151
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Galeaz C, Totis C, Bisio A. Radiation Resistance: A Matter of Transcription Factors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:662840. [PMID: 34141616 PMCID: PMC8204019 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.662840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, radiation therapy is one of the standard therapies for cancer treatment. Since the first applications, the field of radiotherapy has constantly improved, both in imaging technologies and from a dose-painting point of view. Despite this, the mechanisms of resistance are still a great problem to overcome. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of these molecular mechanisms will allow researchers to develop new therapeutic strategies to eradicate cancer effectively. This review focuses on different transcription factors activated in response to radiotherapy and, unfortunately, involved in cancer cells’ survival. In particular, ionizing radiations trigger the activation of the immune modulators STAT3 and NF-κB, which contribute to the development of radiation resistance through the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes, the promotion of proliferation, the alteration of the cell cycle, and the induction of genes responsible for the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Moreover, the ROS-dependent damaging effects of radiation therapy are hampered by the induction of antioxidant enzymes by NF-κB, NRF2, and HIF-1. This protective process results in a reduced effectiveness of the treatment, whose mechanism of action relies mainly on the generation of free oxygen radicals. Furthermore, the previously mentioned transcription factors are also involved in the maintenance of stemness in Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), a subset of tumor cells that are intrinsically resistant to anti-cancer therapies. Therefore, combining standard treatments with new therapeutic strategies targeted against these transcription factors may be a promising opportunity to avoid resistance and thus tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Galeaz
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Cristina Totis
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bisio
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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152
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Chen TJ, Chou CL, Tian YF, Yeh CF, Chan TC, He HL, Li WS, Tsai HH, Li CF, Lai HY. High FRMD3 expression is prognostic for worse survival in rectal cancer patients treated with CCRT. Int J Clin Oncol 2021; 26:1689-1697. [PMID: 34043102 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-021-01944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rectal cancer patients can conceivably obtain relief from neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for downstaging before resection, but the stratification of risk and clinical outcomes remains challenging. Therefore, identifying effective predictive biomarkers offers clinicians the opportunity to individually tailor early interventions, which would help optimize therapy. METHODS Using a public rectal cancer transcriptome dataset (GSE35452), we focused on cytoskeletal protein binding (GO: 0008092)-related genes and identified FERM domain containing 3 (FRMD3) as the most significant differentially expressed gene associated with CCRT resistance. We gathered 172 tumor samples from rectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant CCRT accompanied by curative resection and estimated the expression level of FRMD3 using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The results revealed that high FRMD3 immunoexpression was remarkably associated with advanced pre-CCRT and post-CCRT tumor status (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001), pre-CCRT and post-CCRT lymph node metastasis (both p < 0.001), more perineurial invasion (p = 0.023), and a smaller extent of tumor regression (p = 0.018). High FRMD3 immunoexpression was remarkably correlated with inferior disease-specific survival (DSS) (p = 0.0001), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) (p = 0.0003), and metastasis-free survival (MeFS) (p = 0.0023) at the univariate level. Furthermore, in multivariate analysis, high FRMD3 immunoexpression remained independently predictive of inferior DSS (p = 0.002), LRFS (p = 0.005), and MeFS (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION These results suggest that high FRMD3 expression is related to advanced clinicopathological features and inferior therapeutic responses in rectal cancer patients treated with CCRT, validating the promising prognostic value of FRMD3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ju Chen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, 901 Chunghwa Road, Yung Kang Dist., Tainan City, 710, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chou
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Tian
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fa Yeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ti-Chun Chan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, 901 Chunghwa Road, Yung Kang Dist., Tainan City, 710, Taiwan.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin He
- Department of Medical Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Shan Li
- Department of Medical Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hwa Tsai
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, 901 Chunghwa Road, Yung Kang Dist., Tainan City, 710, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, 901 Chunghwa Road, Yung Kang Dist., Tainan City, 710, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, 901 Chunghwa Road, Yung Kang Dist., Tainan City, 710, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, 901 Chunghwa Road, Yung Kang Dist., Tainan City, 710, Taiwan. .,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hong-Yue Lai
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, 901 Chunghwa Road, Yung Kang Dist., Tainan City, 710, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, 901 Chunghwa Road, Yung Kang Dist., Tainan City, 710, Taiwan.
