151
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Michal M, Ptáková N, Martínek P, Gatalica Z, Kazakov DV, Michalová K, Stoláriková L, Švajdler M, Michal M. S100 and CD34 positive spindle cell tumor with prominent perivascular hyalinization and a novel NCOA4-RET fusion. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 58:680-685. [PMID: 30938880 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a 35-year old male patient with a tumor located in the deep dermis on his forearm. The lesion was completely excised but recurred 4 years later. The patient showed no signs of neurofibromatosis type 1. The morphology and immunophenotype of the tumor corresponded to the recently characterized group of soft tissue spindle cell lesions defined by a relatively uniform cytomorphology, patternless architecture, conspicuous stromal and perivascular hyalinization, S100 and CD34 coexpression and recurrent fusions involving RAF1, BRAF, and NTRK1/2 genes. Using a 592-gene panel and massively parallel next-generation sequencing platform, we initially detected only NF1 gene mutation in our case. However, further molecular testing with Archer fusion assay revealed a novel NCOA4-RET gene fusion, adding it to the list of multiple kinase fusions originally reported in these tumors. Although break-apart FISH showed false negative result due to the presence of intrachromosomal rearrangement, RT-PCR confirmed the fusion transcript. Knowing the exact fusion is of great clinical importance especially for patients within the aggressive subset of these neoplasms that could be treated with selective kinase inhibitors. The presented case underscores the benefits of massively parallel sequencing as the types and number of gene fusions these tumors can potentially harbor render single-gene assays such as FISH impractical, and in this particular case, also insensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Michal
- Department of Pathology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Center, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Bioptical Laboratory, Ltd., Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Ptáková
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Bioptical Laboratory, Ltd., Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Martínek
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Bioptical Laboratory, Ltd., Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | | | - Dmitry V Kazakov
- Department of Pathology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Bioptical Laboratory, Ltd., Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Květoslava Michalová
- Department of Pathology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Bioptical Laboratory, Ltd., Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | | | - Marián Švajdler
- Department of Pathology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Bioptical Laboratory, Ltd., Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Michal
- Department of Pathology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Bioptical Laboratory, Ltd., Pilsen, Czech Republic
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152
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Germline missense NF1 mutation in an elderly patient with a blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. Int J Hematol 2019; 110:102-106. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-019-02642-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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153
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Snezhkina AV, Lukyanova EN, Zaretsky AR, Kalinin DV, Pokrovsky AV, Golovyuk AL, Krasnov GS, Fedorova MS, Pudova EA, Kharitonov SL, Melnikova NV, Alekseev BY, Kiseleva MV, Kaprin AD, Dmitriev AA, Kudryavtseva AV. Novel potential causative genes in carotid paragangliomas. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:48. [PMID: 30967136 PMCID: PMC6454587 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Carotid paragangliomas (CPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that arise from the paraganglion at the bifurcation of the carotid artery and are responsible for approximately 65% of all head and neck paragangliomas. CPGLs can occur sporadically or along with different hereditary tumor syndromes. Approximately 30 genes are known to be associated with CPGLs. However, the genetic basis behind the development of these tumors is not fully elucidated, and the molecular mechanisms underlying CPGL pathogenesis remain unclear. Methods Whole exome and transcriptome high-throughput sequencing of CPGLs was performed on an Illumina platform. Exome libraries were prepared using a Nextera Rapid Capture Exome Kit (Illumina) and were sequenced under 75 bp paired-end model. For cDNA library preparation, a TruSeq Stranded Total RNA Library Prep Kit with Ribo-Zero Gold (Illumina) was used; transcriptome sequencing was carried out with 100 bp paired-end read length. Obtained data were analyzed using xseq which estimates the influence of mutations on gene expression profiles allowing to identify potential causative genes. Results We identified a total of 16 candidate genes (MYH15, CSP1, MYH3, PTGES3L, CSGALNACT2, NMD3, IFI44, GMCL1, LSP1, PPFIBP2, RBL2, MAGED1, CNIH3, STRA6, SLC6A13, and ATM) whose variants potentially influence their expression (cis-effect). The strongest cis-effect of loss-of-function variants was found in MYH15, CSP1, and MYH3, and several likely pathogenic variants in these genes associated with CPGLs were predicted. Conclusions Using the xseq probabilistic model, three novel potential causative genes, namely MYH15, CSP1, and MYH3, were identified in carotid paragangliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena N Lukyanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew R Zaretsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Kalinin
- Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Pokrovsky
- Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L Golovyuk
- Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - George S Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria S Fedorova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Pudova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey L Kharitonov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya V Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Y Alekseev
- National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Kiseleva
- National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey D Kaprin
- National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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154
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Ramkissoon A, Chaney KE, Milewski D, Williams KB, Williams RL, Choi K, Miller A, Kalin TV, Pressey JG, Szabo S, Azam M, Largaespada DA, Ratner N. Targeted Inhibition of the Dual Specificity Phosphatases DUSP1 and DUSP6 Suppress MPNST Growth via JNK. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4117-4127. [PMID: 30936125 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and in highly aggressive malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), constitutively active RAS-GTP and increased MAPK signaling are important in tumorigenesis. Dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are negative regulators of MAPK signaling that dephosphorylate p38, JNK, and ERK in different settings. Although often acting as tumor suppressors, DUSPs may also act as oncogenes, helping tumor cells adapt to high levels of MAPK signaling. We hypothesized that inhibiting DUSPs might be selectively toxic to cells from NF1-driven tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined DUSP gene and protein expression in neurofibroma and MPNSTs. We used small hairpin RNA (shRNA) to knock down DUSP1 and DUSP6 to evaluate cell growth, downstream MAPK signaling, and mechanisms of action. We evaluated the DUSP inhibitor, (E)-2-benzylidene-3-(cyclohexylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (BCI), in MPNST cell lines and in cell-line and patient-derived MPNST xenografts. RESULTS DUSP1 and DUSP6 are expressed in NF1-deleted tumors. Knockdown of DUSP1 and DUSP6, alone or in combination, reduced MPNST cell growth and led to ERK and JNK hyperactivation increasing downstream TP53 and p-ATM. The DUSP inhibitor, BCI, diminished the survival of NF1-deleted Schwann cells and MPNST cell lines through activation of JNK. In vivo, treatment of an established cell-line xenograft or a novel patient-derived xenograft (PDX) of MPNSTs with BCI increased ERK and JNK activation, caused tumor necrosis and fibrosis, and reduced tumor volume in one model. CONCLUSIONS Targeting DUSP1 and DUSP6 genetically or with BCI effectively inhibits MPNST cell growth and promotes cell death, in vitro and in xenograft models. The data support further investigation of DUSP inhibition in MPNSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Milewski
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kyle B Williams
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rory L Williams
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kwangmin Choi
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Adam Miller
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Tanya V Kalin
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Sara Szabo
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Mohammad Azam
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Nancy Ratner
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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155
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The Role of SVZ Stem Cells in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040448. [PMID: 30934929 PMCID: PMC6521108 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As most common primary brain cancer, glioblastoma is also the most aggressive and malignant form of cancer in the adult central nervous system. Glioblastomas are genetic and transcriptional heterogeneous tumors, which in spite of intensive research are poorly understood. Over the years conventional therapies failed to affect a cure, resulting in low survival rates of affected patients. To improve the clinical outcome, an important approach is to identify the cells of origin. One potential source for these are neural stem cells (NSCs) located in the subventricular zone, which is one of two niches in the adult nervous system where NSCs with the capacity of self-renewal and proliferation reside. These cells normally give rise to neuronal as well as glial progenitor cells. This review summarizes current findings about links between NSCs and cancer stem cells in glioblastoma and discusses current therapeutic approaches, which arise as a result of identifying the cell of origin in glioblastoma.
