151
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Im SW, Sung CO, Kim KS, Cho NH, Kim YM, Kwon GY, Moon KC, Choi SY, Lim JS, Choi YJ, Jung SJ, Lim SD, Paick SH, Lee OJ, Kang HW, Rha SH, Hwang HS, Park JM, Yoon SY, Chae J, Choi J, Kim JI, Cho YM. Genomic Landscape of Young-Onset Bladder Cancer and Its Prognostic Implications on Adult Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020307. [PMID: 32012866 PMCID: PMC7073191 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rare occurrence of young-onset bladder cancer (YBC), its genomic characteristics remain largely unknown. Twenty-nine biopsy-proven YBC cases were collected using a nation-wide search for bladder cancer diagnosed at 20 years or younger. Whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing were carried out in 21 and 11 cases, respectively, and compared with those of adult bladder cancer (ABC) cases obtained from public databases. Almost all YBCs were low grade, non-invasive papillary tumors. YBC had a low mutation burden and less complex copy number alterations. All cases harbored putative driver mutations. Mutations were most commonly found in HRAS (10 cases), with a preference for exon 5. FGFR3 gene fusions were noted with various partner genes (7 cases). The alterations on HRAS and FGFR3 occurred in a mutually exclusive manner. Others included KRAS mutations (2 cases), chromosomes 4p and 10q arm-level deletions (1 case), and ERCC2 mutation (1 case). There were no point mutations in TP53 and FGFR3. The gene expression profiles of YBC were similar to those of the ABC group with good prognosis. None of the YBCs and ABCs with YBC-like mutations showed progression to muscle-invasive tumors. Our results suggest that bladder cancer with YBC-like mutations represents an indolent bladder tumor, regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Wha Im
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Chang Ohk Sung
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (C.O.S.); (H.S.H.)
| | - Kun Suk Kim
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Nam Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei Medical University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Young Min Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan 44033, Korea;
| | - Ghee Young Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Song-Yi Choi
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
| | - Jae Sung Lim
- Department of Urology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
| | - Yeong Jin Choi
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Soo Jin Jung
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Seoul 47392, Korea;
| | - So Dug Lim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Paick
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Ok-Jun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Ho Won Kang
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Seo Hee Rha
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea;
| | - Hee Sang Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (C.O.S.); (H.S.H.)
| | - Ja-Min Park
- Asan Institute of Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.-M.P.); (S.Y.Y.)
| | - Sun Young Yoon
- Asan Institute of Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.-M.P.); (S.Y.Y.)
| | - Jeesoo Chae
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jaeyong Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.C.); (J.C.)
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-I.K.); (Y.M.C.); Tel.: +82-740-8421 (J.-I.K.); +82-2-3010-5965 (Y.M.C.)
| | - Yong Mee Cho
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (C.O.S.); (H.S.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.-I.K.); (Y.M.C.); Tel.: +82-740-8421 (J.-I.K.); +82-2-3010-5965 (Y.M.C.)
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152
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Staubitz JI, Musholt TJ. [Individualization of the surgical procedure in response to overdiagnosis and overtreatment in differentiated thyroid carcinomas]. DER PATHOLOGE 2020; 40:342-346. [PMID: 31705233 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-019-00699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in diagnostic methods have led to an early detection of thyroid nodules with debatable malignant potential in numerous cases. This can result in a potential overtreatment of thyroid lesions with very good prognosis. OBJECTIVES To avoid surgical overtreatment, an individualized, risk-adapted management is required that respects the different tumor biology of the underlying histological entities. METHODS The current guidelines of the leading professional societies, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and the German Association of Endocrine Surgeons (CAEK), were compared and critically studied, to describe risk-adapted, more conservative treatment options for certain types of thyroid neoplasms according to the 2017 WHO definition. RESULTS The German CAEK recommends thyroidectomy as a routine operation in the case of thyroid carcinoma. Exceptions are papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma, which can be treated by lobectomy. The ATA proposes an "active surveillance" for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and lobectomy in cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma <4 cm in diameter in the absence of clearly predefined risk factors. CONCLUSIONS The pre- or intraoperative pathological diagnosis of the underlying tumor entity is the key point, which allows for an adaption of the resection strategy for thyroid malignancy. Depending on the type of carcinoma, the current guidelines of international expert societies allow for parenchyma-sparing operations and, according to the ATA, even an "active surveillance."
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Staubitz
- Sektion Endokrine Chirurgie, Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - T J Musholt
- Sektion Endokrine Chirurgie, Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland.