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153
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Jin Y, Chen Z, Dong J, Wang B, Fan S, Yang X, Cui M. SREBP1/FASN/cholesterol axis facilitates radioresistance in colorectal cancer. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1343-1352. [PMID: 33665967 PMCID: PMC8091817 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired and intrinsic radioresistance remains a major challenge during the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Aberrant cholesterol metabolism precipitates the development of multiple cancers. Here, we report that exogenous or endogenous cholesterol enhances the radioresistance of CRC cells. The addition of cholesterol protects CRC cells against irradiation both in vitro and in vivo. Sterol response element‐binding protein 1/fatty acid synthase (SREBP1/FASN) signaling is rapidly increased in response to radiation stimuli, resulting in cholesterol accumulation, cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. Blocking the SREBP1/FASN pathway impedes cholesterol synthesis and accelerates radiation‐induced CRC cell death. Our findings provide novel insights into the role of the SREBP1/FASN/cholesterol axis in radiotherapy and suggest that it may be a potential target for CRC treatment. Clinically, our results suggest that CRC patients undergoing radiotherapy may benefit from a lowered cholesterol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiali Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Saijun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ming Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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154
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Yang Y, Yan X, Li X, Ma Y, Goel A. Long non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer: Novel oncogenic mechanisms and promising clinical applications. Cancer Lett 2021; 504:67-80. [PMID: 33577977 PMCID: PMC9715275 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and ranks as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite the improvements in CRC diagnosis and treatment approaches, a considerable proportion of CRC patients still suffers from poor prognosis due to late disease detections and lack of personalized disease managements. Recent evidences have not only provided important molecular insights into their mechanistic behaviors but also indicated that identification of cancer-specific long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) could benefit earlier disease detections and improve treatment outcomes in patients suffering from CRC. LncRNAs have raised extensive attentions as they participate in various hallmarks of CRC. The mechanistic evidence gleaned in the recent decade clearly reveals that lncRNAs exert their oncogenic roles by regulating autophagy, epigenetic modifications, enhancing stem phenotype and modifying tumor microenvironment. In view of their pleiotropic functional roles in malignant progression, and their frequently dysregulated expression in CRC patients, they have great potential to be reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic targets for CRC. In the present review, we will focus on the oncogenic roles of lncRNAs and related mechanisms in CRC as well as discuss their clinical potential in the early diagnosis, prognostic prediction and therapeutic translation in patients with this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebing Yan
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinxiang Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yanlei Ma
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ajay Goel
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
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155
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Chalikonda G, Lee H, Sheik A, Huh YS. Targeting key transcriptional factor STAT3 in colorectal cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3219-3228. [PMID: 33866491 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In developed countries, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of malignant-related deaths. CRC is treatable cancer when diagnosed early; however, diagnosis at the advanced stage is associated with a poor prognosis. Although chemotherapy is generally very promising, STAT3 protein which is overexpressed and persistently activated in CRC cells is observed to be the major contributor of chemoresistance development. It has been shown to play a prominent and pathogenic role in CRC initiation, progression, and metastasis. While over the past few years, research has been focused on STAT3 which is expressed at the center of various oncogenic pathways. This review is a discussion of the oncogenic role of STAT3 in CRC and potential therapeutic STAT3 inhibitors and analogs used to control and treat CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hoomin Lee
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Aliya Sheik
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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156
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Jia M, Wang Y, Guo Y, Yu P, Sun Y, Song Y, Zhao L. Nitidine chloride suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell-like properties in glioblastoma by regulating JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Cancer Med 2021; 10:3113-3128. [PMID: 33788424 PMCID: PMC8085923 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and common intracranial malignant tumor, and the prognosis is still poor after various treatments. Based on the poor prognosis of glioma, new drugs that suppress the rapid progression and aggressive growth of glioma are urgently needed. It has been reported that nitidine chloride (NC) can inhibit tumor growth and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), and EMT is associated with cancer stem cell properties. The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of NC on the EMT process and stem cell‐like properties in glioma cells. The results showed that the migration and invasion abilities in U87 and LN18 glioma cells were significantly increased after the induction of EMT and these effects were inhibited by NC in a concentration‐dependent manner. NC treatment decreased the expression of EMT markers in glioma cells and self‐renewal capacity of glioma stem‐like cells. We demonstrated that these effects of NC were achieved via JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Taken together, these results indicate that NC inhibits the EMT process and glioma stem‐like properties via JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, suggesting that NC may be a potential anti‐glioma drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbo Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingxue Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengyue Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanke Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liyan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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157