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156
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Ferner RE, Bakker A, Elgersma Y, Evans DGR, Giovannini M, Legius E, Lloyd A, Messiaen LM, Plotkin S, Reilly KM, Schindeler A, Smith MJ, Ullrich NJ, Widemann B, Sherman LS. From process to progress-2017 International Conference on Neurofibromatosis 1, Neurofibromatosis 2 and Schwannomatosis. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1098-1106. [PMID: 30908866 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neurofibromatoses are inherited, tumor suppressor disorders that are characterized by multiple, benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors and other nervous system tumors. Each disease is associated with a distinct genetic mutation and with a different pathogenesis and clinical course. Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is common and epitomized by multiple neurofibromas with widespread complications. NF2 and schwannomatosis are rare diseases that are typified by multiple schwannomas that are particularly painful in people with schwannomatosis. Since 1985, the Children's Tumor Foundation (formerly the National Neurofibromatosis Foundation) has hosted an international Neurofibromatosis Conference, bringing together international participants who are focused on NF research and clinical care. The 2017 Conference, held in Washington, DC, was among the largest gatherings of NF researchers to date and included presentations from clinicians and basic scientists, highlighting new data regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying each of these diseases as well as results from clinical studies and clinical trials. This article summarizes the findings presented at the meeting and represents the current state-of-the art for NF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie E Ferner
- Department of Neurology, Neurofibromatosis Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, and King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ype Elgersma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Gareth R Evans
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Division of Evolution and Genomic Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marco Giovannini
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Eric Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Herestraat, Belgium
| | - Alison Lloyd
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ludwine M Messiaen
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Scott Plotkin
- Department of Neurology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karlyne M Reilly
- Rare Tumors Initiative, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miriam J Smith
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Division of Evolution and Genomic Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicole J Ullrich
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brigitte Widemann
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, and Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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157
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Scheffzek K, Shivalingaiah G. Ras-Specific GTPase-Activating Proteins-Structures, Mechanisms, and Interactions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a031500. [PMID: 30104198 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ras-specific GTPase-activating proteins (RasGAPs) down-regulate the biological activity of Ras proteins by accelerating their intrinsic rate of GTP hydrolysis, basically by a transition state stabilizing mechanism. Oncogenic Ras is commonly not sensitive to RasGAPs caused by interference of mutants with the electronic or steric requirements of the transition state, resulting in up-regulation of activated Ras in respective cells. RasGAPs are modular proteins containing a helical catalytic RasGAP module surrounded by smaller domains that are frequently involved in the subcellular localization or contributing to regulatory features of their host proteins. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about RasGAP structure, mechanism, regulation, and dual-substrate specificity and discuss in some detail neurofibromin, one of the most important negative Ras regulators in cellular growth control and neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Scheffzek
- Division of Biological Chemistry (Biocenter), Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giridhar Shivalingaiah
- Division of Biological Chemistry (Biocenter), Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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158
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Post JB, Hami N, Mertens AEE, Elfrink S, Bos JL, Snippert HJG. CRISPR-induced RASGAP deficiencies in colorectal cancer organoids reveal that only loss of NF1 promotes resistance to EGFR inhibition. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1440-1457. [PMID: 30858928 PMCID: PMC6402720 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-EGFR therapy is used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, for which initial response rates of 10-20% have been achieved. Although the presence of HER2 amplifications and oncogenic mutations in KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF are associated with EGFR-targeted therapy resistance, for a large population of CRC patients the underlying mechanism of RAS-MEK-ERK hyperactivation is not clear. Loss-of-function mutations in RASGAPs are often speculated in literature to promote CRC growth as being negative regulators of RAS, but direct experimental evidence is lacking. We generated a CRISPR-mediated knock out panel of all RASGAPs in patient-derived CRC organoids and found that only loss of NF1, but no other RASGAPs e.g. RASA1, results in enhanced RAS-ERK signal amplification and improved tolerance towards limited EGF stimulation. Our data suggests that NF1-deficient CRCs are likely not responsive to anti-EGFR monotherapy and can potentially function as a biomarker for CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin B Post
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Netherlands, Institute Netherlands, Office Jaarbeurs Innovation Mile, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nizar Hami
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Netherlands, Institute Netherlands, Office Jaarbeurs Innovation Mile, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander E E Mertens
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Netherlands, Institute Netherlands, Office Jaarbeurs Innovation Mile, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suraya Elfrink
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Netherlands, Institute Netherlands, Office Jaarbeurs Innovation Mile, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Bos
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Netherlands, Institute Netherlands, Office Jaarbeurs Innovation Mile, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo J G Snippert
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Netherlands, Institute Netherlands, Office Jaarbeurs Innovation Mile, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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159
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Current Coverage of the mTOR Pathway by Next-Generation Sequencing Oncology Panels. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030690. [PMID: 30764584 PMCID: PMC6387057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mTOR pathway is in the process of establishing itself as a key access-point of novel oncological drugs and targeted therapies. This is also reflected by the growing number of mTOR pathway genes included in commercially available next-generation sequencing (NGS) oncology panels. This review summarizes the portfolio of medium sized diagnostic, as well as research destined NGS panels and their coverage of the mTOR pathway, including 16 DNA-based panels and the current gene list of Foundation One as a major reference entity. In addition, we give an overview of interesting, mTOR-associated somatic mutations that are not yet incorporated. Especially eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs), a group of mTOR downstream proteins, are on the rise as far as diagnostics and drug targeting in precision medicine are concerned. This review aims to raise awareness for the true coverage of NGS panels, which should be valuable in selecting the ideal platform for diagnostics and research.