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153
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Song Y, Xu Y, Pan C, Yan L, Wang ZW, Zhu X. The emerging role of SPOP protein in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:2. [PMID: 31901237 DOI: 10.1186/s12943019-1124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear speckle-type pox virus and zinc finger (POZ) protein (SPOP), a representative substrate-recognition subunit of the cullin-RING E3 ligase, has been characterized to play a dual role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Numerous studies have determined that SPOP suppresses tumorigenesis in a variety of human malignancies such as prostate, lung, colon, gastric, and liver cancers. However, several studies revealed that SPOP exhibited oncogenic function in kidney cancer, suggesting that SPOP could exert its biological function in a cancer type-specific manner. The role of SPOP in thyroid, cervical, ovarian, bone and neurologic cancers has yet to be determined. In this review article, we describe the structure and regulation of SPOP in human cancer. Moreover, we highlight the critical role of SPOP in tumorigenesis based on three major categories: physiological evidence (animal models), pathological evidence (human cancer specimens) and biochemical evidence (downstream ubiquitin substrates). Furthermore, we note that SPOP could be a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizuo Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yichi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyu Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linzhi Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
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154
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Song Y, Xu Y, Pan C, Yan L, Wang ZW, Zhu X. The emerging role of SPOP protein in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:2. [PMID: 31901237 PMCID: PMC6942384 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear speckle-type pox virus and zinc finger (POZ) protein (SPOP), a representative substrate-recognition subunit of the cullin-RING E3 ligase, has been characterized to play a dual role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Numerous studies have determined that SPOP suppresses tumorigenesis in a variety of human malignancies such as prostate, lung, colon, gastric, and liver cancers. However, several studies revealed that SPOP exhibited oncogenic function in kidney cancer, suggesting that SPOP could exert its biological function in a cancer type-specific manner. The role of SPOP in thyroid, cervical, ovarian, bone and neurologic cancers has yet to be determined. In this review article, we describe the structure and regulation of SPOP in human cancer. Moreover, we highlight the critical role of SPOP in tumorigenesis based on three major categories: physiological evidence (animal models), pathological evidence (human cancer specimens) and biochemical evidence (downstream ubiquitin substrates). Furthermore, we note that SPOP could be a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizuo Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yichi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyu Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linzhi Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China. .,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
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155
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Minna E, Brich S, Todoerti K, Pilotti S, Collini P, Bonaldi E, Romeo P, De Cecco L, Dugo M, Perrone F, Busico A, Vingiani A, Bersani I, Anichini A, Mortarini R, Neri A, Pruneri G, Greco A, Borrello MG. Cancer Associated Fibroblasts and Senescent Thyroid Cells in the Invasive Front of Thyroid Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010112. [PMID: 31906302 PMCID: PMC7016563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma (TC) comprises several histotypes with different aggressiveness, from well (papillary carcinoma, PTC) to less differentiated forms (poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, PDTC and ATC, respectively). Previous reports have suggested a functional role for cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) or senescent TC cells in the progression of PTC. In this study, we investigated the presence of CAFs and senescent cells in proprietary human TCs including PTC, PDTC, and ATC. Screening for the driving lesions BRAFV600E and N/H/KRAS mutations, and gene fusions was also performed to correlate results with tumor genotype. In samples with unidentified drivers, transcriptomic profiles were used to establish a BRAF- or RAS-like molecular subtype based on a gene signature derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas. By using immunohistochemistry, we found co-occurrence of stromal CAFs and senescent TC cells at the tumor invasive front, where deposition of collagen (COL1A1) and expression of lysyl oxidase (LOX) enzyme were also detected, in association with features of local invasion. Concurrent high expression of CAFs and of the senescent TC cells markers, COL1A1 and LOX was confirmed in different TC histotypes in proprietary and public gene sets derived from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository, and especially in BRAF mutated or BRAF-like tumors. In this study, we show that CAFs and senescent TC cells co-occur in various histotypes of BRAF-driven thyroid tumors and localize at the tumor invasive front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Minna
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (M.G.B.); Tel.: +39-02-2390-3223 (M.G.B.)
| | - Silvia Brich
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Katia Todoerti
- Hematology, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Pilotti
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Collini
- Soft Tissue and Bone Pathology, Histopathology and Pediatric Pathology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Bonaldi
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Romeo
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Platform of Integrated Biology, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Dugo
- Platform of Integrated Biology, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Perrone
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Adele Busico
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Vingiani
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bersani
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Anichini
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Mortarini
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Neri
- Hematology, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Greco
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Borrello
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (M.G.B.); Tel.: +39-02-2390-3223 (M.G.B.)