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Deng S, Wang J, Zhang L, Li J, Jin Y. LncRNA HOTAIR Promotes Cancer Stem-Like Cells Properties by Sponging miR-34a to Activate the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:1883-1893. [PMID: 33737813 PMCID: PMC7966354 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s286666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) stem cells (CSCs) play a vital role in the occurrence, development and recurrence of PDAC. Previous studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are closely associated with occurrence and development of malignant tumors. Among them, a LncRNA called homeobox transcription antisense RNA (HOTAIR) plays a key role in cancer progression in a variety of malignant tumors, including PDAC. Numerous studies have associated HOTAIR with poor prognosis of malignant tumor treatment, owing to its role in regulating downstream microRNAs (miRNAs). However, its underlying mechanism of action on CSCs-like properties of PDAC remain unclear. Methods We enriched CSCs of PDAC with a serum-free medium (SFM), and analyzed the expression levels of HOTAIR and miR-34a after enrichment. In addition, we evaluated the regulatory effects of HOTAIR and miR-34a on CSCs-like properties, invasion and migration of PDAC. Finally, we elucidated the role of HOTAIR in pancreatic tumor xenotransplantation. Results HOTAIR was upregulated in CSCs following PDAC enrichment of PDAC. Conversely, miR-34a was downregulated and appeared to be a direct target of HOTAIR. Moreover, knocking down HOTAIR or overexpressing miR-34a significantly inhibited CSCs-like properties, invasion and migration of PDAC cells. Furthermore, HOTAIR activated the JAK2/STAT3 pathway through miR-34a, thereby promoting CSCs-like properties, invasion and migration of PDAC cells. In vivo experiments indicated that knocking down HOTAIR could inhibit the tumorigenicity of CFPAC-1 cells. Conclusion This is the first report of HOTAIR-mediated activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway via miR-34a inhibition. This activation promotes CSCs-like properties, invasion and migration of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikang Deng
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People's Republic of China
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158
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Zalewski A, Snook AE, Waldman SA. Stem cells as therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer. Per Med 2021; 18:171-183. [PMID: 33565332 PMCID: PMC8190705 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2020-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer continues to represent a significant burden on public health as the second highest cause of cancer mortality, when men and women are combined, in the US. About 50% of patients either present with late-stage metastatic disease, or develop metastatic recurrences, and ultimately die. In turn, this mortality largely reflects cancer stem cells, tumor-initiating cells that are responsible for cancer progression, drug resistance, recurrence and metastasis. This review summarizes the unique properties of colorectal cancer stem cells, and the emerging strategies by which they can be selectively targeted as a therapeutic approach to eradicating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Zalewski
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 1020 Locust St, JAH368, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Adam E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust St, JAH368, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 1020 Locust St, JAH368, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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159
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Li L, Jiang Z, Zou X, Hao T. Exosomal circ_IFT80 Enhances Tumorigenesis and Suppresses Radiosensitivity in Colorectal Cancer by Regulating miR-296-5p/MSI1 Axis. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:1929-1941. [PMID: 33658855 PMCID: PMC7917334 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s297123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomal circular RNAs (circRNAs) can act as biomarkers and play crucial roles in colorectal cancer (CRC) and radiosensitivity. The aim of this study was to explore the functions and regulatory mechanism of exosomal circRNA intraflagellar transport 80 (circ_IFT80) in tumorigenesis and radiosensitivity of CRC. Methods Exosomes were detected using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Protein levels were determined by Western blot assay. The expression of circ_IFT80, microRNA-296-5p (miR-296-5p) and musashi1 (MSI1) was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell cycle distribution, cell apoptosis, and cell proliferation were detected by flow cytometry and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, respectively. Colony formation assay was used to determine the radiosensitivity of cells. The interaction between miR-296-5p and circ_IFT80 or MSI1 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. A xenograft tumor model was established to explore the role of exosomal circ_IFT80 in vivo. Results Circ_IFT80 was upregulated in exosomes derived from CRC patient serum and CRC cells. Exosomal circ_IFT80 or circ_IFT80 overexpression facilitated tumorigenesis by increasing cell proliferation and reducing apoptosis, and inhibited radiosensitivity via promoting colony formation and inhibiting apoptosis. Additionally, circ_IFT80 acted as a sponge of miR-296-5p, and miR-296-5p reversed the effects of circ_IFT80 on tumorigenesis and radiosensitivity. Moreover, MSI1 was a direct target of miR-296-5p. Furthermore, miR-296-5p overexpression inhibited tumorigenesis and promoted radiosensitivity by downregulating MSI1. Exosomal circ_IFT80 also accelerated tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion Exosomal circ_IFT80 promoted tumorigenesis and reduced radiosensitivity by regulating miR-296-5p/MSI1 axis, which might provide a novel avenue for treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Digestive Medicine Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangcai Zou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Hao