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160
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Weindorf SC, Taylor AS, Kumar-Sinha C, Robinson D, Wu YM, Cao X, Spratt DE, Kim MM, Lagstein A, Chinnaiyan AM, Mehra R. Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer with squamous cell, small cell, and sarcomatoid elements-a clinicopathologic and genomic sequencing-based discussion. Med Oncol 2019; 36:27. [PMID: 30712214 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-019-1250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Histologic variants are uncommon but well reported amongst cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma, including those in the setting of hormonal and/or chemoradiation therapy and castration resistance. However, the spectrum of morphologic phenotypes and molecular alterations present in such histologic variants are still incompletely understood. Herein, we describe a case of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma with hormonal and chemoradiation therapy-associated differentiation, displaying a combination of squamous cell, small cell, and sarcomatoid elements. The morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular observations are discussed with attention given to the gene alterations present, including in TP53, NF1, AR, PTEN, and RB1. Finally, we will compare our findings with those observed in uncommonly reported similar cases so as to detail the molecular underpinnings of such processes which may carry therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Weindorf
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 35, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander S Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 35, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 35, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dan Robinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 35, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yi-Mi Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 35, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xuhong Cao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel E Spratt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michelle M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amir Lagstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 35, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 35, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 35, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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161
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Green YS, Sargis T, Reichert EC, Rudasi E, Fuja D, Jonasch E, Koh MY. Hypoxia-Associated Factor (HAF) Mediates Neurofibromin Ubiquitination and Degradation Leading to Ras-ERK Pathway Activation in Hypoxia. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1220-1232. [PMID: 30705246 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen or hypoxia is a feature of all solid tumors and has been associated with aggressive disease. Here, we describe a novel mechanism for the hypoxia-dependent degradation of the Ras-GTPase-activating protein neurofibromin, by hypoxia-associated factor (HAF). We have previously characterized HAF as an oxygen-independent ubiquitin ligase for HIF-1α. Here, we show that HAF promotes neurofibromin ubiquitination and degradation independently of oxygen and pVHL, resulting in Ras-ERK pathway activation. Hypoxia enhanced HAF:neurofibromin binding independently of HAF-SUMOylation, whereas HAF knockdown increased neurofibromin levels primarily in hypoxia, supporting the role of HAF as a hypoxia-specific neurofibromin regulator. HAF overexpression increased p-ERK levels and promoted resistance of clear cell kidney cancer (ccRCC) cells to sorafenib and sunitinib in both normoxia and hypoxia. However, a greater-fold increase in sorafenib/sunitinib resistance was observed during hypoxia, particularly in pVHL-deficient cells. Intriguingly, HAF-mediated resistance was HIF-2α-dependent in normoxia, but HIF-2α-independent in hypoxia indicating two potential mechanisms of HAF-mediated resistance: a HIF-2α-dependent pathway dominant in normoxia, and the direct activation of the Ras-ERK pathway through neurofibromin degradation dominant in hypoxia. Patients with ccRCC with high HAF transcript or protein levels showed significantly decreased overall survival compared with those with low HAF. Thus, we establish a novel, nonmutational pathway of neurofibromin inactivation through hypoxia-induced HAF-mediated degradation, leading to Ras-ERK activation and poor prognosis in ccRCC. IMPLICATIONS: We describe a novel mechanism of neurofibromin degradation induced by hypoxia that leads to activation of the prooncogenic Ras-ERK pathway and resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsook Song Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Timothy Sargis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Eleanor Rudasi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Daniel Fuja
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Eric Jonasch
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mei Yee Koh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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162
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A Drosophila genetic screen for suppressors of S6kinase-dependent growth identifies the F-box subunit Archipelago/FBXW7. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 294:573-582. [PMID: 30656413 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-01529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to identify novel negative regulators of the Drosophila S6kinase (dS6K). S6K is a downstream effector of the growth-regulatory complex mTORC1 (mechanistic-Target-of-Rapamycin complex 1). Nutrients activate mTORC1, which in turn induces the phosphorylation of S6K to promote cell growth, whereas fasting represses mTORC1 activity. Here, we screened 11,000 RNA-interfering (RNAi) lines and retained those that enhanced a dS6K-dependent growth phenotype. Since RNAi induces gene knockdown, enhanced tissue growth supports the idea that the targeted gene acts as a growth suppressor. To validate the resulting candidate genes, we monitored dS6K phosphorylation and protein levels in double-stranded RNAi-treated S2 cells. We identified novel dS6K negative regulators, including gene products implicated in basal cellular functions, suggesting that feedback inputs modulate mTORC1/dS6K signaling. We also identified Archipelago (Ago), the Drosophila homologue of FBXW7, which is an E3-ubiquitin-ligase subunit that loads ubiquitin units onto target substrates for proteasome-mediated degradation. Despite a previous report showing an interaction between Ago/FBXW7 and dS6K in a yeast two-hybrid assay and the presence of an Ago/FBXW7-consensus motif in the dS6K polypeptide, we could not see a direct interaction in immunoprecipitation assay. Nevertheless, we observed that loss-of-ago/fbxw7 in larvae resulted in an increase in dS6K protein levels, but no change in the levels of phosphorylated dS6K or dS6K transcripts, suggesting that Ago/FBXW7 indirectly controls dS6K translation or stability. Through the identification of novel negative regulators of the downstream target, dS6K, our study may help deciphering the underlying mechanisms driving deregulations of mTORC1, which underlies several human diseases.
