: 23919198 PMCID: PMC3728871 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In medicine stem cell–based treatments are being used in conditions like Parkinson's disease, neural degeneration following brain injury, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. In dentistry, recent exciting discoveries have isolated dental stem cells from the pulp of the deciduous and permanent teeth, from the periodontal ligament, and an associated healthy tooth structure, to cure a number of diseases. The aim of the study was to review the applications of stem cells in various fields of dentistry, with emphasis on its banking, and to understand how dental stem cells can be used for regeneration of oral and non-oral tissues conversely. A Medline search was done including the international literature published between 1989 and 2011. It was restricted to English language articles and published work of past researchers including in vitro and in vivo studies. Google search on dental stem cell banking was also done. Our understanding of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the tissue engineering of systemic, dental, oral, and craniofacial structures has advanced tremendously. Dental professionals have the opportunity to make their patients aware of these new sources of stem cells that can be stored for future use, as new therapies are developed for a range of diseases and injuries. Recent findings and scientific research articles support the use of MSC autologously within teeth and other accessible tissue harvested from oral cavity without immunorejection. A future development of the application of stem cells in interdisciplinary dentistry requires a comprehensive research program.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rai
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Kadrabad, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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153
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Kim SG, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Chen M, Embree MC, Song K, Jiang N, Mao JJ. Dentin and dental pulp regeneration by the patient's endogenous cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 28:106-117. [PMID: 24976816 DOI: 10.1111/etp.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The goal of regenerative endodontics is to restore the functions of the dental pulp-dentin complex. Two approaches are being applied toward dental pulp-dentin regeneration: cell transplantation and cell homing. The majority of previous approaches are based on cell transplantation by delivering ex vivo cultivated cells toward dental pulp or dentin regeneration. Many hurdles limit the clinical translation of cell transplantation such as the difficulty of acquiring and isolating viable cells, uncertainty of what cells or what fractions of cells to use, excessive cost of cell manipulation and transportation, and the risk of immune rejection, pathogen transmission, and tumorigenesis in associated with ex vivo cell manipulation. In contrast, cell homing relies on induced chemotaxis of endogenous cells and therefore circumvents many of the difficulties that are associated with cell transplantation. An array of proteins, peptides, and chemical compounds that are yet to be identified may orchestrate endogenous cells to regenerate dental pulp-dentin complex. Both cell transplantation and cell homing are scientifically valid approaches; however, cell homing offers a number of advantages that are compatible with the development of clinical therapies for dental pulp-dentin regeneration.
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154
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Sede MA, Audu O, Azodo CC. Stem cells in dentistry: knowledge and attitude of Nigerian dentists. BMC Oral Health 2013; 13:27. [PMID: 23767980 PMCID: PMC3686702 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-13-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several controversies exist about the methods of harvesting and eventual utilization of stem cells in Medicine and Dentistry. The objective of the study was to investigate the awareness, attitude and knowledge of the use of stem cells in Dentistry among Nigerian Dentists. Methods This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among dentists selected from both private and public health sectors, in some of the major cities in Nigeria. Results The majority of the participants were ≤35 years in age, male, Pentecostal Christians, possessed a postgraduate qualification, had practiced for ≤5 years and were specialists or specializing. In this study, 153(81.0%) of the participants reported awareness about the use of stem cells in dentistry which was significantly associated with qualification and type of practice. Most of the respondents 114 (60.3%) had a poor knowledge of the use of stem cells in Dentistry. This was significantly associated with type of practice and awareness about stem cell use in dentistry but binary logistic regression showed awareness as the only determinant of knowledge. About three-quarters 142 (75.1%) of the participants exhibited positive attitude towards stem cell use. This had a positive non-significant association with knowledge and reported awareness. Conclusion Data from this study revealed a high level of awareness, positive attitude to and poor knowledge of the use of stem cells in Dentistry among a cross section of Nigerian Dentists.
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155
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Varalakshmi PR, Kavitha M, Govindan R, Narasimhan S. Effect of Statins with α-Tricalcium Phosphate on Proliferation, Differentiation, and Mineralization of Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2013; 39:806-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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156
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Rai S, Kaur M, Kaur S, Arora SP. Redefining the potential applications of dental stem cells: An asset for future. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2013; 18:276-84. [PMID: 23716933 PMCID: PMC3656514 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.107976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent exciting discoveries isolated dental stem cells from the pulp of the primary and permanent teeth, from the periodontal ligament, and from associated healthy tissues. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) represent a kind of adult cell colony which has the potent capacity of self-renewing and multilineage differentiation. Stem cell-based tooth engineering is deemed as a promising approach to the making of a biological tooth (bio-tooth) or engineering of functional tooth structures. Dental professionals have the opportunity to make their patients aware of these new sources of stem cells that can be stored for future use as new therapies are developed for a range of diseases and injuries. The aim of this article is to review and understand how dental stem cells are being used for regeneration of oral and conversely nonoral tissues. A brief review on banking is also done for storing of these valuable stem cells for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Rai
- Departments of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Kadrabad, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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157
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Güven EP, Taşlı PN, Yalvac ME, Sofiev N, Kayahan MB, Sahin F. In vitrocomparison of induction capacity and biomineralization ability of mineral trioxide aggregate and a bioceramic root canal sealer. Int Endod J 2013; 46:1173-82. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. P. Güven
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Yeditepe University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - P. N. Taşlı
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering; Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; Yeditepe University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - M. E. Yalvac
- Center for Gene Therapy; Department of Pediatrics; The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
| | - N. Sofiev
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Faculty of Dentistry; Istanbul University; Capa; Istanbul Turkey
| | - M. B. Kayahan
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Yeditepe University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - F. Sahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering; Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; Yeditepe University; Istanbul Turkey
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158