- Department of Digestive Medicine Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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160
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Liu F, Wu H. Identification of Prognostic Biomarkers and Molecular Targets Among JAK Family in Breast Cancer. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:97-114. [PMID: 33469338 PMCID: PMC7813467 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s284889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Janus kinases (JAKs) are a family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases involved in multiple malignancies. However, clinical values of JAKs as prognostic markers and potential mechanism as molecular targets in breast invasive carcinoma (BC) are not completely clarified. Methodology TIMER, UALCAN and GEPIA were used to assess the expression and methylation levels of JAKs in BC. Kaplan–Meier Plotter, bc-GenExMiner, SurvExpress, TRGAted, MethSurv, and SurvivalMeth were used to assess the multilevel prognostic significance of JAKs in breast cancer patients. And cBioPortal, TIMER, STRING, GeneMANIA, NetworkAnalysis, LinkedOmics, DAVID 6.8, and Metascape were applied for multilayer networks and functional enrichment analyses. Correlations between immune cell infiltrates/their gene markers and JAKs were evaluated by TIMER. Results We first explored the expression and methylation level of JAKs in breast cancer and found significantly reduced JAK1 and JAK2 expression at mRNA and protein levels, significantly higher JAK3 protein expression, and significantly increased TYK2 expression at mRNA level but decreased at protein level. In addition, hypermethylation of JAK3 and TYK2 and hypomethylation of JAK1 were found in tumor samples. In terms of prognostic values of JAKs in BC patients, low transcriptional levels of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2 indicated worse OS/DMFS/PPS/RFS/DFS, inferior DFS, worse RFS, and shorter OS/DMFS/RFS, respectively. The mRNA signature analysis showed that high-risk group had unfavorable OS/RFS/MFS. Low JAK2 protein level indicated unfavorable DSS/PFS in BC patients. Five CpGs of JAK1, four CpGs of JAK2, 20 CpGs of JAK3, and 13 CpGs of TYK2 were significantly associated with prognosis in BC patients. The DNA methylation signature analysis also suggested worse prognosis in the high-risk group. For potential biological roles of JAKs, interaction analyses, functional enrichment analyses for biological process, cellular component, molecular function, and KEGG pathway analyses of JAKs and their neighbor genes in BC were conducted. Kinase targets, gene–miRNA interactions, and transcription factor–gene interactions of JAKs were also identified. Furthermore, JAKs were found to be significantly related to immune infiltrates as well as the expression levels of multiple immune markers in BC. Conclusion JAKs showed multilevel prognostic value and important biological roles in BC. They might serve as promising prognostic markers and possible targets in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangteng Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 330009, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Hengyu Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 330009, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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161
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Liu J, Liu C, Yue J. Radiotherapy and the gut microbiome: facts and fiction. Radiat Oncol 2021; 16:9. [PMID: 33436010 PMCID: PMC7805150 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-020-01735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An ever-growing body of evidence has linked the gut microbiome with both the effectiveness and the toxicity of cancer therapies. Radiotherapy is an effective way to treat tumors, although large variations exist among patients in tumor radio-responsiveness and in the incidence and severity of radiotherapy-induced side effects. Relatively little is known about whether and how the microbiome regulates the response to radiotherapy. Gut microbiota may be an important player in modulating “hot” versus “cold” tumor microenvironment, ultimately affecting treatment efficacy. The interaction of the gut microbiome and radiotherapy is a bidirectional function, in that radiotherapy can disrupt the microbiome and those disruptions can influence the effectiveness of the anticancer treatments. Limited data have shown that interactions between the radiation and the microbiome can have positive effects on oncotherapy. On the other hand, exposure to ionizing radiation leads to changes in the gut microbiome that contribute to radiation enteropathy. The gut microbiome can influence radiation-induced gastrointestinal mucositis through two mechanisms including translocation and dysbiosis. We propose that the gut microbiome can be modified to maximize the response to treatment and minimize adverse effects through the use of personalized probiotics, prebiotics, or fecal microbial transplantation. 16S rRNA sequencing is the most commonly used approach to investigate distribution and diversity of gut microbiome between individuals though it only identifies bacteria level other than strain level. The functional gut microbiome can be studied using methods involving metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, as well as metabolomics. Multiple ‘-omic’ approaches can be applied simultaneously to the same sample to obtain integrated results. That said, challenges and remaining unknowns in the future that persist at this time include the mechanisms by which the gut microbiome affects radiosensitivity, interactions between the gut microbiome and combination treatments, the role of the gut microbiome with regard to predictive and prognostic biomarkers, the need for multi “-omic” approach for in-depth exploration of functional changes and their effects on host-microbiome interactions, and interactions between gut microbiome, microbial metabolites and immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Jinbo Yue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China.
