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Ahmed R, Levy EI, Maratina SS, de Jong JJ, Asih PBS, Rozi IE, Hawley W, Syafruddin D, ter Kuile F. Performance of four HRP-2/pLDH combination rapid diagnostic tests and field microscopy as screening tests for malaria in pregnancy in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study. Malar J 2015; 14:420. [PMID: 26511932 PMCID: PMC4625567 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria in pregnancy poses a major public health problem in Indonesia with an estimated six million pregnancies at risk of Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax malaria annually. In 2010, Indonesia introduced a screen and treat policy for the control of malaria in pregnancy at first antenatal visit using microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). A diagnostic study was conducted in Sumba, Indonesia to compare the performance of four different RDTs in predominately asymptomatic pregnant women under field condition. METHODS Women were screened for malaria at antenatal visits using field microscopy and four HRP-2/pLDH combination RDTs (Carestart™, First-Response(®), Parascreen(®) and SD-Bioline(®)). The test results were compared with expert microscopy and nested PCR. End user experience of the RDTs in the field was assessed by questionnaire. RESULTS Overall 950 were recruited and 98.7 % were asymptomatic. The prevalence of malaria was 3.0-3.4 % by RDTs, and 3.6, 5.0 and 6.6 % by field microscopy, expert microscopy and PCR, respectively. The geometric-mean parasite density was low (P. falciparum = 418, P. vivax = 147 parasites/µL). Compared with PCR, the overall sensitivity of the RDTs and field microscopy to detect any species was 24.6-31.1 %; specificities were >98.4 %. Relative to PCR, First-Response(®) had the best diagnostic accuracy (any species): sensitivity = 31.1 %, specificity = 98.9 % and diagnostic odds ratio = 39.0 (DOR). The DOR values for Carestart™, Parascreen(®), SD-Bioline(®), and field microscopy were 23.4, 23.7, 23.5 and 29.2, respectively. The sensitivity of Pan-pLDH bands to detect PCR confirmed P. vivax mono-infection were 8.6-13.0 %. The sensitivity of the HRP-2 band alone to detect PCR confirmed P. falciparum was 10.3-17.9 %. Pan-pLDH detected P. falciparum cases undetected by the HRP-2 band resulting in a better test performance when both bands were combined. First Response(®) was preferred by end-users for the overall practicality. CONCLUSION The diagnostic accuracy to detect malaria among mostly asymptomatic pregnant women and perceived ease of use was slightly better with First-Response(®), but overall, differences between the four RDTs were small and performance comparable to field microscopy. Combination RDTs are a suitable alternative to field microscopy to screen for malaria in pregnancy in rural Indonesia. The clinical relevance of low density malaria infections detected by PCR, but undetected by RDTs or microscopy needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Elvira I Levy
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sylvia S Maratina
- Malaria Laboratory, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Judith J de Jong
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Puji B S Asih
- Malaria Laboratory, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Ismail E Rozi
- Malaria Laboratory, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | | | - Din Syafruddin
- Malaria Laboratory, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Feiko ter Kuile
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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Atroosh WM, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Al-Jasari A, Sady H, Al-Delaimy AK, Nasr NA, Dawaki S, Abdulsalam AM, Ithoi I, Lau YL, Fong MY, Surin J. Genetic variation of pfhrp2 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Yemen and the performance of HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic test. Parasit Vectors 2015. [PMID: 26198252 PMCID: PMC4511234 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic variation in the Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (pfhrp2) gene that may compromise the use of pfhrp2-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for the diagnosis of malaria was assessed in P. falciparum isolates from Yemen. Methods This study was conducted in Hodeidah and Al-Mahwit governorates, Yemen. A total of 622 individuals with fever were examined for malaria by CareStart™ malaria HRP2-RDT and Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood films. The Pfhrp2 gene was amplified and sequenced from 180 isolates, and subjected to amino acid repeat types analysis. Results A total of 188 (30.2 %) participants were found positive for P. falciparum by the RDT. Overall, 12 different amino acid repeat types were identified in Yemeni isolates. Six repeat types were detected in all the isolates (100 %) namely types 1, 2, 6, 7, 10 and 12 while types 9 and 11 were not detected in any of the isolates. Moreover, the sensitivity and specificity of the used PfHRP2-based RDTs were high (90.5 % and 96.1 %, respectively). Conclusion The present study provides data on the genetic variation within the pfhrp2 gene, and its potential impact on the PfHRP2-based RDTs commonly used in Yemen. CareStart™ Malaria HRP2-based RDT showed high sensitivity and specificity in endemic areas of Yemen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1008-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahib M Atroosh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Aden, Aden, Yemen.
| | - Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Azal National Research Centre, Azal University for Human Development, 447, Sana'a, Yemen. .,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, 1247, Sana'a, Yemen.
| | - Adel Al-Jasari
- National Malaria Control programme, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Sana'a, Yemen.
| | - Hany Sady
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmed K Al-Delaimy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nabil A Nasr
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Salwa Dawaki
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Awatif M Abdulsalam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Init Ithoi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mun Yik Fong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Johari Surin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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153
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Murillo Solano C, Akinyi Okoth S, Abdallah JF, Pava Z, Dorado E, Incardona S, Huber CS, Macedo de Oliveira A, Bell D, Udhayakumar V, Barnwell JW. Deletion of Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein 2 (pfhrp2) and Histidine-Rich Protein 3 (pfhrp3) Genes in Colombian Parasites. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131576. [PMID: 26151448 PMCID: PMC4494814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have analyzed the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) in Colombia with discrepancies in performance being attributed to a combination of factors such as parasite levels, interpretation of RDT results and/or the handling and storage of RDT kits. However, some of the inconsistencies observed with results from Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2)-based RDTs could also be explained by the deletion of the gene that encodes the protein, pfhrp2, and its structural homolog, pfhrp3, in some parasite isolates. Given that pfhrp2- and pfhrp3-negative P. falciparum isolates have been detected in the neighboring Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon regions, we hypothesized that parasites with deletions of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 may also be present in Colombia. In this study we tested 100 historical samples collected between 1999 and 2009 from six Departments in Colombia for the presence of pfhrp2, pfhrp3 and their flanking genes. Seven neutral microsatellites were also used to determine the genetic background of these parasites. In total 18 of 100 parasite isolates were found to have deleted pfhrp2, a majority of which (14 of 18) were collected from Amazonas Department, which borders Peru and Brazil. pfhrp3 deletions were found in 52 of the100 samples collected from all regions of the country. pfhrp2 flanking genes PF3D7_0831900 and PF3D7_0831700 were deleted in 22 of 100 and in 1 of 100 samples, respectively. pfhrp3 flanking genes PF3D7_1372100 and PF3D7_1372400 were missing in 55 of 100 and in 57 of 100 samples. Structure analysis of microsatellite data indicated that Colombian samples tested in this study belonged to four clusters and they segregated mostly based on their geographic region. Most of the pfhrp2-deleted parasites were assigned to a single cluster and originated from Amazonas Department although a few pfhrp2-negative parasites originated from the other three clusters. The presence of a high proportion of pfhrp2-negative isolates in the Colombian Amazon may have implications for the use of PfHRP2-based RDTs in the region and may explain inconsistencies observed when PfHRP2-based tests and assays are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claribel Murillo Solano
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Carrera 125 #19–225 Av., La Maria, Cali, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sheila Akinyi Okoth
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joseph F. Abdallah
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zuleima Pava
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Carrera 125 #19–225 Av., La Maria, Cali, Colombia
| | - Erika Dorado
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Carrera 125 #19–225 Av., La Maria, Cali, Colombia
| | - Sandra Incardona
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Chemin des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Curtis S. Huber
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Macedo de Oliveira
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David Bell
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Chemin des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
- Global Good Fund/Intellectual Ventures Lab, 1807 132 Ave NE, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Venkatachalam Udhayakumar
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John W. Barnwell
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Fransisca L, Kusnanto JH, Satoto TBT, Sebayang B, Supriyanto, Andriyan E, Bangs MJ. Comparison of rapid diagnostic test Plasmotec Malaria-3, microscopy, and quantitative real-time PCR for diagnoses of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in Mimika Regency, Papua, Indonesia. Malar J 2015; 14:103. [PMID: 25890368 PMCID: PMC4356117 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization recommends malaria be diagnosed by standard microscopy or rapid diagnostic test (RDT) before treatment. RDTs have been used with greater frequency in the absence of matching blood slide confirmation in the majority of RDT reported cases in Mimika Regency, Papua Province, Indonesia. Given the importance of RDT in current health system as point-of-care tool, careful validation of RDT product performance for providing accurate malaria diagnosis is critical. METHODS Plasmotec Malaria-3 (XW-P07) performance was evaluated by comparing it with paired blood film microscopy and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Consecutive whole blood samples were derived from one clinic in Mimika as part of routine passive malaria case detection. RDT results