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156
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Prete A, Borges de Souza P, Censi S, Muzza M, Nucci N, Sponziello M. Update on Fundamental Mechanisms of Thyroid Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:102. [PMID: 32231639 PMCID: PMC7082927 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) has increased worldwide over the past four decades. TC is divided into three main histological types: differentiated (papillary and follicular TC), undifferentiated (poorly differentiated and anaplastic TC), and medullary TC, arising from TC cells. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms associated to the pathogenesis of different types of TC and their clinical relevance. In the last years, progresses in the genetic characterization of TC have provided molecular markers for diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment targets. Recently, papillary TC, the most frequent form of TC, has been reclassified into two molecular subtypes, named BRAF-like and RAS-like, associated to a different range of cancer risks. Similarly, the genetic characterization of follicular TC has been proposed to complement the new histopathological classification in order to estimate the prognosis. New analyses characterized a comprehensive molecular profile of medullary TC, raising the role of RET mutations. More recent evidences suggested that immune microenvironment associated to TC may play a critical role in tumor invasion, with potential immunotherapeutic implications in advanced and metastatic TC. Several types of ancillary approaches have been developed to improve the diagnostic value of fine needle aspiration biopsies in indeterminate thyroid nodules. Finally, liquid biopsy, as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for body fluid genotyping, brings a new prospective of disease and therapy monitoring. Despite all these novelties, much work remains to be done to fully understand the pathogenesis and biological behaviors of the different types of TC and to transfer this knowledge in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Prete
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patricia Borges de Souza
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simona Censi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marina Muzza
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Nucci
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Sponziello
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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157
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Nagayama Y, Mishima H. Heterogenous nature of gene expression patterns in BRAF-like papillary thyroid carcinomas with BRAF V600E. Endocrine 2019; 66:607-613. [PMID: 31478162 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) are the most common type of thyroid cancers, in which BRAFV600E is the most prevalent driver mutation. It is known that BRAFV600E-positive PTCs are clinically and molecularly heterogenous in terms of aggressiveness and prognosis. The molecular mechanisms of this heterogeneity were evaluated. METHODS The publicly available RNA-seq data for 26 classical (c) and 5 follicular variant (fv) PTCs with BRAFV600E mutation and the BRAF-like expression signature in the BRAFV600E-RAS score (BRS) and their respective normal adjacent tissues were downloaded, and analyzed for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The DEGs were then analyzed with the Gene Ontology annotation and the KEGG pathway dataset. RESULTS We found four lines of evidence for heterogeneity of cPTCs. First, the cluster dendrogram and principle component analyses could not completely distinguish the cancer tissues from normal tissues. Second, the DEGs identified in each sample were highly diverse from one another. Third, although the DEGs were enriched in many terms containing the word "extracellular" ("extracellular region", "extracellular space", and so on) when analyzed as groups, the degree of this enrichment was variable when analyzed individually. Fourth, there are only a few intersections in the over-/underexpressed genes annotated with the terms containing the word "extracellular" among the samples examined. Essentially same results were obtained with BRAF-like, fvPTCs with BRAFV600E. Nevertheless, some frequently over-/underexpressed genes were detected, of which LIPH (lipase H) expression was found to be prognostic and its high expression was favorable for PTCs. CONCLUSION Groups of BRAF-like, BRAFV600E-positive cPTCs and fvPTCs that are homogenous in regard to histopathology, driver mutation and BRS were found to be highly heterogenous in terms of gene expression patterns. Yet, among the genes that were annotated with the terms containing the word "extracellular" and frequently over-/underexpressed, LIPH is a favorable prognostic marker for PTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nagayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Mishima
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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158
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Kari S, Vasko VV, Priya S, Kirschner LS. PKA Activates AMPK Through LKB1 Signaling in Follicular Thyroid Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:769. [PMID: 31798532 PMCID: PMC6874117 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer affects about one percent of the population, and has seen rising incidence in recent years. Follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) comprises 10-15% of all thyroid cancers. Although FTC is often localized, it can behave aggressively with hematogenous metastasis, leading to an increased risk of cancer death. We previously described a mouse model for FTC caused by tissue-specific ablation of the Protein Kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit Prkar1a, either by itself or in combination with knockout of Pten. Loss of Prkar1a causes enhanced activity of PKA, whereas ablation of Pten causes activation of Akt signaling. At the molecular level, these genetic manipulations caused activation of mTOR signaling, which was also observed in human FTC cases. To understand the mechanism by which PKA activates mTOR, we began by studying intracellular kinases known to modulate mTOR function. Although AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) has been characterized as a negative regulator of mTOR activity, our tumor model exhibited activation of both AMPK and mTOR. To understand the mechanism by which AMPK was turned on, we next studied kinases known to cause its phosphorylation. In this paper, we report that PKA leads to AMPK activation through the LKB1 kinase. Although LKB1 has traditionally been considered a tumor suppressor, our data indicates that it may have a complex role in the thyroid gland, where its activation appears to be frequently associated with follicular thyroid carcinoma in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kari
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vasyl V. Vasko
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shivam Priya
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lawrence S. Kirschner
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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159