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Wijaya DA, Louisa M, Wibowo H, Taslim A, Permata TBM, Handoko H, Nuryadi E, Kodrat H, Gondhowiardjo SA. The future potential of Annona muricata L. extract and its bioactive compounds as radiation sensitizing agent: proposed mechanisms based on a systematic review. JOURNAL OF HERBMED PHARMACOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.34172/jhp.2021.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite technological advances in cancer treatment, especially in radiotherapy, many efforts are being made in improving cancer cell radio-sensitivity to increase therapeutic ratio and overcome cancer cell radio-resistance. In the present review, we evaluated the anticancer mechanism of Annona muricata L. (AM) leaves extract and its bioactive compounds such as annonaceous acetogenins, annomuricin, annonacin, or curcumin; and further correlated them with the potential of the mechanism to increase or to reduce cancer cells radio-sensitivity based on literature investigation. We see that AM has a promising future potential as a radio-sensitizer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Andi Wijaya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital - Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Melva Louisa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Heri Wibowo
- Laboratorium Terpadu, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aslim Taslim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital - Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tiara Bunga Mayang Permata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital - Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Handoko Handoko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital - Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Endang Nuryadi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital - Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Henry Kodrat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital - Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Soehartati Argadikoesoema Gondhowiardjo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital - Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia
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163
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Cui Y, Yang J, Bai Y, Li Q, Yao Y, Liu C, Wu F, Zhang J, Zhang Y. ENC1 Facilitates Colorectal Carcinoma Tumorigenesis and Metastasis via JAK2/STAT5/AKT Axis-Mediated Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Stemness. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:616887. [PMID: 33816464 PMCID: PMC8010667 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.616887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectodermal neural cortex 1 (ENC1) is an actin-binding protein and has been known to be upregulated in several cancers, but the molecular mechanisms through which it contributes to the pathology of CRC have largely been elusive. We utilized data mining and validated the aberrant expression of ENC1, following which phenotypic traits of malignancy were assessed in vitro. Ruxolitinib was used as a surrogate to compare the effects of ENC1 expression and silencing on the JAK-STAT-AKT pathway. In vivo models were employed to confirm the in vitro observations. Computation analysis, strengthened by in situ and in vitro data, confirmed the overexpression of ENC1 in CRC and predicted a poor prognosis, while enhanced cell proliferation, invasion, migration, EMT, and stemness were associated with ENC1 overexpression. Silencing of ENC1 downregulated the phenotypes. Additionally, silencing of ENC1 significantly reduced the activation of JAK2 and consequent activation of STAT5 and AKT comparable to ruxolitinib inhibition of JAK2. Silencing of ENC1 resulted in lesser tumor volumes and fewer numbers of tumors, in vivo. These data suggest that ENC1 induces CRC through the JAK2-STAT5-AKT axis. ENC1 is a suitable diagnostic marker for CRC detection, and ENC1 targeting therapies may suppress CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jiani Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yibing Bai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - QingWei Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanfei Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingchun Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Yanqiao Zhang,
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164
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Mirzaei S, Gholami MH, Mahabady MK, Nabavi N, Zabolian A, Banihashemi SM, Haddadi A, Entezari M, Hushmandi K, Makvandi P, Samarghandian S, Zarrabi A, Ashrafizadeh M, Khan H. Pre-clinical investigation of STAT3 pathway in bladder cancer: Paving the way for clinical translation. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111077. [PMID: 33378975 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective cancer therapy requires identification of signaling networks and investigating their potential role in proliferation and invasion of cancer cells. Among molecular pathways, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been of importance due to its involvement in promoting proliferation, and invasion of cancer cells, and mediating chemoresistance. In the present review, our aim is to reveal role of STAT3 pathway in bladder cancer (BC), as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In respect to its tumor-promoting role, STAT3 is able to enhance the growth of BC cells via inhibiting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. STAT3 also contributes to metastasis of BC cells via upregulating of MMP-2 and MMP-9 as well as genes in the EMT pathway. BC cells obtain chemoresistance via STAT3 overexpression and its inhibition paves the way for increasing efficacy of chemotherapy. Different molecular pathways such as KMT1A, EZH2, DAB2IP and non-coding RNAs including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs can function as upstream mediators of STAT3 that are discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahmood Khaksary Mahabady
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Research Services, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amirabbas Haddadi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- IstitutoItaliano di Tecnologia, Centre for Micro-BioRobotics, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, OrtaMahalle, ÜniversiteCaddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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165