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Hargreaves KM, Diogenes A, Teixeira FB. Treatment options: biological basis of regenerative endodontic procedures. J Endod 2013; 39:S30-43. [PMID: 23439043 PMCID: PMC3589799 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dental trauma occurs frequently in children and often can lead to pulpal necrosis. The occurrence of pulpal necrosis in the permanent but immature tooth represents a challenging clinical situation because the thin and often short roots increase the risk of subsequent fracture. Current approaches for treating the traumatized immature tooth with pulpal necrosis do not reliably achieve the desired clinical outcomes, consisting of healing of apical periodontitis, promotion of continued root development, and restoration of the functional competence of pulpal tissue. An optimal approach for treating the immature permanent tooth with a necrotic pulp would be to regenerate functional pulpal tissue. This review summarizes the current literature supporting a biological rationale for considering regenerative endodontic treatment procedures in treating the immature permanent tooth with pulp necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Hargreaves
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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159
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Kim SG, Zhou J, Solomon C, Zheng Y, Suzuki T, Chen M, Song S, Jiang N, Cho S, Mao JJ. Effects of growth factors on dental stem/progenitor cells. Dent Clin North Am 2013; 56:563-75. [PMID: 22835538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The primary goal of regenerative endodontics is to restore the vitality and functions of the dentin-pulp complex, as opposed to filing of the root canal with bioinert materials. A myriad of growth factors regulates multiple cellular functions including migration, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of several cell types intimately involved in dentin-pulp regeneration. Recent work showing that growth factor delivery, without cell transplantation, can yield pulp-dentin-like tissues in vivo provides one of the tangible pathways for regenerative endodontics. This review synthesizes knowledge on many growth factors that are known or anticipated to be efficacious in dental pulp-dentin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahng G Kim
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, PH7E, New York, NY 10032, USA
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160
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Na S, Zhang H, Huang F, Wang W, Ding Y, Li D, Jin Y. Regeneration of dental pulp/dentine complex with a three-dimensional and scaffold-free stem-cell sheet-derived pellet. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:261-70. [PMID: 23365018 DOI: 10.1002/term.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dental pulp/dentine complex regeneration is indispensable to the construction of biotissue-engineered tooth roots and represents a promising approach to therapy for irreversible pulpitis. We used a tissue-engineering method based on odontogenic stem cells to design a three-dimensional (3D) and scaffold-free stem-cell sheet-derived pellet (CSDP) with the necessary physical and biological properties. Stem cells were isolated and identified and stem cells from root apical papilla (SCAPs)-based CSDPs were then fabricated and examined. Compact cell aggregates containing a high proportion of extracellular matrix (ECM) components were observed, and the CSDP culture time was prolonged. The expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), dentine sialoprotein (DSPP), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and runt-related gene 2 (RUNX2) mRNA was higher in CSDPs than in cell sheets (CSs), indicating that CSDPs have greater odonto/osteogenic potential. To further investigate this hypothesis, CSDPs and CSs were inserted into human treated dentine matrix fragments (hTDMFs) and transplanted into the subcutaneous space in the backs of immunodeficient mice, where they were cultured in vivo for 6 weeks. The root space with CSDPs was filled entirely with a dental pulp-like tissue with well-established vascularity, and a continuous layer of dentine-like tissue was deposited onto the existing dentine. A layer of odontoblast-like cells was found to express DSPP, ALP and BSP, and human mitochondria lined the surface of the newly formed dentine-like tissue. These results clearly indicate that SCAP-CSDPs with a mount of endogenous ECM have a strong capacity to form a heterotopic dental pulp/dentine complex in empty root canals; this method can be used in the fabrication of bioengineered dental roots and also provides an alternative treatment approach for pulp disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Na
- Research and Development Centre for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Hei Longjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Research and Development Centre for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Hei Longjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Hei Longjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Ding
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dechao Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Hei Longjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jin
- Research and Development Centre for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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161
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Characterisation of dental pulp stem cells: A new horizon for tissue regeneration? Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1439-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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162
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Ohira T, Spear D, Azimi N, Andreeva V, Yelick PC. Chemerin-ChemR23 signaling in tooth development. J Dent Res 2012; 91:1147-53. [PMID: 23053848 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512464777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our long-term goal is to identify and characterize molecular mechanisms regulating tooth development, including those mediating the critical dental epithelial-dental mesenchymal (DE-DM) cell interactions required for normal tooth development. The goal of this study was to investigate Chemerin (Rarres2)/ChemR23(Cmklr1) signaling in DE-DM cell interactions in normal tooth development. Here we present, for the first time, tissue-specific expression patterns of Chemerin and ChemR23 in mouse tooth development. We show that Chemerin is expressed in cultured DE progenitor cells, while ChemR23 is expressed in cultured DM cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that ribosomal protein S6 (rS6) and Akt, downstream targets of Chemerin/ChemR23 signaling, are phosphorylated in response to Chemerin/ChemR23 signaling in vitro and are expressed in mouse tooth development. Together, these results suggest roles for Chemerin/ChemR23-mediated DE-DM cell signaling during tooth morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohira
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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163
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Sunil P, Manikandhan R, Muthu M, Abraham S. Stem cell therapy in oral and maxillofacial region: An overview. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2012; 16:58-63. [PMID: 22434942 PMCID: PMC3303525 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.92975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells with unique capacity for self-renewal and potency are called stem cells. With appropriate biochemical signals stem cells can be transformed into desirable cells. The idea behind this article is to shortly review the obtained literature on stem cell with respect to their properties, types and advantages of dental stem cells. Emphasis has been given to the possibilities of stem cell therapy in the oral and maxillofacial region including regeneration of tooth and craniofacial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pm Sunil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Rajah Mutiah Dental College, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, India
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164
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Oh SH, Hwang YC, Yang H, Kang JH, Hur SW, Jung NR, Jang WG, Lee KN, Oh WM, Park JC, Kim SH, Koh JT. SHP is involved in BMP2-induced odontoblast differentiation. J Dent Res 2012; 91:1124-9. [PMID: 23010719 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512461916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP) interacts with diverse transcription factors such as Runx2 and regulates many cellular events including differentiation, proliferation, and energy metabolism. SHP is reported to be a positive regulator of BMP2-induced bone formation. This study aimed to clarify the role of SHP in odontoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization. Rat tooth germs were isolated, and gene expression was determined by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Localization of SHP protein expression was identified by immunofluorescent analysis. Primary human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) were cultured with BMP2 and/or Ad-siSHP. Matrix mineralization was evaluated by Alizarin red staining. Transient transfection experiment was performed with the SHP or Dlx5 expressional plasmids and the DSPP gene. In tooth germs from post-natal days 3 to 9, BMP-2 and SHP expression increased with DSPP and DMP1 mRNA expression. In an immunostaining study, SHP was expressed in odontoblasts and surrounding osteoblasts. When HDPCs were cultured with BMP2 in mineralization-inducing medium, SHP expression also increased with an increase in DSPP expression. Down-regulation of SHP by Ad-siSHP inhibited matrix mineralization. In transient transfection experiments, overexpression of SHP was shown to enhance DSPP promoter activity through interactions between SHP and Dlx5. These results suggest that SHP may mediate BMP2 signaling to promote mineralization of the dentin matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Oh