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Goldner WS, Angell TE, McAdoo SL, Babiarz J, Sadow PM, Nabhan FA, Nasr C, Kloos RT. Molecular Variants and Their Risks for Malignancy in Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules. Thyroid 2019; 29:1594-1605. [PMID: 31469053 PMCID: PMC6864764 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Gene panels are routinely used to assess predisposition to hereditary cancers by simultaneously testing multiple susceptibility genes and/or variants. More recently, genetic panels have been implemented as part of solid tumor malignancy testing assessing somatic alterations. One example is targeted variant panels for thyroid nodules that are not conclusively malignant or benign upon fine-needle aspiration (FNA). We systematically reviewed published studies from 2009 to 2018 that contained genetic data from preoperative FNA specimens on cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules (ITNs) that subsequently underwent surgical resection. Pooled prevalence estimates per gene and variant, along with their respective positive predictive values (PPVs) for malignancy, were calculated. Summary: Our systematic search identified 540 studies that were supplemented by 18 studies from bibliographies or personal files. Sixty-one studies met all inclusion criteria and included >4600 ITNs. Overall, 26% of nodules contained at least 1 variant or fusion. However, half of them did not include details on the specific gene, variant, and/or complete fusion pair reported for inclusion toward PPV calculations. The PPVs of genomic alterations reported at least 10 times were limited to BRAFV600E (98%, 95% confidence interval [CI 96-99%]), PAX8/PPARG (55% [CI 34-78%]), HRASQ61R (45% [CI 22-72%]), BRAFK601E (42% [CI 19-68%]), and NRASQ61R (38% [CI 23-55%]). Excluding BRAFV600E, the pooled PPV for all other specified variants and fusions was 47%. Multiple variants within the same nodule were identified in ∼1% of ITN and carried a cumulative PPV of 77%. Conclusions: The chance that a genomic alteration predicts malignancy depends on the individual variant or fusion detected. Only five alterations were reported at least 10 times; BRAFV600E had a PPV of 98%, while the remaining four had individual PPVs ranging from 38% to 55%. The small sample size of most variants and fusion pairs found among ITNs, however, limits confidence in their individual PPV point estimates. Better specific reporting of genomic alterations with cytological category, histological subtype, and cancer staging would facilitate better understanding of cancer prediction, and the independent contribution of the genomic profile to prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S. Goldner
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Address correspondence to: Whitney S. Goldner, MD, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984120 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4120
| | - Trevor E. Angell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angles, California
| | | | | | - Peter M. Sadow
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fadi A. Nabhan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Arthur G. James Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christian Nasr
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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160
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Titov SE, Ivanov MK, Demenkov PS, Katanyan GA, Kozorezova ES, Malek AV, Veryaskina YA, Zhimulev IF. Combined quantitation of HMGA2 mRNA, microRNAs, and mitochondrial-DNA content enables the identification and typing of thyroid tumors in fine-needle aspiration smears. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1010. [PMID: 31660895 PMCID: PMC6819494 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Analysis of molecular markers in addition to cytological analysis of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) samples is a promising way to improve the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Nonetheless, in clinical practice, applications of existing diagnostic solutions based on the detection of somatic mutations or analysis of gene expression are limited by their high cost and difficulties with clinical interpretation. The aim of our work was to develop an algorithm for the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules on the basis of a small set of molecular markers analyzed by real-time PCR. Methods A total of 494 preoperative FNA samples of thyroid goiters and tumors from 232 patients with known histological reports were analyzed: goiter, 105 samples (50 patients); follicular adenoma, 101 (48); follicular carcinoma, 43 (28); Hürthle cell carcinoma, 25 (11); papillary carcinoma, 121 (56); follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, 80 (32); and medullary carcinoma, 19 (12). Total nucleic acids extracted from dried FNA smears were analyzed for five somatic point mutations and two translocations typical of thyroid tumors as well as for relative concentrations of HMGA2 mRNA and 13 microRNAs and the ratio of mitochondrial to nuclear DNA by real-time PCR. A decision tree–based algorithm was built to discriminate benign and malignant tumors and to type the thyroid cancer. Leave-p-out cross-validation with five partitions was performed to estimate prediction quality. A comparison of two independent samples by quantitative traits was carried out via the Mann–Whitney U test. Results A minimum set of markers was selected (levels of HMGA2 mRNA and miR-375, − 221, and -146b in combination with the mitochondrial-to-nuclear DNA ratio) and yielded highly accurate discrimination (sensitivity = 0.97; positive predictive value = 0.98) between goiters with benign tumors and malignant tumors and accurate typing of papillary, medullary, and Hürthle cell carcinomas. The results support an alternative classification of follicular tumors, which differs from the histological one. Conclusions The study shows the feasibility of the preoperative differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules using a panel of several molecular markers by a simple PCR-based method. Combining markers of different types increases the accuracy of classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei E Titov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,AO Vector-Best, Koltsovo, 630559, Russia.
| | - Mikhail K Ivanov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,AO Vector-Best, Koltsovo, 630559, Russia
| | - Pavel S Demenkov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | | | - Eugenia S Kozorezova
- Siberian District Medical Center of Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Novosibirsk, 630007, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Malek
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, St. Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - Yulia A Veryaskina
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Igor F Zhimulev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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161
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SPOP suppresses pancreatic cancer progression by promoting the degradation of NANOG. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:794. [PMID: 31624231 PMCID: PMC6797744 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Speckle-type POZ domain protein (SPOP), an adaptor in the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, recognizes substrates and promotes protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. It appears to help regulate progression of several cancers, and we show here that it acts as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer. Our analysis of patient tissues showed decreased SPOP expression, which was associated with poor prognosis. SPOP knockdown in SW1990 (in vitro/vivo) and PANC-1 (in vitro) cells led to significantly greater proliferation, migration, and invasion. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in SW1990 cells showed that SPOP interacted with the stem-cell marker NANOG, and this interaction has recently been shown to play a critical role in regulating progression of prostate cancer. We showed that, in one patient with pancreatic cancer, the expression of a truncated form of SPOP (p.Q360*) lacking the nuclear localization signal led to nuclear accumulation of NANOG, which promoted growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. Our results suggest that SPOP suppresses progression of pancreatic cancer by promoting the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of NANOG. These results identify the SPOP-NANOG interaction as a potential therapeutic target against pancreatic cancer.