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Wang F, Ma X, Mao G, Zhang X, Kong Z. STAT3 enhances radiation-induced tumor migration, invasion and stem-like properties of bladder cancer. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:87. [PMID: 33236137 PMCID: PMC7716396 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is the most common cancer of the human urinary system, and is associated with poor patient prognosis and a high recurrence rate. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the primary cause of tumor recurrence and metastasis, possessing self-renewal properties and resistance to radiation therapy. Our previous studies indicated that phosphorylated signal transduction and transcription activator 3 (STAT3) may be a potential biomarker to predict radiation tolerance and tumor recurrence in patients with BCa, following conventional radiotherapy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying mechanism of STAT3 in the radio-resistance of BCa cells. It was found that fractionated irradiation promoted the activation of two STAT3-associated CSCs signaling pathways in BCa cells, namely suppressor of variegation 3–9 homolog 1/GATA binding protein 3/STAT3 and Janus kinase 2/STAT3. Surviving cells exhibited elevated migratory and invasive abilities, enhanced CSC-like characteristics and radio-resistance. Furthermore, knockdown of STAT3 expression or inhibition of STAT3 activation markedly decreased the self-renewal ability and tumorigenicity of radiation-resistant BCa cells. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that decreased STAT3 mRNA levels were associated with increased overall survival times in patients with BCa. Taken together, these data indicated that STAT3 may be an effective therapeutic target for inhibiting the progression, metastasis and recurrence of BCa in patients receiving radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiangli Ma
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Guangmin Mao
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyan Zhang
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhaolu Kong
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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166
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Cheng W, Shi X, Lin M, Yao Q, Ma J, Li J. LncRNA MAGI2-AS3 Overexpression Sensitizes Esophageal Cancer Cells to Irradiation Through Down-Regulation of HOXB7 via EZH2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:552822. [PMID: 33330444 PMCID: PMC7732634 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.552822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence has suggested that aberrant expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may contribute to cancer progression in association with radioresistance. The current study aimed to identify the potential role of lncRNA MAGI2-AS3 and the underlying mechanism in its regulation of the radio-sensitivity of esophageal cancer cells. Methods and Results Initially, we detected high expression of HOXB7 from microarray-based gene expression profiling of esophageal cancer. Then, we identified the interactions among MAGI2-AS3, HOXB7, and EZH2 by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, RNA pull-down assay, RIP assay and ChIP assay. HOXB7 was highly-expressed, while MAGI2-AS3 was poorly-expressed in esophageal cancer tissues and cells. The effect of MAGI2-AS3 and HOXB7 on esophageal cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis as well as tumorigenicity of radioresistant cells was examined by gain- and loss-of-function experiments. Interestingly, MAGI2-AS3 down-regulated HOXB7 through interaction with EZH2, which promoted cell apoptosis and inhibited proliferation and radio-resistance. Besides, down-regulation of MAGI2-AS3 exerted a promoting effect on these malignant phenotypes. Conclusion Taken together, our results reveal the potential role of MAGI2-AS3 over-expression in controlling esophageal cancer resistance to radiotherapy by down-regulating HOXB7, this providing a candidate biomarker for resistance to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiuling Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingqiang Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Yao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Chen X, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Liu B, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Liu J. Exosomal miR-590-3p derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts confers radioresistance in colorectal cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 24:113-126. [PMID: 33738143 PMCID: PMC7943971 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapeutic resistance is a major obstacle for the effective treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in chemoresistance and radioresistance. Here, we aimed to investigate whether miR-590-3p participates in the radioresistance of CRC. High expression of miR-590-3p and low expression of CLCA4 were found in both CRC tissues and cell lines. CLCA4 was indicated to be a target gene of miR-590-3p. CAF-derived exosomes were extracted and co-cultured with CRC cells, which were then exposed to radiation. CRC cells were transfected with plasmids and injected into nude mice to detect the in vivo effect of CAF-derived exosomes. Treatment with CAF-derived exosomes decreased the sensitivity of CRC cells to radiation. CAF-derived exosomes overexpressing miR-590-3p increased cell survival and the ratio of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-AKT/AKT while lowering the expressions of cleaved-PARP, cleaved-caspase 3, and γH2AX in cells. Furthermore, in vivo experimental results confirmed that CAF-derived exosomal miR-590-3p stimulated tumor growth in mice following radiotherapy. Our results demonstrate that miR-590-3p delivery via exosomes derived from CAFs enhances radioresistance in CRC through the positive regulation of the CLCA4-dependent PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yingqiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P.R. China
| | - Qinglan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P.R. China
| | - Baoxing Liu
- Department of Chest Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yonglei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P.R. China
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P.R. China
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168
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Ma C, Ma N, Qin L, Miao C, Luo M, Liu S. DICER1-AS1 Promotes the Malignant Behaviors of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Regulating miR-296-5p/STAT3 Axis. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:10035-10046. [PMID: 33116860 PMCID: PMC7568600 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s252786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) exerts a regulatory role in the occurrence and progression of tumors. This study aimed at probing into the function and mechanism of lncRNA DICER1 antisense RNA 1 (DICER1-AS1) in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods The expressions of DICER1-AS1, miR-296-5p and STAT3 mRNA were tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was employed to detect cell proliferation, and Transwell was used to detect cell migration and invasion. In addition, the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl2 were detected by Western blot. Interactions between DICER1-AS1 and miR-296-5p, and miR-296-5p and STAT3 were predicted and determined by bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay and RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Results The expressions of DICER1-AS1 and STAT3 mRNA were significantly up-regulated while miR-296-5p expression was remarkably down-regulated in CRC tissues and cell lines. Over-expression of DICER1-AS1 or transfection of miR-296-5p inhibitors could promote the proliferation, migration and invasion and inhibit apoptosis of CRC cells, whereas knockdown of DICER1-AS1 or transfection of miR-296-5p mimics had the opposite effects. Additionally, DICER1-AS1 could down-regulate miR-296-5p expression via sponging it. DICER1-AS1 also enhanced the expression of STAT3, which was identified as a target gene of miR-296-5p. Conclusion DICER1-AS1 acts as an oncogenic lncRNA in CRC via modulating miR-296-5p/STAT3 axis. Our results provide a new direction for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Ma