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163
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D’Angelo F, Ceccarelli M, Tala, Garofano L, Zhang J, Frattini V, Caruso FP, Lewis G, Alfaro KD, Bauchet L, Berzero G, Cachia D, Cangiano M, Capelle L, de Groot J, DiMeco F, Ducray F, Farah W, Finocchiaro G, Goutagny S, Kamiya-Matsuoka C, Lavarino C, Loiseau H, Lorgis V, Marras CE, McCutcheon I, Nam DH, Ronchi S, Saletti V, Seizeur R, Slopis J, Suñol M, Vandenbos F, Varlet P, Vidaud D, Watts C, Tabar V, Reuss DE, Kim SK, Meyronet D, Mokhtari K, Salvador H, Bhat KP, Eoli M, Sanson M, Lasorella A, lavarone A. The molecular landscape of glioma in patients with Neurofibromatosis 1. Nat Med 2019; 25:176-187. [PMID: 30531922 PMCID: PMC6857804 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common tumor predisposition syndrome in which glioma is one of the prevalent tumors. Gliomagenesis in NF1 results in a heterogeneous spectrum of low- to high-grade neoplasms occurring during the entire lifespan of patients. The pattern of genetic and epigenetic alterations of glioma that develops in NF1 patients and the similarities with sporadic glioma remain unknown. Here, we present the molecular landscape of low- and high-grade gliomas in patients affected by NF1 (NF1-glioma). We found that the predisposing germline mutation of the NF1 gene was frequently converted to homozygosity and the somatic mutational load of NF1-glioma was influenced by age and grade. High-grade tumors harbored genetic alterations of TP53 and CDKN2A, frequent mutations of ATRX associated with Alternative Lengthening of Telomere, and were enriched in genetic alterations of transcription/chromatin regulation and PI3 kinase pathways. Low-grade tumors exhibited fewer mutations that were over-represented in genes of the MAP kinase pathway. Approximately 50% of low-grade NF1-gliomas displayed an immune signature, T lymphocyte infiltrates, and increased neo-antigen load. DNA methylation assigned NF1-glioma to LGm6, a poorly defined Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 wild-type subgroup enriched with ATRX mutations. Thus, the profiling of NF1-glioma defined a distinct landscape that recapitulates a subset of sporadic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio D’Angelo
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,BIOGEM Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche ‘G. Salvatore’, Ariano Irpino, Italy.,These authors contributed equally: F. D’Angelo, M. Ceccarelli
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- BIOGEM Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche ‘G. Salvatore’, Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento, Italy.,These authors contributed equally: F. D’Angelo, M. Ceccarelli
| | - Tala
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luciano Garofano
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,BIOGEM Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche ‘G. Salvatore’, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Véronique Frattini
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca P. Caruso
- BIOGEM Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche ‘G. Salvatore’, Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Genevieve Lewis
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristin D. Alfaro
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center John Mendelsohn Faculty Center (FC7.3025) – Neuro-Oncology – Unit 0431, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luc Bauchet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Giulia Berzero
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, APHP, Paris, France
| | - David Cachia
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mario Cangiano
- BIOGEM Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche ‘G. Salvatore’, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Laurent Capelle
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurochirurgie, Paris, France
| | - John de Groot
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francesco DiMeco
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Hunterian Brain Tumor Research Laboratory CRB2 2M41, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - François Ducray
- Service de Neuro-Oncologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Department of Cancer Cell Plasticity, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France
| | - Walid Farah
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHU, Dijon, France
| | - Gaetano Finocchiaro
- Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, IRCCS Foundation, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stéphane Goutagny
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance PubliqueHôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France
| | | | - Cinzia Lavarino
- Developmental Tumor Laboratory, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugues Loiseau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bordeaux University Hospital. Labex TRAIL (ANR-10-LABX-57). EA 7435 – IMOTION Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Lorgis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre GF Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Carlo E. Marras
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ian McCutcheon
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Susanna Ronchi
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Veronica Saletti
- Developmental Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Romuald Seizeur
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, CHRU de Brest, Université de Brest, Brest, France
| | - John Slopis
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mariona Suñol
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fanny Vandenbos
- Central Laboratory of Pathology, Pasteur I University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Pascale Varlet
- Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France.,IMA-Brain, Inserm U894, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Vidaud
- EA7331, Université Paris Descartes, France; Service de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaires, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Colin Watts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Viviane Tabar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David E. Reuss
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - David Meyronet
- Centre de Pathologie Et Neuropathologie Est Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Karima Mokhtari
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Hector Salvador
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Krishna P. Bhat
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marica Eoli
- Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, IRCCS Foundation, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marc Sanson
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Antonio lavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,These authors jointly supervised this work: A. Lasorella, A. Iavarone.,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to A.L. or A.I. ;
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164
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Linehan A, Harrold E, Pilson K, McCaffrey J. Recurrent vulvar melanoma in a patient with neurofibromatosis and gastrointestinal stromal tumour. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/1/e224744. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a 51-year-old woman with neurofibromatosis who presented in 2012 with postmenopausal bleeding. Excision biopsy of a pigmented lesion of the labia minora was consistent with an ulcerated vulvar BRAF wild type malignant melanoma (MM). Initial excision was followed by radical vulvectomy and adjuvant interferon. Local recurrence in January 2017 was further resected. Positron emission tomography (PET)-CT in May 2017 identified an FDG avid omental deposit; consistent histologically with MM when resected. Postoperative PET-CT in August 2017 demonstrated local recurrence. In the setting of resected stage IV disease and a third local recurrence, the decision was made to instigate immunotherapy. Vulvar melanoma is rare accounting for 0.2% of all melanoma. Presentation is typically a decade later than cutaneous melanoma with a tendency to late metastases and poorer prognosis. Given their rarity the treatment paradigm is less clearly defined and largely extrapolated from that of cutaneous melanomas.