- Dental Science Research Institute and the BK21 Project, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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165
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Staines KA, MacRae VE, Farquharson C. The importance of the SIBLING family of proteins on skeletal mineralisation and bone remodelling. J Endocrinol 2012; 214:241-55. [PMID: 22700194 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family consists of osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, dentin matrix protein 1, dentin sialophosphoprotein and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein. These proteins share many structural characteristics and are primarily located in bone and dentin. Accumulating evidence has implicated the SIBLING proteins in matrix mineralisation. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the individual role that each of the SIBLING proteins has in this highly orchestrated process. In particular, we emphasise how the nature and extent of their proteolytic processing and post-translational modification affect their functional role. Finally, we describe the likely roles of the SIBLING proteins in clinical disorders of hypophosphataemia and their potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Staines
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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166
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Ji K, Liu Y, Lu W, Yang F, Yu J, Wang X, Ma Q, Yang Z, Wen L, Xuan K. Periodontal tissue engineering with stem cells from the periodontal ligament of human retained deciduous teeth. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:105-16. [PMID: 22881344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontal ligament stem cells from human permanent teeth (PePDLSCs) have been investigated extensively in periodontal tissue engineering and regeneration. However, little knowledge is available on the periodontal ligament stem cells from human retained deciduous teeth (DePDLSCs). This study evaluated the potential of DePDLSCs in periodontal tissue regeneration. MATERIAL AND METHODS DePDLSCs were isolated and purified by limited dilution. The characteristics of DePDLSCs were evaluated and compared with PePDLSCs both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS DePDLSCs presented a higher proliferation rate and colony-forming capacity than PePDLSCs in vitro. During the osteogenic induction, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralized matrix formation and expression of mineralization-related genes, including runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), ALP, collagen type I (COLI) and osteocalcin (OCN) were significantly enhanced in DePDLSCs compared with PePDLSCs. Furthermore, DePDLSC cell sheets showed a stronger synthesis of collagen type I in the extracellular matrix than did PePDLSC cell sheets. After in vivo transplantation, DePDLSC cell sheets recombined with human dentin blocks were able to generate new cementum/periodontal ligament-like tissues. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that DePDLSCs can be used as a promising candidate for periodontal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ji
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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167
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Yun YR, Jeon E, Lee S, Kang W, Kim SG, Kim HW, Suh CK, Jang JH. Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a Dentin Phosphoprotein Produced by Escherichia coli, and Its Odontoblastic Differentiation Effects on Human Dental Pulp Cells. Protein J 2012; 31:504-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-012-9430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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168
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Dental stem cells for craniofacial tissue engineering. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 113:728-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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169
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Zheng Y, Wang XY, Wang YM, Liu XY, Zhang CM, Hou BX, Wang SL. Dentin regeneration using deciduous pulp stem/progenitor cells. J Dent Res 2012; 91:676-82. [PMID: 22660968 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512449834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reparative dentin formation is essential for maintaining the integrity of dentin structure during disease or trauma. In this study, we investigated stem/progenitor cell-based tissue engineering for dentin regeneration in a large animal model. Porcine deciduous pulp stem/progenitor cells (PDPSCs) were mixed with a beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold for dentin regeneration. Different concentrations of PDPSCs were tested to determine the optimal density for dentin regeneration. Aliquots of 5×10(5) PDPSCs in 1 mL resulted in the highest number of cells attached to the scaffold and the greatest alkaline phosphatase activity. We labeled PDPSCs with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and used the optimal cell numbers mixed with β-TCP to repair pulp chamber roof defects in the premolars of swine. Four weeks after transplantation, GFP-positive PDPSCs were observed in PDPSC-embedded scaffold constructs. At 16 weeks after transplantation, the PDPSCs mixed with β-TCP significantly regenerated the dentin-like structures and nearly completely restored the pulp chamber roof defects. This study demonstrated that the PDPSC/scaffold construct was useful in direct pulp-capping and provides pre-clinical evidence for stem/progenitor cell-based dentin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zheng
- Department of Endodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing, China
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170
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Ilić J, Radović K, Roganović J, Brković B, Stojić D. The Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 in Dental Pulp Tissue of Healthy and Diabetic Patients. J Endod 2012; 38:764-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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171
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Atari M, Gil-Recio C, Fabregat M, García-Fernández D, Barajas M, Carrasco MA, Jung HS, Alfaro FH, Casals N, Prosper F, Ferrés-Padró E, Giner L. Dental pulp of the third molar: a new source of pluripotent-like stem cells. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3343-56. [PMID: 22467856 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.096537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp is particularly interesting in regenerative medicine because of the accessibility and differentiation potential of the tissue. Dental pulp has an early developmental origin with multi-lineage differentiation potential as a result of its development during childhood and adolescence. However, no study has previously identified the presence of stem cell populations with embryonic-like phenotypes in human dental pulp from the third molar. In the present work, we describe a new population of dental pulp pluripotent-like stem cells (DPPSCs) that were isolated by culture in medium containing LIF, EGF and PDGF. These cells are SSEA4(+), OCT3/4(+), NANOG(+), SOX2(+), LIN28(+), CD13(+), CD105(+), CD34(-), CD45(-), CD90(+), CD29(+), CD73(+), STRO1(+) and CD146(-), and they show genetic stability in vitro based on genomic analysis with a newly described CGH technique. Interestingly, DPPSCs were able to form both embryoid-body-like structures (EBs) in vitro and teratoma-like structures that contained tissues derived from all three embryonic germ layers when injected in nude mice. We examined the capacity of DPPSCs to differentiate in vitro into tissues that have similar characteristics to mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm layers in both 2D and 3D cultures. We performed a comparative RT-PCR analysis of GATA4, GATA6, MIXL1, NANOG, OCT3/4, SOX1 and SOX2 to determine the degree of similarity between DPPSCs, EBs and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSCs). Our analysis revealed that DPPSCs, hIPSC and EBs have the same gene expression profile. Because DPPSCs can be derived from healthy human molars from patients of different sexes and ages, they represent an easily accessible source of stem cells, which opens a range of new possibilities for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Atari
- Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, College of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona 08009, Spain.