- Department of Proctology, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Proctology, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Qin
- Department of Proctology, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanna Miao
- Department of Proctology, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Minglei Luo
- Department of Proctology, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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169
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Yang PL, Liu LX, Li EM, Xu LY. STAT3, the Challenge for Chemotherapeutic and Radiotherapeutic Efficacy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092459. [PMID: 32872659 PMCID: PMC7564975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoradiotherapy is one of the most effective and extensively used strategies for cancer treatment. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) regulates vital biological processes, such as cell proliferation and cell growth. It is constitutively activated in various cancers and limits the application of chemoradiotherapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that STAT3 regulates resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and thereby impairs therapeutic efficacy by mediating its feedback loop and several target genes. The alternative splicing product STAT3β is often identified as a dominant-negative regulator, but it enhances sensitivity to chemotherapy and offers a new and challenging approach to reverse therapeutic resistance. We focus here on exploring the role of STAT3 in resistance to receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors and radiotherapy, outlining the potential of targeting STAT3 to overcome chemo(radio)resistance for improving clinical outcomes, and evaluating the importance of STAT3β as a potential therapeutic approach to overcomes chemo(radio)resistance. In this review, we discuss some new insights into the effect of STAT3 and its subtype STAT3β on chemoradiotherapy sensitivity, and we explore how these insights influence clinical treatment and drug development for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Lian Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; (P.-L.Y.); (L.-X.L.)
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu-Xin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; (P.-L.Y.); (L.-X.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; (P.-L.Y.); (L.-X.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence: (E.-M.L.); (L.-Y.X.); Tel.: +86-754-88900460 (L.-Y.X.); Fax: +86-754-88900847 (L.-Y.X.)
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; (P.-L.Y.); (L.-X.L.)
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence: (E.-M.L.); (L.-Y.X.); Tel.: +86-754-88900460 (L.-Y.X.); Fax: +86-754-88900847 (L.-Y.X.)
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170
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Wang D, Zhang Y, Che YQ. CCND2 mRNA Expression Is Correlated With R-CHOP Treatment Efficacy and Prognosis in Patients With ABC-DLBCL. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1180. [PMID: 32850340 PMCID: PMC7396626 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated whether the expression of cyclin D2 (CCND2) mRNA in activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL) was correlated with the efficacy of Rituximab combined with chemotherapy (R-CHOP) treatment and patient prognosis. Tissue microarray and RNAscope in situ hybridization were used to detect CCND2 mRNA expression in 117 ABC-DLBCL tumor tissues and associations between CCND2 expression and progression-free survival was analyzed. We also downloaded data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to analyze CCND2 expression and the efficacy of R-CHOP treatment and prognosis of patients with newly diagnosed ABC-DLBCL. The positive expression rate of CCND2 mRNA in patients with ABC-DLBCL was 41%. Progression-free survival was significantly lower in patients with positive rather than those negative CCND2 expression (P = 0.005). Further, R-CHOP treatment was significantly more effective for patients with ABC-DLBCL with high CCND2 mRNA expression than those with low expression (P = 0.039). Multivariate regression analysis suggested that high CCND2 expression was an independent prognostic risk factor for progression-free survival for patients with ABC-DLBCL who achieved complete remission after R-CHOP treatment. CCND2 expression in ABC-DLBCL tumors, detected by RNA in situ hybridization, is closely related to the curative effect of R-CHOP and patient prognosis following R-CHOP treatment, and represents a potential biomarker for treatment efficacy and prognostic evaluation in patients with ABC-DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Qun Che
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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171
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Liu Z, Guo S, Sun H, Bai Y, Song Z, Liu X. Circular RNA CircHIPK3 Elevates CCND2 Expression and Promotes Cell Proliferation and Invasion Through miR-124 in Glioma. Front Genet 2020; 11:1013. [PMID: 33005182 PMCID: PMC7485042 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a malignant tumor of the central nervous system, glioma exhibits high incidence and poor prognosis. Circular RNA HIPK3 (circHIPK3) is a circular RNA (circRNA) related to cancer progression. However, the role of circHIPK3 in gliomas remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of circHIPK3 in gliomas and its mechanism. The qRT-PCR method was used to determine the expression pattern of circHIPK3 in glioma cell lines. CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation. Cell migration and invasion were evaluated using the Transwell assay. Our results showed that circHIPK3 expression was significantly up-regulated in glioma tissues and cell lines. In vitro, the down-regulation of circHIPK3 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells. Besides, we demonstrated that circHIPK3 acted as a sponge to absorb miR-124 and promoted CCND2 expression. In summary, our results indicated that circHIPK3 had carcinogenic effects by regulating the expression of CCND2 in glioma by sponging miR-124. These findings provided favorable evidence to reveal the role of circHIPK3 in the development of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengjin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shewei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yahui Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianzhi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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172