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165
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Frayling IM, Mautner VF, van Minkelen R, Kallionpaa RA, Aktaş S, Baralle D, Ben-Shachar S, Callaway A, Cox H, Eccles DM, Ferkal S, LaDuca H, Lázaro C, Rogers MT, Stuenkel AJ, Summerour P, Varan A, Yap YS, Zehou O, Peltonen J, Evans DG, Wolkenstein P, Upadhyaya M. Breast cancer risk in neurofibromatosis type 1 is a function of the type of NF1 gene mutation: a new genotype-phenotype correlation. J Med Genet 2018; 56:209-219. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) predisposes to breast cancer (BC), but no genotype-phenotype correlations have been described.MethodsConstitutional NF1 mutations in 78 patients with NF1 with BC (NF1-BC) were compared with the NF1 Leiden Open Variation Database (n=3432).ResultsNo cases were observed with whole or partial gene deletions (HR 0.10; 95% CI 0.006 to 1.63; p=0.014, Fisher’s exact test). There were no gross relationships with mutation position. Forty-five (64.3%; HR 6.4–83) of the 70 different mutations were more frequent than expected (p<0.05), while 52 (74.3%; HR 5.3–83) were significant when adjusted for multiple comparisons (adjusted p≤0.125; Benjamini-Hochberg). Higher proportions of both nonsense and missense mutations were also observed (adjusted p=0.254; Benjamini-Hochberg). Ten of the 11 missense cases with known age of BC occurred at <50 years (p=0.041). Eighteen cases had BRCA1/2 testing, revealing one BRCA2 mutation.DiscussionThese data strongly support the hypothesis that certain constitutional mutation types, and indeed certain specific variants in NF1 confer different risks of BC. The lack of large deletions and excess of nonsenses and missenses is consistent with gain of function mutations conferring risk of BC, and also that neurofibromin may function as a dimer. The observation that somatic NF1 amplification can occur independently of ERBB2 amplification in sporadic BC supports this concept. A prospective clinical-molecular study of NF1-BC needs to be established to confirm and build on these findings, but regardless of NF1 mutation status patients with NF1-BC warrant testing of other BC-predisposing genes.
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166
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NF1 heterozygosity fosters de novo tumorigenesis but impairs malignant transformation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5014. [PMID: 30479396 PMCID: PMC6258697 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal genetic disorder. Patients with NF1 are associated with mono-allelic loss of the tumor suppressor gene NF1 in their germline, which predisposes them to develop a wide array of benign lesions. Intriguingly, recent sequencing efforts revealed that the NF1 gene is frequently mutated in multiple malignant tumors not typically associated with NF1 patients, suggesting that NF1 heterozygosity is refractory to at least some cancer types. In two orthogonal mouse models representing NF1- and non-NF1-related tumors, we discover that an Nf1+/− microenvironment accelerates the formation of benign tumors but impairs further progression to malignancy. Analysis of benign and malignant tumors commonly associated with NF1 patients, as well as those with high NF1 gene mutation frequency, reveals an antagonistic role for NF1 heterozygosity in tumor initiation and malignant transformation and helps to reconciliate the role of the NF1 gene in both NF1 and non-NF1 patient contexts. Germline mono-allelic loss of the tumour suppressor NF1 predisposes patients to the development of benign lesions but rarely further progression into cancer development. Here the authors use mouse models to show that an NF1 heterozygous microenvironment accelerates the formation of benign tumours but impairs progression to malignancy.
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167
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Cui Y, Morrison H. Construction of cloning-friendly minigenes for mammalian expression of full-length human NF1 isoforms. Hum Mutat 2018; 40:187-192. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cui
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI); Jena Germany
| | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI); Jena Germany
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168
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Pan Y, Yuan C, Cheng C, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Zheng D, Zheng S, Li Y, Jin Y, Sun Y, Chen H. Frequency and clinical significance of NF1 mutation in lung adenocarcinomas from East Asian patients. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:290-296. [PMID: 30230541 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
NF1 is a tumor suppressor gene that negatively regulates Ras signaling. NF1 deficiency plays an important role in carcinogenesis. To investigate the frequency and clinical significance of NF1 mutation, we examined mutation status of NF1, TP53, LKB1 and RB1 in 704 surgically resected lung adenocarcinomas from East Asian patients using semiconductor-based Ion Torrent sequencing platform. Common driver events, including mutations in EGFR, KRAS, HER2, BRAF, MET, and fusions affecting ALK, RET and ROS1, were also concurrently detected. The correlation between NF1 mutations and clinicomolecular features of patients was further evaluated. Among 704 patients, 42 NF1 mutations were found in 33 patients (33/704, 4.7%), including 14 patients harboring EGFR/NF1 comutations (14/33, 42.4%). Comparing with EGFR-mutant patients, patients harboring NF1 mutations were closely associated with solid component subtype (p = 0.028). Comparing with KRAS mutations, NF1 mutations were found more common in female and never smokers (p = 0.003 and p = 0.004, respectively). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that patients harboring NF1 mutation had similar disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) with patients with KRAS mutation. Although frequently overlapped with EGFR mutation, patients harboring NF1 mutation had significantly shorter DFS (p = 0.019) and OS (p = 0.004) than patients with EGFR mutation. During follow-up, one female patient with EGFR exon 19 deletion and NF1 Q1815X comutation showed poor response to EGFR TKIs (Gefitinib and Osimertinib) after disease relapse. In conclusion, NF1 mutations define a unique molecular and clinicopathologic subtype of lung adenocarcinoma. Examination of NF1 mutation may contribute to molecular subtyping and therapeutic intervention of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjian Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongze Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiliang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Difan Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanbo Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiquan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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169
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Py C, Christinat Y, Kreutzfeldt M, McKee TA, Dietrich PY, Tsantoulis P. Response of NF1-Mutated Melanoma to an MEK Inhibitor. JCO Precis Oncol 2018; 2:1-11. [DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Py
- All authors: University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yann Christinat
- All authors: University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas A. McKee
- All authors: University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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170
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Molecular determinants of post-mastectomy breast cancer recurrence. NPJ Breast Cancer 2018; 4:34. [PMID: 30345349 PMCID: PMC6185974 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-018-0089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) adjuvant therapy after mastectomy in the setting of 1-3 positive lymph nodes has been controversial. This retrospective Translational Breast Cancer Research Consortium study evaluated molecular aberrations in primary cancers associated with locoregional recurrence (LRR) or distant metastasis (DM) compared to non-recurrent controls. We identified 115 HER2 negative, therapy naïve, T 1-3 and N 0-1 BC patients treated with mastectomy but no post-mastectomy radiotherapy. This included 32 LRR, 34 DM, and 49 controls. RNAseq was performed on primary tumors in 110 patients; with no difference in RNA profiles between patients with LRR, DM, or controls. DNA analysis on 57 primary tumors (17 LRR, 15 DM, and 25 controls) identified significantly more NF1 mutations and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway gene mutations in patients with LRR (24%, 47%) and DM (27%, 40%) compared to controls (0%, 0%; p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0070, respectively). Three patients had matched primary vs. LRR samples, one patient had a gain of a NF1 mutation in the LRR. There was no significant difference between the groups for PTEN loss or cleaved caspase 3 expression. The mean percentage Ki 67 labeling index was higher in patients with LRR (29.2%) and DM (26%) vs. controls (14%, p = 0.0045). In summary, mutations in the MAPK pathway, specifically NF1, were associated with both LRR and DM, suggesting that alterations in MAPK signaling are associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype. Validation of these associations in tissues from randomized trials may support targeted therapy to reduce breast cancer recurrence.