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172
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Wang P, Wei X, Zhou Y, Wang YP, Yang K, Zhang FJ, Jiang R. Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp cells in vitro. Aust Dent J 2012; 57:157-65. [PMID: 22624755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2012.01672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) have the potency to proliferate and differentiate into odontoblasts and play an important role in dentine formation and reparation. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on the proliferation and differentiation of hDPCs. METHODS hDPCs were incubated with different concentrations of ginsenoside Rg1 (0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L). The effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on the proliferative ability of hDPCs were evaluated by a fibroblast colony forming test, MTT assay and flow cytometry for cell cycle. The control group, osteogenic induction group, ginsenoside Rg1 (5 μmol/L) group and combination group were designed, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and FQ-PCR for gene expressions of dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP1) were performed to evaluate the differentiation of hDPCs. RESULTS The proliferative ability of hDPCs in ginsenoside Rg1 was significantly enhanced (p < 0.05), especially in the ginsenoside Rg1 (5 μmol/L) group. ALP activity and gene expressions of DSPP and DMP1 were increased in the induction group, ginsenoside Rg1 group, and their combination group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that ginsenoside Rg1 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of hDPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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173
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Leprince JG, Zeitlin BD, Tolar M, Peters OA. Interactions between immune system and mesenchymal stem cells in dental pulp and periapical tissues. Int Endod J 2012; 45:689-701. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yun YR, Kim HW, Kang W, Jeon E, Lee S, Lee HY, Kim CH, Jang JH. Expression and purification recombinant human dentin sialoprotein in Escherichia coli and its effects on human dental pulp cells. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 83:47-51. [PMID: 22445741 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dentin sialoprotein (DSP) is cleaved from dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and most abundant dentinal non-collagenous proteins in dentin. DSP is believed to participate in differentiation and mineralization of cells. In this study, we first constructed recombinant human DSP (rhDSP) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and investigated its odontoblastic differentiation effects on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). Cell adhesion activity was measured by crystal violet assay and cell proliferation activity was measured by MTT assay. To assess mineralization activity of rhDSP, Alizarin Red S staining was performed. In addition, the mRNA levels of collagen type І (Col І), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin (OCN) were measured due to their use as mineralization markers for odontoblast-/osteoblast-like differentiation of hDPCs. The obtained rhDSP in E. coli was approximately identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Initially, rhDSP significantly enhanced hDPCs adhesion activity and proliferation (p<0.05). In Alizarin Red S staining, stained hDPCs increased in a time-dependent manner. This odontoblastic differentiation activity was also verified through mRNA levels of odontoblast-related markers. Here, we first demonstrated that rhDSP may be an important regulatory ECM in determining the hDPCs fate including cell adhesion, proliferation, and odontoblastic differentiation activity. These findings indicate that rhDSP can induce growth and differentiation on hDPCs, leading to improve tooth repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Rang Yun
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
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175
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Andukuri A, Vines JB, Anderson JM, Jun HW. Supramolecular Systems for Tissue Engineering. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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176
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Kim BC, Bae H, Kwon IK, Lee EJ, Park JH, Khademhosseini A, Hwang YS. Osteoblastic/cementoblastic and neural differentiation of dental stem cells and their applications to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:235-44. [PMID: 22224548 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, dental stem and progenitor cells have been harvested from periodontal tissues such as dental pulp, periodontal ligament, follicle, and papilla. These cells have received extensive attention in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their accessibility and multilineage differentiation capacity. These dental stem and progenitor cells are known to be derived from ectomesenchymal origin formed during tooth development. A great deal of research has been accomplished for directing osteoblastic/cementoblastic differentiation and neural differentiation from dental stem cells. To differentiate dental stem cells for use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, there needs to be efficient in vitro differentiation toward the osteoblastic/cementoblastic and neural lineage with well-defined and proficient protocols. This would reduce the likelihood of spontaneous differentiation into divergent lineages and increase the available cell source. This review focuses on the multilineage differentiation capacity, especially into osteoblastic/cementoblastic lineage and neural lineages, of dental stem cells such as dental pulp stem cells (DPSC), dental follicle stem cells (DFSC), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC), and dental papilla stem cells (DPPSC). It also covers various experimental strategies that could be used to direct lineage-specific differentiation, and their potential applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Chul Kim
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Possible Involvement of Smad Signaling Pathways in Induction of Odontoblastic Properties in KN-3 Cells by Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2: A Growth Factor to Induce Dentin Regeneration. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:258469. [PMID: 22505896 PMCID: PMC3299296 DOI: 10.1155/2012/258469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) on growth, differentiation, and intracellular signaling pathways of odontoblast-like cells, KN-3 cells, to clarify molecular mechanisms of odontoblast differentiation during pulp regeneration process. After treatment with BMP-2, the cell morphology, growth, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and the activation and expression of BMP-induced intracellular signaling molecules, such as Smad1/5/8 and Smad6/7, as well as activities of dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), were examined. BMP-2 had no effects on the morphology, growth, or ALP activity of KN-3 cells, whereas it induced the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 and expression of Smad6/7. BMP-2 also induced the expressions of DSP and DMP-1. Our results suggest that KN-3 cells may express an odontoblastic phenotype with the addition of BMP-2 through the activation of Smad signaling pathways.
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178
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Rosa V, Della Bona A, Cavalcanti BN, Nör JE. Tissue engineering: from research to dental clinics. Dent Mater 2012; 28:341-8. [PMID: 22240278 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that combines the principles of engineering, material and biological sciences toward the development of therapeutic strategies and biological substitutes that restore, maintain, replace or improve biological functions. The association of biomaterials, stem cells, growth and differentiation factors has yielded the development of new treatment opportunities in most of the biomedical areas, including Dentistry. The objective of this paper is to present the principles underlying tissue engineering and the current scenario, the challenges and the perspectives of this area in Dentistry. SIGNIFICANCE The growth of tissue engineering as a research field has provided a novel set of therapeutic strategies for biomedical applications. Indeed, tissue engineering may lead to new strategies for the clinical management of patients with dental and craniofacial needs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Rosa
- Post-graduate Program in Dentistry, Dental School, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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179
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Mori G, Ballini A, Carbone C, Oranger A, Brunetti G, Di Benedetto A, Rapone B, Cantore S, Di Comite M, Colucci S, Grano M, Grassi FR. Osteogenic differentiation of dental follicle stem cells. Int J Med Sci 2012; 9:480-7. [PMID: 22927773 PMCID: PMC3427952 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cells are defined as clonogenic cells capable of self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation. A population of these cells has been identified in human Dental Follicle (DF). Dental Follicle Stem Cells (DFSCs) were found in pediatric unerupted wisdom teeth and have been shown to differentiate, under particular conditions, into various cell types of the mesenchymal tissues. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate if cells isolated from DF show stem features, differentiate toward osteoblastic phenotype and express osteoblastic markers. METHODS We studied the immunophenotype of DFSCs by flow cytometric analysis, the osteoblastic markers of differentiated DFSCs were assayed by histochemical methods and real-time PCR. RESULTS We demonstrated that DFSCs expressed a heterogeneous assortment of makers associated with stemness. Moreover DFSCs differentiated into osteoblast-like cells, producing mineralized matrix nodules and expressed the typical osteoblastic markers, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Collagen I (Coll I). CONCLUSION This study suggests that DFSCs may provide a cell source for tissue engineering of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Mori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Foggia, Italy.