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Wang X, Zhang X, Qiu C, Yang N. STAT3 Contributes to Radioresistance in Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1120. [PMID: 32733808 PMCID: PMC7358404 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has been used in the clinic for more than one century and it is recognized as one of the main methods in the treatment of malignant tumors. Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 (STAT3) is reported to be upregulated in many tumor types, and it is believed to be involved in the tumorigenesis, development and malignant behaviors of tumors. Previous studies also found that STAT3 contributes to chemo-resistance of various tumor types. Recently, many studies reported that STAT3 is involved in the response of tumor cells to radiotherapy. But until now, the role of the STAT3 in radioresistance has not been systematically demonstrated. In this study, we will review the radioresistance induced by STAT3 and relative solutions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehai Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
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173
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Ashrafizadeh M, Najafi M, Makvandi P, Zarrabi A, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. Versatile role of curcumin and its derivatives in lung cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9241-9268. [PMID: 32519340 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a main cause of death all over the world with a high incidence rate. Metastasis into neighboring and distant tissues as well as resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy demand novel strategies in lung cancer therapy. Curcumin is a naturally occurring nutraceutical compound derived from Curcuma longa (turmeric) that has great pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antidiabetic. The excellent antitumor activity of curcumin has led to its extensive application in the treatment of various cancers. In the present review, we describe the antitumor activity of curcumin against lung cancer. Curcumin affects different molecular pathways such as vascular endothelial growth factors, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mammalian target of rapamycin, PI3/Akt, microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs in treatment of lung cancer. Curcumin also can induce autophagy, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest to reduce the viability and proliferation of lung cancer cells. Notably, curcumin supplementation sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapy and enhances chemotherapy-mediated apoptosis. Curcumin can elevate the efficacy of radiotherapy in lung cancer therapy by targeting various signaling pathways, such as epidermal growth factor receptor and NF-κB. Curcumin-loaded nanocarriers enhance the bioavailability, cellular uptake, and antitumor activity of curcumin. The aforementioned effects are comprehensively discussed in the current review to further direct studies for applying curcumin in lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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174
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Ashrafizadeh M, Rafiei H, Mohammadinejad R, Afshar EG, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin mediated by JAK/STAT signaling pathway: A review. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1745-1760. [PMID: 32157749 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a naturally occurring nutraceutical compound with a number of therapeutic and biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antitumor, and cardioprotective. This plant-derived chemical has demonstrated great potential in targeting various signaling pathways to exert its protective effects. Signal transducers and activator of transcription (STAT) is one of the molecular pathways involved in a variety of biological processes such as cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. Accumulating data demonstrates that the STAT pathway is an important target in treatment of a number of disorders, particularly cancer. Curcumin is capable of affecting STAT signaling pathway in induction of its therapeutic impacts. Curcumin is able to enhance the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines and improve inflammatory disorders such as colitis by targeting STAT signaling pathway. Furthermore, studies show that inhibition of JAK/STAT pathway by curcumin is involved in reduced migration and invasion of cancer cells. Curcumin normalizes the expression of JAK/STAT signaling pathway to exert anti-diabetic, renoprotective, and neuroprotective impacts. At the present review, we provide a comprehensive discussion about the effect of curcumin on JAK/STAT signaling pathway to direct further studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Rafiei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham G Afshar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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175
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Ashrafizadeh M, Ahmadi Z, Kotla NG, Afshar EG, Samarghandian S, Mandegary A, Pardakhty A, Mohammadinejad R, Sethi G. Nanoparticles Targeting STATs in Cancer Therapy. Cells 2019; 8:E1158. [PMID: 31569687 PMCID: PMC6829305 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, an increase in the incidence rate of cancer has been witnessed. Although many efforts have been made to manage and treat this life threatening condition, it is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Therefore, scientists have attempted to target molecular signaling pathways involved in cancer initiation and metastasis. It has been shown that signal transducers and activator of transcription (STAT) contributes to the progression of cancer cells. This important signaling pathway is associated with a number of biological processes including cell cycle, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. It appears that dysregulation of the STAT signaling pathway promotes the migration, viability and malignancy of various tumor cells. Hence, there have been many attempts to target the STAT signaling pathway. However, it seems that currently applied therapeutics may not be able to effectively modulate the STAT signaling pathway and suffer from a variety of drawbacks such as low bioavailability and lack of specific tumor targeting. In the present review, we demonstrate how nanocarriers can be successfully applied for encapsulation of STAT modulators in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran.
| | - Zahra Ahmadi
- Department of Basic Science, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar 6451741117, Iran.
| | - Niranjan G Kotla
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland.
| | - Elham Ghasemipour Afshar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran.
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur 9318614139, Iran.
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran.
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran.
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616911319, Iran.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
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