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171
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Confocal Microscopy Predicts the Risk of Recurrence and Malignant Transformation of Mucocutaneous Neurofibromas in NF-1: An Observational Study. Dermatol Res Pract 2018; 2018:6938130. [PMID: 30271432 PMCID: PMC6151241 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6938130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2005 to 2010, 20 consecutive patients with fully manifested neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) underwent elective neurofibroma resection at our institution (Departments of Plastic Surgery and of Odontostomatology). Specimens were photographed under optical microscope and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with ultra-high accuracy of detail, including depth of field. Patients were followed up for a minimum of 4 years and up to a maximum of 12 years, postsurgery. While all nonrecurring lesions showed intense fluorescence, six of the seven lesions with absence of fluorescence under CLSM recurred at a mean of 5.5 years after surgical excision. Among the re-excised lesions, 3 were diagnosed as malignant at the subsequent removal. Despite the limitation of a small cohort, CLSM appears to be a simple and low-cost technique to differentiate forms of neurofibromas with low and high risk of recurrence and malignant degeneration.
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172
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Apatinib-based targeted therapy against pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma: a case report and literature review. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33734-33738. [PMID: 30263099 PMCID: PMC6154744 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare malignancy characterized by a combination of epithelial and sarcoma or sarcoma-like components. In this study, we reported one case of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma and evaluated the safety and efficacy of apatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor selectively targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, in treating this disease. The tumor mass was detected in the left lung of a 75-year-old man and showed positive immunostaining for cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK8, smooth muscle actin, CD31, and CD34. Next-generation sequencing analysis identified 4 mutations in NF1 (p.Q347Sfs*29), CDKN2A (p.G23V), ERBB3 (p.V104L), and TP53 (p.V157F) genes. The patient was given apatinib (250 mg) orally once per day. Sustained tumor regression was observed after apatinib treatment. There was no sever complication associated with apatinib therapy. In conclusion, apatinib-based targeted therapy may represent an important option for patients with sarcomatoid carcinoma.
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173
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Palmieri G, Colombino M, Casula M, Manca A, Mandalà M, Cossu A. Molecular Pathways in Melanomagenesis: What We Learned from Next-Generation Sequencing Approaches. Curr Oncol Rep 2018; 20:86. [PMID: 30218391 PMCID: PMC6153571 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-018-0733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Conventional clinico-pathological features in melanoma patients should be integrated with new molecular diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic factors coming from the expanding genomic profiles. Cutaneous melanoma (CM), even differing in biological behavior according to sun-exposure levels on the skin areas where it arises, is molecularly heterogeneous. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are providing data on mutation landscapes in driver genes that may account for distinct pathogenetic mechanisms and pathways. The purpose was to group and classify all somatic driver mutations observed in the main NGS-based studies. RECENT FINDINGS Whole exome and whole genome sequencing approaches have provided data on spectrum and distribution of genetic and genomic alterations as well as allowed to discover new cancer genes underlying CM pathogenesis. After evaluating the mutational status in a cohort of 686 CM cases from the most representative NGS studies, three molecular CM subtypes were proposed: BRAFmut, RASmut, and non-BRAFmut/non-RASmut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Colombino
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Milena Casula
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Manca
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Mandalà
- PAPA GIOVANNI XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Institute of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU), Sassari, Italy
| | - for the Italian Melanoma Intergroup (IMI)
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- PAPA GIOVANNI XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
- Institute of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU), Sassari, Italy
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174
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Friedrich RE, Hagel C. Pigmented (melanotic) diffuse neurofibroma of the back in neurofibromatosis type 1. GMS INTERDISCIPLINARY PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY DGPW 2018; 7:Doc04. [PMID: 30112270 PMCID: PMC6073164 DOI: 10.3205/iprs000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a tumor predisposition disease. Multiple neurofibromas are among the characteristic tumors of NF1. The report describes the diagnosis and treatment of a large spinal neurofibroma in a NF1 patient. The tumor showed a striking pigmentation and was diagnosed as pigmented (melanotic) neurofibroma. The distinction between this rare tumor variant and other pigmented tumors, especially malignant melanoma, is of primary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard E Friedrich
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Eppendorf University Hospital, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hagel
- Institute of Neuropathology, Eppendorf University Hospital, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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175
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Stires H, Heckler MM, Fu X, Li Z, Grasso CS, Quist MJ, Lewis JA, Klimach U, Zwart A, Mahajan A, Győrffy B, Cavalli LR, Riggins RB. Integrated molecular analysis of Tamoxifen-resistant invasive lobular breast cancer cells identifies MAPK and GRM/mGluR signaling as therapeutic vulnerabilities. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 471:105-117. [PMID: 28935545 PMCID: PMC5858970 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is an understudied malignancy with distinct clinical, pathological, and molecular features that distinguish it from the more common invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Mounting evidence suggests that estrogen receptor-alpha positive (ER+) ILC has a poor response to Tamoxifen (TAM), but the mechanistic drivers of this are undefined. In the current work, we comprehensively characterize the SUM44/LCCTam ILC cell model system through integrated analysis of gene expression, copy number, and mutation, with the goal of identifying actionable alterations relevant to clinical ILC that can be co-targeted along with ER to improve treatment outcomes. We show that TAM has several distinct effects on the transcriptome of LCCTam cells, that this resistant cell model has acquired copy number alterations and mutations that impinge on MAPK and metabotropic glutamate receptor (GRM/mGluR) signaling networks, and that pharmacological inhibition of either improves or restores the growth-inhibitory actions of endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Stires
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mary M Heckler
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Fu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph A Lewis
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Uwe Klimach
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alan Zwart