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180
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Qin W, Yang F, Deng R, Li D, Song Z, Tian Y, Wang R, Ling J, Lin Z. Smad 1/5 Is Involved in Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2–induced Odontoblastic Differentiation in Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2012; 38:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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181
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Catón J, Bostanci N, Remboutsika E, De Bari C, Mitsiadis TA. Future dentistry: cell therapy meets tooth and periodontal repair and regeneration. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:1054-65. [PMID: 21199329 PMCID: PMC3822618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based tissue repair of the tooth and – tooth-supporting – periodontal ligament (PDL) is a new attractive approach that complements traditional restorative or surgical techniques for replacement of injured or pathologically damaged tissues. In such therapeutic approaches, stem cells and/or progenitor cells are manipulated in vitro and administered to patients as living and dynamic biological agents. In this review, we discuss the clonogenic potential of human dental and periodontal tissues such as the dental pulp and the PDL and their potential for tooth and periodontal repair and/or regeneration. We propose novel therapeutic approaches using stem cells or progenitor cells, which are targeted to regenerate the lost dental or periodontal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Catón
- Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
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182
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Telles PD, Machado MADAM, Sakai VT, Nör JE. Pulp tissue from primary teeth: new source of stem cells. J Appl Oral Sci 2011; 19:189-94. [PMID: 21625731 PMCID: PMC4234327 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572011000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SHED (stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth) represent a population of
postnatal stem cells capable of extensive proliferation and multipotential
differentiation. Primary teeth may be an ideal source of postnatal stem cells to
regenerate tooth structures and bone, and possibly to treat neural tissue injury or
degenerative diseases. SHED are highly proliferative cells derived from an accessible
tissue source, and therefore hold potential for providing enough cells for clinical
applications. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about dental pulp
stem cells and discuss tissue engineering approaches that use SHED to replace
irreversibly inflamed or necrotic pulps with a healthy and functionally competent
tissue that is capable of forming new dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Dias Telles
- Department of Community Dentistry and Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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183
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Local regeneration of dentin-pulp complex using controlled release of fgf-2 and naturally derived sponge-like scaffolds. Int J Dent 2011; 2012:190561. [PMID: 22174717 PMCID: PMC3227515 DOI: 10.1155/2012/190561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Restorative and endodontic procedures have been recently developed in an attempt to preserve the vitality of dental pulp after exposure to external stimuli, such as caries infection or traumatic injury. When damage to dental pulp is reversible, pulp wound healing can proceed, whereas irreversible damage induces pathological changes in dental pulp, eventually requiring its removal. Nonvital teeth lose their defensive abilities and become severely damaged, resulting in extraction. Development of regeneration therapy for the dentin-pulp complex is important to overcome limitations with presently available therapies. Three strategies to regenerate the dentin-pulp complex have been proposed; regeneration of the entire tooth, local regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex from amputated dental pulp, and regeneration of dental pulp from apical dental pulp or periapical tissues. In this paper, we focus on the local regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex by application of exogenous growth factors and scaffolds to amputated dental pulp.
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184
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Xie H, Liu H. A novel mixed-type stem cell pellet for cementum/periodontal ligament-like complex. J Periodontol 2011; 83:805-15. [PMID: 22014173 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional tissue regeneration underscores the construction of favorable extracellular matrix environment and neovascularization. In this study, we propose a mixed-type stem cell-pellet cultivation system for human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) to recreate a favorable regeneration microenvironment. METHODS The hPDLSCs were cocultured with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) and mixed by osteoinduced ceramic bovine bone (CBB) powder as a mixed-type stem cell sheet. The influence of osteoinduced CBB on hPDLSCs was analyzed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteogenic differentiation assays. The effects of hBMMSCs on hPDLSCs were estimated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen, ALP, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot assays. The mixed-cell sheet was the preliminary observations in vitro that laid the foundation for additional implantation. After the cells were detached, the mixed-type sheet spontaneously contracted to produce a mixed-type stem cell pellet, which was transplanted into immunocompromised mice. RESULTS In vitro, the results showed that osteoinduced CBB could upregulate ALP activity and accelerate mineralization of hPDLSCs. When the hPDLSCs were cocultured with hBMMSCs, the ALP activity and proliferation kinetics were upregulated and also indicated in the expression of collagen I, osteocalcin, and vascular endothelial growth factor. It was found that, in vivo, the mixed-type hPDLSC pellets support cementum/periodontal ligament (PDL)-like tissue regeneration with neovascularization. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the mixed-type hPDLSC pellet could mimic the microenvironment of PDL and enhance the reconstruction of physiologic architecture of a dental cementum/PDL-like complex. This tissue mimicking may also be a promising alternative to promote periodontal defect repair for additional clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xie
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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185
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Regeneration Approaches for Dental Pulp and Periapical Tissues with Growth Factors, Biomaterials, and Laser Irradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/polym3041776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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186
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Suh JS, Kim KS, Lee JY, Choi YJ, Chung CP, Park YJ. A cell-permeable fusion protein for the mineralization of human dental pulp stem cells. J Dent Res 2011; 91:90-6. [PMID: 21990606 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511424746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are the only mesenchymal stem cells in pulp tissue that can differentiate into osteoblasts, odontoblasts, and adipose cells. The transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) protein has been reported to modulate osteogenic differentiation in mouse MSCs. Therefore, we examined whether the TAZ protein plays the same role in human pulp stem cells. In this study, TAZ was applied to cells directly with low-molecular-weight protamine (LMWP) as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). The LMWP-TAZ fusion proteins were expressed in an E. coli system with a pET-21b vector and efficiently transferred into hDPSCs without producing toxicity in the cells. The efficient uptake of TAZ was shown by Western blot with an anti-TAZ antibody, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and confocal microscopy in live cells. The delivered TAZ protein increased osteogenic differentiation, as confirmed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. In addition, TAZ also inhibited adipogenic differentiation, regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) mRNA levels. These in vitro studies suggest that cell-permeable TAZ may be used as a specific regulator of hard-tissue differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Suh
- Dental Regenerative Biotechnology, Seoul National University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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187