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162
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Perera D, Ghossein R, Camacho N, Senbabaoglu Y, Seshan V, Li J, Bouvier N, Boucai L, Viale A, Socci ND, Untch BR, Gonen M, Knauf J, Fagin JA, Berger M, Tuttle RM. Genomic and Transcriptomic Characterization of Papillary Microcarcinomas With Lateral Neck Lymph Node Metastases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4889-4899. [PMID: 31237614 PMCID: PMC6733494 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Most papillary microcarcinomas (PMCs) are indolent and subclinical. However, as many as 10% can present with clinically significant nodal metastases. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Characterization of the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of PMCs presenting with or without clinically important lymph node metastases. SUBJECTS AND SAMPLES Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded PMC samples from 40 patients with lateral neck nodal metastases (pN1b) and 71 patients with PMC with documented absence of nodal disease (pN0). OUTCOME MEASURES To interrogate DNA alterations in 410 genes commonly mutated in cancer and test for differential gene expression using a custom NanoString panel of 248 genes selected primarily based on their association with tumor size and nodal disease in the papillary thyroid cancer TCGA project. RESULTS The genomic landscapes of PMC with or without pN1b were similar. Mutations in TERT promoter (3%) and TP53 (1%) were exclusive to N1b cases. Transcriptomic analysis revealed differential expression of 43 genes in PMCs with pN1b compared with pN0. A random forest machine learning-based molecular classifier developed to predict regional lymph node metastasis demonstrated a negative predictive value of 0.98 and a positive predictive value of 0.72 at a prevalence of 10% pN1b disease. CONCLUSIONS The genomic landscape of tumors with pN1b and pN0 disease was similar, whereas 43 genes selected primarily by mining the TCGA RNAseq data were differentially expressed. This bioinformatics-driven approach to the development of a custom transcriptomic assay provides a basis for a molecular classifier for pN1b risk stratification in PMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilmi Perera
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Yasin Senbabaoglu
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Juan Li
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nancy Bouvier
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Laura Boucai
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Agnes Viale
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Brian R Untch
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mithat Gonen
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey Knauf
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - James A Fagin
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Berger
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - R Michael Tuttle
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: R. Michael Tuttle, MD, Endocrinology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021. E-mail:
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CXCL16 positively correlated with M2-macrophage infiltration, enhanced angiogenesis, and poor prognosis in thyroid cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13288. [PMID: 31527616 PMCID: PMC6746802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49613-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although various chemokines have pro-tumorigenic actions in cancers, the effects of CXCL16 remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular characteristics of CXCL16-expressing papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs). CXCL16 expressions were significantly higher in PTCs than benign or normal thyroid tissues. In the TCGA dataset for PTCs, a higher CXCL16 expression was associated with M2 macrophage- and angiogenesis-related genes and poor prognostic factors including a higher TNM staging and the BRAFV600E mutation. PTCs with a higher expression of 3-gene panel including CXCL16, AHNAK2, and THBS2 showed poor recurrence-free survivals than that of the lower expression group. Next, shCXCL16 was introduced into BHP10-3SCp cells to deplete the endogenous CXCL16, and then, the cells were subcutaneously injected to athymic mice. Tumors from the BHP10-3SCpshCXCL16 exhibited a delayed tumor growth with decreased numbers of ERG+ endothelial cells and F4/80+ macrophages than those from the BHP10-3SCpcontrol. CXCL16-related genes including AHNAK2 and THBS2 were downregulated in the tumors from the BHP10-3SCpshCXCL16 compared with that from the BHP10-3SCpcontrol. In conclusion, a higher CXCL16 expression was associated with macrophage- and angiogenesis-related genes and aggressive phenotypes in PTC. Targeting CXCL16 may be a good therapeutic strategy for advanced thyroid cancer.
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Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Variants are Characterized by Co-dysregulation of Immune and Cancer Associated Genes. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081179. [PMID: 31443155 PMCID: PMC6721495 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) variants exhibit different prognosis, but critical characteristics of PTC variants that contribute to differences in pathogenesis are not well-known. This study aims to characterize dysregulated immune-associated and cancer-associated genes in three PTC subtypes to explore how the interplay between cancer and immune processes causes differential prognosis. RNA-sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to identify dysregulated genes in each variant. The dysregulation profiles of the subtypes were compared using functional pathways clustering and correlations to relevant clinical variables, genomic alterations, and microRNA regulation. We discovered that the dysregulation profiles of classical PTC (CPTC) and the tall cell variant (TCPTC) are similar and are distinct from that of the follicular variant (FVPTC). However, unique cancer or immune-associated genes are associated with clinical variables for each subtype. Cancer-related genes MUC1, FN1, and S100-family members were the most clinically relevant in CPTC, while APLN and IL16, both immune-related, were clinically relevant in FVPTC. RAET-family members, also immune-related, were clinically relevant in TCPTC. Collectively, our data suggest that dysregulation of both cancer and immune associated genes defines the gene expression landscapes of PTC variants, but different cancer or immune related genes may drive the phenotype of each variant.