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Akanksha Mahajan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Luciane R Cavalli
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rebecca B Riggins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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176
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Alon M, Arafeh R, Lee JS, Madan S, Kalaora S, Nagler A, Abgarian T, Greenberg P, Ruppin E, Samuels Y. CAPN1 is a novel binding partner and regulator of the tumor suppressor NF1 in melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31264-31277. [PMID: 30131853 PMCID: PMC6101293 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromin 1 (NF1), a tumor suppressor that negatively regulates RAS through its GTPase activity, is highly mutated in various types of sporadic human cancers, including melanoma. However, the binding partners of NF1 and the pathways in which it is involved in melanoma have not been characterized in an in depth manner. Utilizing a mass spectrometry analysis of NF1 binding partners, we revealed Calpain1 (CAPN1), a calcium-dependent neutral cysteine protease, as a novel NF1 binding partner that regulates NF1 degradation in melanoma cells. ShRNA-mediated knockdown of CAPN1 or treatment with a CAPN1 inhibitor stabilizes NF1 protein levels, downregulates AKT signaling and melanoma cell growth. Combination treatment of Calpain inhibitor I with MEKi Trametinib in different melanoma cells is more effective in reducing melanoma cell growth compared to treatment with Trametinib alone, suggesting that this combination may have a therapeutic potential in melanoma. This novel mechanism for regulating NF1 in melanoma provides a molecular basis for targeting CAPN1 in order to stabilize NF1 levels and, in doing so, suppressing Ras activation; this mechanism can be exploited therapeutically in melanoma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Alon
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rand Arafeh
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Joo Sang Lee
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanna Madan
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shelly Kalaora
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Nagler
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tereza Abgarian
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Polina Greenberg
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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177
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Abstract
RATIONALE Neurofibromatosis, including type 1 and type 2, is inherited dominant disease that causes serious consequences. The genetic mechanism of these diseases has been described, but germline mutation of checkpoint 2 kinase gene, together with other DNA repair related genes, has not been fully elucidated in the context of neurofibromatosis. PATIENT CONCERNS In this article, we reported identical germline mutation of CHEK2 gene (p.R180C) in a 7-year-old Tibetan boy with NF1, and in a 12-year-old Chinese girl with NF2. DIAGNOSES Neurofibromatosis 1 and 2 with CHECK2 gene germline mutation. INTERVENTIONS Both patients underwent operation to obtain tumor tissue, and peripheral blood of their family was tested. OUTCOMES Identical germline mutation of CHEK2 gene (p.R180C) was detected in both patients, and germline mutations of POLE, MUTYH and ATR were also detected. LESSONS This is the first article to describe CHEK2 mutation in both NF1 and NF2. This article highlights a possible role of CHEK2, in association with other germline genetic mutations, in tumorigenesis of NF1 and NF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan Province
| | - Feilong Zhao
- Medical Science Liaison, Genetron Health Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ju
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan Province
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178
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominantly inherited tumor predisposition syndrome with an incidence of one in 3000-4000 individuals with no currently effective therapies. The NF1 gene encodes neurofibromin, which functions as a negative regulator of RAS. NF1 is a chronic multisystem disorder affecting many different tissues. Due to cell-specific complexities of RAS signaling, therapeutic approaches for NF1 will likely have to focus on a particular tissue and manifestation of the disease. Areas covered: We discuss the multisystem nature of NF1 and the signaling pathways affected due to neurofibromin deficiency. We explore the cell-/tissue-specific molecular and cellular consequences of aberrant RAS signaling in NF1 and speculate on their potential as therapeutic targets for the disease. We discuss recent genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies combined with molecular, cellular, and biochemical analyses which have identified several targets for specific NF1 manifestations. We also consider the possibility of patient-specific gene therapy approaches for NF1. Expert opinion: The emergence of NF1 genotype-phenotype correlations, characterization of cell-specific signaling pathways affected in NF1, identification of novel biomarkers, and the development of sophisticated animal models accurately reflecting human pathology will continue to provide opportunities to develop therapeutic approaches to combat this multisystem disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Walker
- a Center for Genomic Medicine , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Meena Upadhyaya
- b Division of Cancer and Genetics , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
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179
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Allaway RJ, Gosline SJC, La Rosa S, Knight P, Bakker A, Guinney J, Le LQ. Cutaneous neurofibromas in the genomics era: current understanding and open questions. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:1539-1548. [PMID: 29695767 PMCID: PMC6008439 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous neurofibromas (cNF) are a nearly ubiquitous symptom of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a disorder with a broad phenotypic spectrum caused by germline mutation of the neurofibromatosis type 1 tumour suppressor gene (NF1). Symptoms of NF1 can include learning disabilities, bone abnormalities and predisposition to tumours such as cNFs, plexiform neurofibromas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours and optic nerve tumours. There are no therapies currently approved for cNFs aside from elective surgery, and the molecular aetiology of cNF remains relatively uncharacterised. Furthermore, whereas the biallelic inactivation of NF1 in neoplastic Schwann cells is critical for cNF formation, it is still unclear which additional genetic, transcriptional, epigenetic, microenvironmental or endocrine changes are important. Significant inroads have been made into cNF understanding, including NF1 genotype–phenotype correlations in NF1 microdeletion patients, the identification of recurring somatic mutations, studies of cNF-invading mast cells and macrophages, and clinical trials of putative therapeutic targets such as mTOR, MEK and c-KIT. Despite these advances, several gaps remain in our knowledge of the associated pathogenesis, which is further hampered by a lack of translationally relevant animal models. Some of these questions may be addressed in part by the adoption of genomic analysis techniques. Understanding the aetiology of cNF at the genomic level may assist in the development of new therapies for cNF, and may also contribute to a greater understanding of NF1/RAS signalling in cancers beyond those associated with NF1. Here, we summarise the present understanding of cNF biology, including the pathogenesis, mutational landscape, contribution of the tumour microenvironment and endocrine signalling, and the historical and current state of clinical trials for cNF. We also highlight open access data resources and potential avenues for future research that leverage recently developed genomics-based methods in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pamela Knight