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Hara K, Yamada Y, Nakamura S, Umemura E, Ito K, Ueda M. Potential characteristics of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth compared with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for mineralized tissue-forming cell biology. J Endod 2011; 37:1647-52. [PMID: 22099898 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine using stem cell biology has been a promising field for treatment of local and systemic intractable diseases. Recently, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have been identified as a novel population of stem cells. This study focused on the characterization of SHED as compared with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). METHODS We investigated potential characteristics of SHED by using DNA microarray, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS Multiple gene expression profiles indicated that the expression of 2753 genes in SHED had changed by ≥2.0-fold as compared with that in BMMSCs. One of the most significant pathways that accelerated in SHED was that of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor signaling, which contains several cascades such as PKA, JNK, and ASK1. When the BMP signaling pathway was stimulated by BMP-2, the expression of BMP-2, BMP-4, Runx2, and DSPP was up-regulated significantly in SHED than that in BMMSCs. Furthermore, the BMP-4 protein was expressed much higher in SHED but not in BMMSCs, as confirmed by immunofluorescence. CONCLUSIONS By using the gene expression profiles, this study indicates that SHED is involved in the BMP signaling pathway and suggests that BMP-4 might play a crucial role in this. These results might be useful for effective cell-based tissue regeneration, including that of bone, pulp, and dentin, by applying the characteristics of SHED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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188
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Lee JH, Lee DS, Choung HW, Shon WJ, Seo BM, Lee EH, Cho JY, Park JC. Odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells induced by preameloblast-derived factors. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9696-706. [PMID: 21925730 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of odontoblasts is initiated by the organization of differentiating ameloblasts during tooth formation. However, the exact roles of ameloblast-derived factors in odontoblast differentiation have not yet been characterized. We investigated the effects of preameloblast-conditioned medium (PA-CM) on the odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we analyzed the PA-CM by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify novel factors that facilitate odontoblast differentiation. In the co-culture of MDPC-23 cells or hDPSCs with mouse apical bud cells (ABCs), ABCs promoted differentiation of odontoblastic MDPC-23 cells and facilitated odontoblast differentiation of hDPSCs. PA-CM, CM from ABCs after 3 days culture, was most effective in increasing the dentin sialophosphoprotein promoter activity of odontoblastic MDPC-23 cells. When PA-CM-treated hDPSCs were transplanted into immunocompromised mice, they generated pulp-like structures lined with human odontoblast-like cells showing typical odontoblast processes. However, during recombinant human bone morphogenenetic protein 2-treated hDPSCs transplantation, some of the cells were entrapped in mineralized matrix possessing osteocyte characteristics. After proteomic analyses, we identified 113 types of proteins in PA-CM, of which we characterized 23. The results show that preameloblast-derived factors induce the odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs and promote dentin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute, BK21 Project, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28 Yeongun-dong, Chongro-gu, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
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189
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Karaöz E, Demircan PC, Sağlam Ö, Aksoy A, Kaymaz F, Duruksu G. Human dental pulp stem cells demonstrate better neural and epithelial stem cell properties than bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:455-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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190
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Alsanea R, Ravindran S, Fayad MI, Johnson BR, Wenckus CS, Hao J, George A. Biomimetic approach to perforation repair using dental pulp stem cells and dentin matrix protein 1. J Endod 2011; 37:1092-7. [PMID: 21763900 PMCID: PMC3139150 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dentin regeneration could be an ideal treatment option to restore tissue function. This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) impregnated within a collagen scaffold to regenerate dentin. METHODS Simulated perforations were created in 18 dentin wafers made from freshly extracted human molars. Six groups were established. They were (1) empty wafers, (2) mineral trioxide aggregate, (3) collagen scaffold, (4) scaffold with DMP1, (5) scaffold with DPSCs, and (6) scaffold with DPSCs and DMP1. One sample was placed subcutaneously in each mouse with three mice in each group. After 12 weeks, the samples were subjected to radiographic, histological, and immunohistochemical evaluations. RESULTS DPSCs impregnated within a collagen scaffold differentiated into odontoblast-like cells forming a highly cellular, vascular, and mineralized matrix in the presence of DMP1. CONCLUSIONS A triad consisting of DPSCs, DMP1, and a collagen scaffold promotes dentin regeneration in a simulated perforation repair model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaa Alsanea
- Department of Endodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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191
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Nadig RR. Stem cell therapy - Hype or hope? A review. J Conserv Dent 2011; 12:131-8. [PMID: 20543921 PMCID: PMC2879724 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.58329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While the regeneration of a lost tissue is known to mankind for several years, it is only in the recent past that research on regenerative medicine/dentistry has gained momentum and eluded the dramatic yet scientific advancements in the field of molecular biology. The growing understanding of biological concepts in the regeneration of oral/dental tissues coupled with experiments on stem cells is likely to result in a paradigm shift in the therapeutic armamentarium of dental and oral diseases culminating in an intense search for “biological solutions to biological problems.” Stem cells have been successfully isolated from variety of human tissues including orofacial tissues. Initial evidence from pioneering studies has documented the likely breakthrough that stem cells offer for various life-threatening diseases that have so far defeated modern medical care. The evidence gathered so far has propelled many elegant studies exploring the role of stem cells and their manifold dental applications. This review takes you on a sojourn of the origin of stem cells, their properties, characteristics, current research, and their potential applications. It also focuses on the various challenges and barriers that we have to surmount before translating laboratory results to successful clinical applications heralding the dawn of regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa R Nadig
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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192
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Dentinogenic capacity: immature root papilla stem cells versus mature root pulp stem cells. Biol Cell 2011; 103:185-96. [PMID: 21323645 DOI: 10.1042/bc20100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Immature dental papilla stem cells and mature dental pulp stem cells are capable of performing the dentinogenesis under suitable circumstances. However, a dentinogenic comparison between immature and mature dental root stem cells remains unknown. RESULTS iRPSCs (immature root papilla stem cells) at the root-forming stage and mRPSCs (mature root pulp stem cells) at the root-completed stage were isolated from 16-day-old and 8-week-old rat first molar roots, respectively. Growth kinetics and flow cytometry results showed that iRPSCs presented more active proliferation properties than mRPSCs. Their odontoblastic differentiation and dentinogenic potential were subsequently compared both in vitro and in vivo. iRPSCs exhibited a more potent odontoblastic differentiation than mRPSCs in vitro, as indicated by the higher levels of gene expression for dentin sialophosphoprotein and ALP (alkaline phosphatase), increased protein expression of dentin sialoprotein and runt-related transcription factor 2, decreased gene/protein expression for osterix/osteocalcin (osteogenic markers), elevated ALP activity and enhanced calcium deposition in the mineralization-inducing media. Allotransplantation results demonstrated that all iRPSCs pellets in vivo performed typical dentinogenesis, whereas mRPSCs pellets mainly produced bone-like tissues. CONCLUSION iRPSCs presented stronger dentinogenesis but weaker osteogenesis than did mRPSCs, suggesting that the dentinogenic competence of root mesenchymal stem cells decreases, whereas their osteogenic potential the increases following the maturation of the tooth root.