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165
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Malik N, Nikitski AV, Klam E, Hunt J, Witt B, Chadwick B, Nikiforov YE, Abraham D. MOLECULAR PROFILE AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH BONE METASTASIS. Endocr Pract 2019; 25:1255-1262. [PMID: 31412230 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2019-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Differentiated thyroid cancer patients uncommonly present with bone metastasis as the initial manifestation. Their molecular profile is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathology, molecular profiles, and response to radioactive iodine therapy in these patients. Methods: Eight patients presented with symptomatic bone metastasis from an unknown primary tumor. We identified these patients by performing a retrospective chart review. Pathology slides were reviewed and the molecular analysis of 112 thyroid cancer-related genes was performed on bone metastasis specimens using targeted next-generation sequencing. Results: These patients presented with long bone fractures, spinal cord compression, or intractable bone pain. Histopathologic analysis of the bone and thyroid tumor specimens revealed follicular variant of papillary carcinoma in 7 patients and tall cell variant papillary carcinoma in 1 patient. Primary tumor size ranged from 0.4 to 7.5 cm. All patients received high dose radioiodine therapy following thyroidectomy. Molecular analysis revealed telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mutations in 7 (88%) tumors, 4 (50%) contained co-occurring TERT and RAS GTPase gene (RAS) mutations, 2 had isolated TERT mutations, and 1 had TERT and proto-oncogene B-Raf (BRAF) V600E mutations, respectively. Tumors carrying RAS, TERT, or a combination of these mutations were radioiodine-avid, with predictable tumor response and reduction in serum thyroglobulin levels. One patient with radioiodine-refractory disease harbored BRAF and TERT mutations. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that differentiated thyroid cancers presenting with bone metastasis independent of the primary tumor size have a high prevalence of TERT mutations, frequently coexisting with RAS mutations. This molecular signature may predict a favorable response to radioiodine therapy. Abbreviations: BRAF = proto-oncogene B-Raf; DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid; DTC = differentiated thyroid cancer; FV = follicular variant; PTC = papillary thyroid carcinoma; RAI = radioactive iodine; RAS = Ras GTPase gene; TERT = telomerase reverse transcriptase; TG = thyroglobulin.
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166
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Varricchi G, Loffredo S, Marone G, Modestino L, Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, de Paulis A, Antonelli A, Galdiero MR. The Immune Landscape of Thyroid Cancer in the Context of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3934. [PMID: 31412566 PMCID: PMC6720642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells play critical roles in tumor prevention as well as initiation and progression. However, immune-resistant cancer cells can evade the immune system and proceed to form tumors. The normal microenvironment (immune cells, fibroblasts, blood and lymphatic vessels, and interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM)) maintains tissue homeostasis and prevents tumor initiation. Inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species, cytokines, and chemokines from an altered microenvironment promote tumor growth. During the last decade, thyroid cancer, the most frequent cancer of the endocrine system, has emerged as the fifth most incident cancer in the United States (USA), and its incidence is steadily growing. Inflammation has long been associated with thyroid cancer, raising critical questions about the role of immune cells in its pathogenesis. A plethora of immune cells and their mediators are present in the thyroid cancer ecosystem. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting immune checkpoints, such as mAbs anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4) and anti-programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 (anti-PD-1/PD-L1), have revolutionized the treatment of many malignancies, but they induce thyroid dysfunction in up to 10% of patients, presumably by enhancing autoimmunity. Combination strategies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with tyrosine kinase (TK) or serine/threonine protein kinase B-raf (BRAF) inhibitors are showing considerable promise in the treatment of advanced thyroid cancer. This review illustrates how different immune cells contribute to thyroid cancer development and the rationale for the antitumor effects of ICIs in combination with BRAF/TK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Modestino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, School of Medicine, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, School of Medicine, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, School of Medicine, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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167
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Belousov PV, Afanasyeva MA, Gubernatorova EO, Bogolyubova AV, Uvarova AN, Putlyaeva LV, Ramanauskaite EM, Kopylov AT, Demin DE, Tatosyan KA, Ustiugova AS, Prokofjeva MM, Lanshchakov KV, Vanushko VE, Zaretsky AR, Severskaia NV, Dvinskikh NY, Abrosimov AY, Kuprash DV, Schwartz AM. Multi-dimensional immunoproteomics coupled with in vitro recapitulation of oncogenic NRAS Q61R identifies diagnostically relevant autoantibody biomarkers in thyroid neoplasia. Cancer Lett 2019; 467:96-106. [PMID: 31326556 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific autoantibodies have been widely implicated in cancer diagnosis. However, cancer cell lines that are typically exploited as candidate TAA sources in immunoproteomic studies may fail to accurately represent the autoantigen-ome of lower-grade neoplasms. Here, we established an integrated strategy for the identification of disease-relevant TAAs in thyroid neoplasia, which combined NRASQ61R oncogene expression in non-tumorous thyroid Nthy-ori 3-1 cells with a multi-dimensional proteomic technique DISER that consisted of profiling NRASQ61R-induced proteins using 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) coupled with serological proteome analysis (SERPA) of the TAA repertoire of patients with thyroid encapsulated follicular-patterned/RAS-like phenotype (EFP/RLP) tumors. We identified several candidate cell-based (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase NAMPT, glutamate dehydrogenase GLUD1, and glutathione S-transferase omega-1 GSTO1) and autoantibody (fumarate hydratase FH, calponin-3 CNN3, and pyruvate kinase PKM autoantibodies) biomarkers, including NRASQ61R-induced TAA phosphoglycerate kinase 1 PGK1. Meta-profiling of the reactivity of the identified autoantibodies across an independent SERPA series implicated the PKM autoantibody as a histological phenotype-independent biomarker of thyroid malignancy (11/38 (29%) patients with overtly malignant and uncertain malignant potential (UMP) tumors vs 0/22 (p = 0.0046) and 0/20 (p = 0.011) patients with non-invasive EFP/RLP tumors and healthy controls, respectively). PGK1 and CNN3 autoantibodies were identified as EFP/RLP-specific biomarkers, potentially suitable for further discriminating tumors with different malignant potential (PGK1: 7/22 (32%) patients with non-invasive EFP/RLP tumors vs 0/38 (p = 0.00044) and 0/20 (p = 0.0092) patients with other tumors and healthy controls, respectively; СNN3: 9/29 (31%) patients with malignant and borderline EFP/RLP tumors vs 0/31 (p = 0.00068) and 0/20 (p = 0.0067) patients with other tumors and healthy controls, respectively). The combined use of PKM, CNN3, and PGK1 autoantibodies allowed the reclassification of malignant/UMP tumor risk in 19/41 (46%) of EFP/RLP tumor patients. Taken together, we established an experimental pipeline DISER for the concurrent identification of cell-based and TAA biomarkers. The combination of DISER with in vitro oncogene expression allows further targeted identification of oncogene-induced TAAs. Using this integrated approach, we identified candidate autoantibody biomarkers that might be of value for differential diagnostic purposes in thyroid neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Belousov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Marina A Afanasyeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina O Gubernatorova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Apollinariya V Bogolyubova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Educational Center «Sirius», Sochi, Russia