- Children's Tumor Foundation, New York, NY, 10005, USA
| | | | | | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Neurofibromatosis Clinic, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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180
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Shah S, Brock EJ, Ji K, Mattingly RR. Ras and Rap1: A tale of two GTPases. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 54:29-39. [PMID: 29621614 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ras oncoproteins play pivotal roles in both the development and maintenance of many tumor types. Unfortunately, these proteins are difficult to directly target using traditional pharmacological strategies, in part due to their lack of obvious binding pockets or allosteric sites. This obstacle has driven a considerable amount of research into pursuing alternative ways to effectively inhibit Ras, examples of which include inducing mislocalization to prevent Ras maturation and inactivating downstream proteins in Ras-driven signaling pathways. Ras proteins are archetypes of a superfamily of small GTPases that play specific roles in the regulation of many cellular processes, including vesicle trafficking, nuclear transport, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and cell cycle progression. Several other superfamily members have also been linked to the control of normal and cancer cell growth and survival. For example, Rap1 has high sequence similarity to Ras, has overlapping binding partners, and has been demonstrated to both oppose and mimic Ras-driven cancer phenotypes. Rap1 plays an important role in cell adhesion and integrin function in a variety of cell types. Mechanistically, Ras and Rap1 cooperate to initiate and sustain ERK signaling, which is activated in many malignancies and is the target of successful therapeutics. Here we review the role activated Rap1 in ERK signaling and other downstream pathways to promote invasion and cell migration and metastasis in various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Shah
- Program in Cancer Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ethan J Brock
- Program in Cancer Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Kyungmin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Raymond R Mattingly
- Program in Cancer Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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181
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Nakhaei-Rad S, Haghighi F, Nouri P, Rezaei Adariani S, Lissy J, Kazemein Jasemi NS, Dvorsky R, Ahmadian MR. Structural fingerprints, interactions, and signaling networks of RAS family proteins beyond RAS isoforms. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:130-156. [PMID: 29457927 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1431605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Fereshteh Haghighi
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Parivash Nouri
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Soheila Rezaei Adariani
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Jana Lissy
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Neda S Kazemein Jasemi
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
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182
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Monteiro AR, Hill R, Pilkington GJ, Madureira PA. The Role of Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Invasion. Cells 2017; 6:E45. [PMID: 29165393 PMCID: PMC5755503 DOI: 10.3390/cells6040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a grade IV astrocytoma, is the most common and deadly type of primary malignant brain tumor, with a patient's median survival rate ranging from 15 to 17 months. The current treatment for GBM involves tumor resection surgery based on MRI image analysis, followed by radiotherapy and treatment with temozolomide. However, the gradual development of tumor resistance to temozolomide is frequent in GBM patients leading to subsequent tumor regrowth/relapse. For this reason, the development of more effective therapeutic approaches for GBM is of critical importance. Low tumor oxygenation, also known as hypoxia, constitutes a major concern for GBM patients, since it promotes cancer cell spreading (invasion) into the healthy brain tissue in order to evade this adverse microenvironment. Tumor invasion not only constitutes a major obstacle to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, but it is also the main cause of death in GBM patients. Understanding how hypoxia triggers the GBM cells to become invasive is paramount to developing novel and more effective therapies against this devastating disease. In this review, we will present a comprehensive examination of the available literature focused on investigating how GBM hypoxia triggers an invasive cancer cell phenotype and the role of these invasive proteins in GBM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Monteiro
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, Room 3.4, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Richard Hill
- Brain Tumour Research Centre of Excellence, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Geoffrey J Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre of Excellence, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Patrícia A Madureira
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, Room 3.4, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
- Brain Tumour Research Centre of Excellence, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
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183
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Shibahara I, Sonoda Y, Suzuki H, Mayama A, Kanamori M, Saito R, Suzuki Y, Mashiyama S, Uenohara H, Watanabe M, Kumabe T, Tominaga T. Glioblastoma in neurofibromatosis 1 patients without IDH1, BRAF V600E, and TERT promoter mutations. Brain Tumor Pathol 2017; 35:10-18. [PMID: 29138945 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-017-0302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pilocytic astrocytomas and low-grade gliomas are more common compared with glioblastomas in patients with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1). A recent genome-wide analysis has shown frequent NF1 gene alterations in the mesenchymal subtype of a glioblastoma; however, little is known about clinicopathological features of glioblastomas in NF1 patients (NF1 glioblastomas). We analyzed four NF1 glioblastomas. Radiographical and intraoperative findings showed well-circumscribed tumors from surrounding brain. Pathological analysis presented a paucity of processes with an eosinophilic cytoplasm, bizarre nuclei, xanthomatous-like appearance, multinucleated giant cells, and histiocytoid appearance. During the follow-up period, one patient died at 49 months and others remained alive for 60, 87, and 106 months; thus, patients with NF1 glioblastoma presented a relatively favorable survival. None of the NF1 glioblastomas harbored isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene mutation, v-RAF murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) gene mutation, and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene promoter mutation. We identified that NF1 glioblastoma is a unique subset of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiyo Shibahara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Sonoda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Hiroyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akifumi Mayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kanamori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwaki Kyoritsu General Hospital, Iwaki, Japan
| | - Shoji Mashiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwaki Kyoritsu General Hospital, Iwaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uenohara
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kumabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Teiji Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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