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193
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Liu HC, E LL, Wang DS, Su F, Wu X, Shi ZP, Lv Y, Wang JZ. Reconstruction of alveolar bone defects using bone morphogenetic protein 2 mediated rabbit dental pulp stem cells seeded on nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen/poly(L-lactide). Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2417-33. [PMID: 21563858 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of a tissue-engineered bone complex of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2)-mediated dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen/poly(L-lactide) (nHAC/PLA) to reconstruct critical-size alveolar bone defects in New Zealand rabbit. Autologous DPSCs were isolated from rabbit dental pulp tissue and expanded ex vivo to enrich DPSCs numbers, and then their attachment and differentiation capability were evaluated when cultured on the culture plate or nHAC/PLA. The alveolar bone defects were treated with nHAC/PLA, nHAC/PLA+rhBMP-2, nHAC/PLA+DPSCs, nHAC/PLA+DPSCs+rhBMP-2, and autogenous bone (AB) obtained from iliac bone or were left untreated as a control. X-ray and a polychrome sequential fluorescent labeling were performed postoperatively and the animals were sacrificed 12 weeks after operation for histological observation and histomorphometric analysis. Our results showed that DPSCs expressed STRO-1 and vementin, and favored osteogenesis and adipogenesis in conditioned media. DPSCs attached and spread well, and retained their osteogenic phenotypes on nHAC/PLA. The rhBMP-2 could significantly increase protein content, alkaline phosphatase activity/protein, osteocalcin content, and mineral formation of DPSCs cultured on nHAC/PLA. The X-ray graph, the fluorescent, histological observation, and histomorphometric analysis showed that the nHAC/PLA+DPSCs+rhBMP-2 tissue-engineered bone complex had an earlier mineralization and more bone formation inside the scaffold than nHAC/PLA, nHAC/PLA+rhBMP-2, and nHAC/PLA+DPSCs, or even autologous bone. Implanted DPSCs' contribution to new bone was detected through transfected eGFP genes. Our findings indicated that stem cells existed in adult rabbit dental pulp tissue. The rhBMP-2 promoted osteogenic capability of DPSCs as a potential cell source for periodontal bone regeneration. The nHAC/PLA could serve as a good scaffold for autologous DPSC seeding, proliferation, and differentiation. The tissue-engineered bone complex with nHAC/PLA, rhBMP-2, and autologous DPSCs might be a better alternative to autologous bone for the clinical reconstruction of periodontal bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Chen Liu
- Institute of Stomatology, Chinese People Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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194
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Galler KM, D'Souza RN. Tissue engineering approaches for regenerative dentistry. Regen Med 2011; 6:111-24. [PMID: 21175291 DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although teeth can withstand enormous abrasive forces, they are susceptible to damage due to trauma, acids and bacterial attack. Conventional treatment relies on synthetic materials to fill defects and replace whole teeth, but these remain substitutes and cannot restore the tissues' physiological architecture and function. With the isolation of postnatal stem cells from various sources in the oral cavity and the development of smart materials for cell and growth factor delivery, possibilities for alternative, biology-based treatments arise. Interdisciplinary approaches are needed to move from replacement to regeneration, involving clinicians as well as biologists, stem cell researchers and material scientists. First, in order to provide an appreciation for the complexity of the tooth as a whole, its components and surrounding structures will be described. Next, the basic principles of tooth development will be presented, which can be applied to recreate signaling events and utilize them to build whole teeth. For the regeneration of individual tooth structures, the classical tissue engineering triad can be utilized, using dental stem cells, scaffold materials and relevant growth and differentiation factors. Recent successful engineering initiatives on whole teeth as well as on specific tissues such as enamel, the dentin-pulp complex or periodontal ligament will be discussed. In projecting future research directions, we conclude with a brief discussion of key components necessary to develop effective strategies for dental tissue engineering, which might enable us to implement novel regenerative strategies in clinical practice in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin M Galler
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Periodontology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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195
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Abstract
Acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins alters gene expression and induces a host of cellular effects. The acetylation process is homeostatically balanced by two groups of cellular enzymes, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HAT activity relaxes the structure of the human chromatin, rendering it transcriptionally active, thereby increasing gene expression. In contrast, HDAC activity leads to gene silencing. The enzymatic balance can be ‘tipped’ by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), leading to an accumulation of acetylated proteins, which subsequently modify cellular processes including stem cell differentiation, cell cycle, apoptosis, gene expression, and angiogenesis. There is a variety of natural and synthetic HDACi available, and their pleiotropic effects have contributed to diverse clinical applications, not only in cancer but also in non-cancer areas, such as chronic inflammatory disease, bone engineering, and neurodegenerative disease. Indeed, it appears that HDACi-modulated effects may differ between ‘normal’ and transformed cells, particularly with regard to reactive oxygen species accumulation, apoptosis, proliferation, and cell cycle arrest. The potential beneficial effects of HDACi for health, resulting from their ability to regulate global gene expression by epigenetic modification of DNA-associated proteins, also offer potential for application within restorative dentistry, where they may promote dental tissue regeneration following pulpal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.F. Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - A.J. Smith
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, St Chads Queensway, Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK
| | - G.J.P. Fleming
- Material Science Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - P.R. Cooper
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, St Chads Queensway, Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK
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196
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Tetè S, Mastrangelo F, Quaresima R, Vinci R, Sammartino G, Stuppia L, Gherlone E. Influence of novel nano-titanium implant surface on human osteoblast behavior and growth. IMPLANT DENT 2011; 19:520-31. [PMID: 21119356 DOI: 10.1097/id.0b013e3182002eac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study is to investigate human osteoblast-like cell behavior and growth in the presence of 3 different titanium implant surfaces. MATERIALS Human stem cells were first obtained and then sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorter from mesenchymal stem cell clusters of human dental papilla. The obtained human dental papilla stem cells were induced to differentiate into osteoblast-like cells and were then analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses. The cells proliferated and were cultured onto 3 different titanium discs (sandblasted, sandblasted and large-grit acid-etched, and full contact coverage [FCC]) and analyzed by scanning electron microscope. RESULTS In all analyses samples, a high cell activity was observed, with typical osteoblast mature morphostructural response on rough surface. The high number of osteoblast-like cells was found on titanium FCC discs. At the same time, scanning electron microscope analysis confirmed the high biocompatibility of this surface. CONCLUSION The rapid maturation of the osteoblast-like cells on FCC titanium surface suggests that this structure could play a central role during initial phases of bone healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tetè