| | - Aksinya N Uvarova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidia V Putlyaeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Denis E Demin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karina A Tatosyan
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina S Ustiugova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria M Prokofjeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill V Lanshchakov
- National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Central Clinical Hospital of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir E Vanushko
- National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew R Zaretsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Research Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Evrogen Lab LLC, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya V Severskaia
- Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk, Russia
| | - Nina Y Dvinskikh
- Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Y Abrosimov
- National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; National University of Science & Technology «MISIS», Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Kuprash
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton M Schwartz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Zafon C, Gil J, Pérez-González B, Jordà M. DNA methylation in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R415-R439. [PMID: 31035251 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, cancer genomics has provided new insights into genetic alterations and signaling pathways involved in thyroid cancer. However, the picture of the molecular landscape is not yet complete. DNA methylation, the most widely studied epigenetic mechanism, is altered in thyroid cancer. Recent technological advances have allowed the identification of novel differentially methylated regions, methylation signatures and potential biomarkers. However, despite recent progress in cataloging methylation alterations in thyroid cancer, many questions remain unanswered. The aim of this review is to comprehensively examine the current knowledge on DNA methylation in thyroid cancer and discuss its potential clinical applications. After providing a general overview of DNA methylation and its dysregulation in cancer, we carefully describe the aberrant methylation changes in thyroid cancer and relate them to methylation patterns, global hypomethylation and gene-specific alterations. We hope this review helps to accelerate the use of the diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential of DNA methylation for the benefit of thyroid cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Zafon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit (VHIR) and Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron and Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for the Study of Thyroid Cancer (CECaT), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Gil
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-González
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- Consortium for the Study of Thyroid Cancer (CECaT), Catalonia, Spain
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
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169
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Borowczyk M, Szczepanek-Parulska E, Dębicki S, Budny B, Verburg FA, Filipowicz D, Więckowska B, Janicka-Jedyńska M, Gil L, Ziemnicka K, Ruchała M. Differences in Mutational Profile between Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma and Follicular Thyroid Adenoma Identified Using Next Generation Sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133126. [PMID: 31248021 PMCID: PMC6651591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify differences in mutational status between follicular thyroid adenoma (FTA) and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC). The study included 35 patients with FTA and 35 with FTC. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from thyroidectomy. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed with the 50-gene Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2. Potentially pathogenic mutations were found in 14 (40%) FTA and 24 (69%) FTC patients (OR (95%CI) = 3.27 (1.22−8.75)). The number of mutations was higher in patients with FTC than FTA (p-value = 0.03). SMAD4 and STK11 mutations were present only in patients with FTA, while defects in FBXW7, JAK3, KIT, NRAS, PIK3CA, SMARCB1, and TP53 were detected exclusively in FTC patients. TP53 mutations increased the risk of FTC; OR (95%CI) = 29.24 (1.64–522.00); p-value = 0.001. FLT3-positivity was higher in FTC than in the FTA group (51.4% vs. 28.6%; p-value = 0.051). The presence of FLT3 and TP53 with no RET mutations increased FTC detectability by 17.1%, whereas the absence of FLT3 and TP53 with a presence of RET mutations increased FTA detectability by 5.7%. TP53 and FLT3 are candidate markers for detecting malignancy in follicular lesions. The best model to predict FTA and FTC may consist of FLT3, TP53, and RET mutations considered together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Borowczyk
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Szczepanek-Parulska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland
| | - Szymon Dębicki
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Budny
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland
| | - Frederik A Verburg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dorota Filipowicz
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland
| | - Barbara Więckowska
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Lidia Gil
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ziemnicka
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Ruchała
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland
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170
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Integrative analysis of genomic and transcriptomic characteristics associated with progression of aggressive thyroid cancer. Nat Commun 2019. [PMID: 31235699 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10680-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and advanced differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) show fatal outcomes, unlike DTCs. Here, we demonstrate mutational landscape of 27 ATCs and 86 advanced DTCs by massively-parallel DNA sequencing, and transcriptome of 13 ATCs and 12 advanced DTCs were profiled by RNA sequencing. TERT, AKT1, PIK3CA, and EIF1AX were frequently co-mutated with driver genes (BRAFV600E and RAS) in advanced DTCs as well as ATC, but tumor suppressors (e.g., TP53 and CDKN2A) were predominantly altered in ATC. CDKN2A loss was significantly associated with poor disease-specific survival in patients with ATC or advanced DTCs, and up-regulation of CD274 (PD-L1) and PDCD1LG2 (PD-L2). Transcriptome analysis revealed a fourth molecular subtype of thyroid cancer (TC), ATC-like, which hardly reflects the molecular signatures in DTC. Furthermore, the activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway could be a potential druggable target in RAS-positive ATC. Our findings provide insights for precision medicine in patients with advanced TCs.