were read by two trained technicians and interpreted by consensus. Expert microscopic examination of blood slides was cross-checked by observer-blinded second reader and a third examiner if discordant between examinations. qPCR was used as the 'gold standard', followed by microscopy for the outcome/disease variable. Comparison analysis included sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive and negative predictive values (PPV & NPV), and other diagnostic screening performance measures for detecting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections. RESULTS Overall malaria positive samples from qPCR was 42.2% (175/415 samples); and from matching blood slides 40.5% (168/415) of which those infections with relatively low parasite densities ≤100/μl blood was 5.7% of P. falciparum and 16.5% of P. vivax samples examined. Overall RDT performance when compared with microscopy for detecting P. falciparum was Sn:92%, Sp:96.6%, PPV:88%, NPV:97.8%, Kappa:0.87; and for P. vivax Sn:72.9%, Sp:99.1%, PPV:95.4%, NPV:93.4%, Kappa:0.79. Overall RDT performance when compared with qPCR for detecting P. falciparum was Sn:92%, Sp:96.6%, PPV:88%, NPV:97.8%, Kappa:0.87; and for P. vivax Sn:66%, Sp:99.1%, PPV:95.4%, NPV:90.9%, Kappa:0.73. CONCLUSIONS Plasmotec Malaria-3 test showed good overall performance scores in precision for detecting P. falciparum, but lower values regarding sensitivity and negative likelihood ratio for detecting P. vivax, a finding partly associated with greater frequency of lower density P. vivax infections compared to P. falciparum in this study. In particular, the negative likelihood ratio (>0.1) for P. vivax detection indicates RDT lacked sufficient discriminating exclusion power falling below general acceptance criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liony Fransisca
- Public Health & Malaria Control, International SOS, PT. Freeport Indonesia, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia.
| | - Josef Hari Kusnanto
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Tri Baskoro T Satoto
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Boni Sebayang
- Public Health & Malaria Control, International SOS, PT. Freeport Indonesia, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia.
| | - Supriyanto
- Public Health & Malaria Control, International SOS, PT. Freeport Indonesia, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia.
| | - Eko Andriyan
- Public Health & Malaria Control, International SOS, PT. Freeport Indonesia, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia.
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Public Health & Malaria Control, International SOS, PT. Freeport Indonesia, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia.
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155
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Laban NM, Kobayashi T, Hamapumbu H, Sullivan D, Mharakurwa S, Thuma PE, Shiff CJ, Moss WJ. Comparison of a PfHRP2-based rapid diagnostic test and PCR for malaria in a low prevalence setting in rural southern Zambia: implications for elimination. Malar J 2015; 14:25. [PMID: 25888818 PMCID: PMC4340619 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) detecting histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) antigen are used to identify individuals with Plasmodium falciparum infection even in low transmission settings seeking to achieve elimination. However, these RDTs lack sensitivity to detect low-density infections, produce false negatives for P. falciparum strains lacking pfhrp2 gene and do not detect species other than P. falciparum. Methods Results of a PfHRP2-based RDT and Plasmodium nested PCR were compared in a region of declining malaria transmission in southern Zambia using samples from community-based, cross-sectional surveys from 2008 to 2012. Participants were tested with a PfHRP2-based RDT and a finger prick blood sample was spotted onto filter paper for PCR analysis and used to prepare blood smears for microscopy. Species-specific, real-time, quantitative PCR (q-PCR) was performed on samples that tested positive either by microscopy, RDT or nested PCR. Results Of 3,292 total participants enrolled, 12 (0.4%) tested positive by microscopy and 42 (1.3%) by RDT. Of 3,213 (98%) samples tested by nested PCR, 57 (1.8%) were positive, resulting in 87 participants positive by at least one of the three tests. Of these, 61 tested positive for P. falciparum by q-PCR with copy numbers ≤ 2 x 103 copies/μL, 5 were positive for both P. falciparum and Plasmodium malariae and 2 were positive for P. malariae alone. RDT detected 32 (53%) of P. falciparum positives, failing to detect three of the dual infections with P. malariae. Among 2,975 participants enrolled during a low transmission period between 2009 and 2012, sensitivity of the PfHRP2-based RDT compared to nested PCR was only 17%, with specificity of >99%. The pfhrp gene was detected in 80% of P. falciparum positives; however, comparison of copy number between RDT negative and RDT positive samples suggested that RDT negatives resulted from low parasitaemia and not pfhrp2 gene deletion. Conclusions Low-density P. falciparum infections not identified by currently used PfHRP2-based RDTs and the inability to detect non-falciparum malaria will hinder progress to further reduce malaria in low transmission settings of Zambia. More sensitive and specific diagnostic tests will likely be necessary to identify parasite reservoirs and achieve malaria elimination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0544-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamaki Kobayashi
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - David Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sungano Mharakurwa
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia. .,W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Clive J Shiff
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - William J Moss
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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