- Department of Oral Science, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy. /
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197
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Iwata T, Yamato M, Zhang Z, Mukobata S, Washio K, Ando T, Feijen J, Okano T, Ishikawa I. Validation of human periodontal ligament-derived cells as a reliable source for cytotherapeutic use. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 37:1088-99. [PMID: 20618549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Periodontal ligament (PDL) is a reliable cell source for periodontal regeneration. In this study, an optimal protocol for the extraction, expansion, and characterization of human PDL (hPDL) cells was examined for clinical trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS hPDL tissues were obtained from 41 surgically extracted teeth and digested with enzymes. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs), bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs), and gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) were used for comparison. For each sample, the proliferative capacity, colony-forming ability, alkaline phosphatase activity, differentiation ability, the cell surface antigens, gene expression, and regenerative potential were examined. RESULTS hPDL cells were more successfully extracted with collagenase/dispase [29/30 (96.7%)] than with trypsin/EDTA [8/11 (72.7%)], and exhibited osteogenic potential both in vitro and in vivo. The proliferation of hPDL cells was rapid at a low cell density. hPDL cells frequently differentiated into cementoblastic/osteoblastic lineage (∼60%). In contrast, their adipogenic and chondrogenic potentials were lower than those of hADSCs and hBMMSCs. Some genes (NCAM1, S100A4, and periostin) were preferentially expressed in hPDL cells compared with those of hBMMSCs and hGFs. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the expressions of S100A4 and periostin in hPDL tissue. CONCLUSION A protocol for the successful cultivation and validation of hPDL cells is proposed for clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iwata
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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198
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Wise SB, Stock DW. bmp2b and bmp4 are dispensable for zebrafish tooth development. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2534-46. [PMID: 21038444 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling has been shown to play important roles in tooth development at virtually all stages from initiation to hard tissue formation. The specific ligands involved in these processes have not been directly tested by loss-of-function experiments, however. We used morpholino antisense oligonucleotides and mutant analysis in the zebrafish to reduce or eliminate the function of bmp2b and bmp4, two ligands known to be expressed in zebrafish teeth and whose mammalian orthologs are thought to play important roles in tooth development. Surprisingly, we found that elimination of function of these two genes singly and in combination did not prevent the formation of mature, attached teeth. The mostly likely explanation for this result is functional redundancy with other Bmp ligands, which may differ between the zebrafish and the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Wise
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0449, USA
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199
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Estrela C, Alencar AHGD, Kitten GT, Vencio EF, Gava E. Mesenchymal stem cells in the dental tissues: perspectives for tissue regeneration. Braz Dent J 2011; 22:91-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402011000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, stem cell research has grown exponentially owing to the recognition that stem cell-based therapies have the potential to improve the life of patients with conditions that range from Alzheimer’s disease to cardiac ischemia and regenerative medicine, like bone or tooth loss. Based on their ability to rescue and/or repair injured tissue and partially restore organ function, multiple types of stem/progenitor cells have been speculated. Growing evidence demonstrates that stem cells are primarily found in niches and that certain tissues contain more stem cells than others. Among these tissues, the dental tissues are considered a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells that are suitable for tissue engineering applications. It is known that these stem cells have the potential to differentiate into several cell types, including odontoblasts, neural progenitors, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. In dentistry, stem cell biology and tissue engineering are of great interest since may provide an innovative for generation of clinical material and/or tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells were demonstrated in dental tissues, including dental pulp, periodontal ligament, dental papilla, and dental follicle. These stem cells can be isolated and grown under defined tissue culture conditions, and are potential cells for use in tissue engineering, including, dental tissue, nerves and bone regeneration. More recently, another source of stem cell has been successfully generated from human somatic cells into a pluripotent stage, the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), allowing creation of patient- and disease-specific stem cells. Collectively, the multipotency, high proliferation rates, and accessibility make the dental stem cell an attractive source of mesenchymal stem cells for tissue regeneration. This review describes new findings in the field of dental stem cell research and on their potential use in the tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elisandra Gava
- Federal University of Goiás, Brazil; Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
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200
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Huang GTJ. Dental pulp and dentin tissue engineering and regeneration: advancement and challenge. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2011; 3:788-800. [PMID: 21196351 PMCID: PMC3289134 DOI: 10.2741/e286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hard tissue is difficult to repair especially dental structures. Tooth enamel is incapable of self-repairing whereas dentin and cementum can regenerate with limited capacity. Enamel and dentin are commonly under the attack by caries. Extensive forms of caries destroy enamel and dentin and can lead to dental pulp infection. Entire pulp amputation followed by the pulp space disinfection and filling with an artificial rubber-like material is employed to treat the infection -- commonly known as root canal or endodontic therapy. Regeneration of dentin relies on having vital pulps; however, regeneration of pulp tissue has been difficult as the tissue is encased in dentin without collateral blood supply except from the root apical end. With the advent of modern tissue engineering concept and the discovery of dental stem cells, regeneration of pulp and dentin has been tested. This article will review the recent endeavor on pulp and dentin tissue engineering and regeneration. The prospective outcomes of current advancements and challenges in this line of research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T-J Huang
- Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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