An investigation into the effects of the hierarchical structure of tendon fascicles on micromechanical properties

Isolated fibrillar damage in tendons stimulates local collagenase mRNA expression and protein synthesis

The etiology of repetitive stress injuries in tendons has not been clearly identified. While minor trauma has been implicated as an inciting factor, the precise magnitude and structural level of tissue injury that initiates this degenerative cascade has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to determine if isolated tendon fibril damage could initiate an upregulation of interstitial collagenase (MMP13) mRNA and protein in tendon cells associated with the injured fibril(s). Rat tail tendon fascicles were subjected to in vitro tensile loading until isolated fibrillar damage was documented. Once fibrillar damage occurred, the tendons were immediately unloaded to 100g and maintained at that displacement for 24h under tissue culture conditions. In addition, non-injured tendon fascicles were maintained under unloaded (stress-deprived) conditions in culture for 24h to act as positive controls. In situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry was then performed to localize collagenase mRNA expression or protein synthesis, respectively. Fibrillar damage occurred at a similar stress (41.13+/-5.94MPa) and strain (13.24+/-1.94%) in the experimental tendons. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry demonstrated an upregulation of interstitial collagenase mRNA and protein, respectively, in only those cells associated with the damaged fibril(s). In the control (stress-deprived) specimens, collagenase mRNA expression and protein synthesis were observed throughout the fascicle. The results suggest that isolated fibrillar damage and the resultant upregulation of collagenase mRNA and protein in this damaged area occurs through a mechanobiological understimulation of tendon cells. This collagenase production may weaken the tendon and put more of the extracellular matrix at risk for further damage during subsequent loading.

Mapping lubricin in canine musculoskeletal tissues

Lubricin, also known as superficial zone protein or PRG4, has many distinct biological functions, including lubrication, antiadhesion, and as a regulator of cell growth. This study investigated lubricin in canine musculoskeletal tissues using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. One or more variants were noted in canine flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon, Achilles tendon, patellar tendon, A2 pulley, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), knee lateral collateral ligament (LCL), articular cartilage, meniscus, muscle, and skin. We found 6 N-terminal lubricin splicing variants. The variants with larger sizes were identified in FDP tendon, ACL, LCL, A2 pulley, and cartilage. Lubricin was distributed both on the tissue surfaces and at the interface of fiber bundles within tissues, but this distribution varied by tissue type. We conclude that lubricin is present in many tissues; variations in splicing and physical distribution suggest that the variants of lubricin may play different roles in different locations.

Cyclic tensile strain upregulates collagen synthesis in isolated tendon fascicles

Mechanical stimulation has been implicated as an important regulatory factor in tendon homeostasis. In this study, a custom-designed tensile loading system was used to apply controlled mechanical stimulation to isolated tendon fascicles, in order to examine the effects of 5% cyclic tensile strain at 1 Hz on cell proliferation and matrix synthesis. Sample viability and gross structural composition were maintained over a 24 h loading period. Data demonstrated no statistically significant differences in cell proliferation or glycosaminoglycan production, however, collagen synthesis was upregulated with the application of cyclic tensile strain over the 24 h period. Moreover, a greater proportion of the newly synthesised matrix was retained within the sample after loading. These data provide evidence of altered anabolic activity within tendon in response to mechanical stimuli, and suggest the importance of cyclic tensile loading for the maintenance of the collagen hierarchy within tendon.

The Influence of Noncollagenous Matrix Components on the Micromechanical Environment of Tendon Fascicles

Tendon is composed of type I collagen fibers, interspersed with proteoglycan matrix and cells. Glycosaminoglycans may play a role in maintaining the structural integrity of tendon, preventing excessive shearing between collagen components. This study tests the hypothesis that tendon extension mechanisms can be altered by modifying the composition of noncollagenous matrix. Tendon explants were treated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or PBS + 0.5 U ml(-1) chondroitinase ABC. Structural changes were examined using TEM and biochemical analysis, while strain response was examined using confocal microscopy and gross mechanical characterization. Chondroitinase ABC removed 90% of glycosaminoglycans from the matrix. Results demonstrated significant swelling of fibrils and surrounding matrix when incubated in either solution. In response to applied strain, PBS incubated samples demonstrated significantly less sliding between adjacent fibers than nonincubated, and a 33% reduction in maximum force. By contrast, fascicles incubated in chondroitinase ABC demonstrated a similar strain response to nonincubated. Data indicate that collagen-proteoglycan binding characteristics can be influenced by incubation and this, in turn, can influence the preferred extension mechanisms adopted by fascicles. This highlights the importance of maintaining fascicles within their natural environment to prevent structural or mechanical changes prior to subsequent analysis.