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171
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Integrative analysis of genomic and transcriptomic characteristics associated with progression of aggressive thyroid cancer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2764. [PMID: 31235699 PMCID: PMC6591357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and advanced differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) show fatal outcomes, unlike DTCs. Here, we demonstrate mutational landscape of 27 ATCs and 86 advanced DTCs by massively-parallel DNA sequencing, and transcriptome of 13 ATCs and 12 advanced DTCs were profiled by RNA sequencing. TERT, AKT1, PIK3CA, and EIF1AX were frequently co-mutated with driver genes (BRAFV600E and RAS) in advanced DTCs as well as ATC, but tumor suppressors (e.g., TP53 and CDKN2A) were predominantly altered in ATC. CDKN2A loss was significantly associated with poor disease-specific survival in patients with ATC or advanced DTCs, and up-regulation of CD274 (PD-L1) and PDCD1LG2 (PD-L2). Transcriptome analysis revealed a fourth molecular subtype of thyroid cancer (TC), ATC-like, which hardly reflects the molecular signatures in DTC. Furthermore, the activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway could be a potential druggable target in RAS-positive ATC. Our findings provide insights for precision medicine in patients with advanced TCs. Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and advanced differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) come with a dismal prognosis. Here, Yoo and colleagues reveal the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of ATC and DTC, highlighting potential therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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172
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Song YS, Yoo SK, Kim HH, Jung G, Oh AR, Cha JY, Kim SJ, Cho SW, Lee KE, Seo JS, Park YJ. Interaction of BRAF-induced ETS factors with mutant TERT promoter in papillary thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:629-641. [PMID: 30999281 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic effects of BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations on the poor clinical outcomes in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) have been demonstrated. The potential mechanism of this phenomenon has been proposed: MAPK pathway activation by the BRAFV600E mutation may upregulate E-twenty six (ETS) transcription factors, increasing TERT expression by binding to the ETS-binding site generated by the TERT promoter mutation; however, it has not yet been fully proven. This article provides transcriptomic insights into the interaction between BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations mediated by ETS factors in PTC. RNA sequencing data on 266 PTCs from The Cancer Genome Atlas and 65 PTCs from our institute were analyzed for gene expression changes and related molecular pathways, and the results of transcriptomic analyses were validated by in vitro experiments. TERT mRNA expression was increased by the coexistence of BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations (fold change, 16.17; q-value = 7.35 × 10-12 vs no mutation). In the ETS family of transcription factors, ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5 were upregulated by the BRAFV600E/MAPK pathway activation. These BRAFV600E-induced ETS factors selectively bound to the mutant TERT promoter. The molecular pathways activated by BRAFV600E were further augmented by adding the TERT promoter mutation, and the pathways related to immune responses or adhesion molecules were upregulated by TERT expression. The mechanism of the synergistic effect between BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations on cancer invasiveness and progression in PTC may be explained by increased TERT expression, which may result from the BRAF-induced upregulation of several ETS transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shin Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Yoo
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwan Hee Kim
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeongseo Jung
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Cha
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Eun Lee
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Seo
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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173
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Detection of RET rearrangements in papillary thyroid carcinoma using RT-PCR and FISH techniques - A molecular and clinical analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2019; 45:1018-1024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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174
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Apellaniz-Ruiz M, Segni M, Kettwig M, Glüer S, Pelletier D, Nguyen VH, Wagener R, López C, Muchantef K, Bouron-Dal Soglio D, Sabbaghian N, Wu MK, Zannella S, Fabian MR, Siebert R, Menke J, Priest JR, Foulkes WD. Mesenchymal Hamartoma of the Liver and DICER1 Syndrome. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:1834-1842. [PMID: 31067372 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1812169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver (MHL) is a benign tumor affecting children that is characterized by a primitive myxoid stroma with cystically dilated bile ducts. Alterations involving chromosome 19q13 are a recurrent underlying cause of MHL; these alterations activate the chromosome 19 microRNA cluster (C19MC). Other cases remain unexplained. We describe two children with MHLs that harbored germline DICER1 pathogenic variants. Analysis of tumor tissue from one of the children revealed two DICER1 "hits." Mutations in DICER1 dysregulate microRNAs, mimicking the effect of the activation of C19MC. Our data suggest that MHL is a new phenotype of DICER1 syndrome. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apellaniz-Ruiz
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Maria Segni
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Matthias Kettwig
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Sylvia Glüer
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Dylan Pelletier
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Van-Hung Nguyen
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Rabea Wagener
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Cristina López
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Karl Muchantef
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Dorothée Bouron-Dal Soglio
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Nelly Sabbaghian
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Mona K Wu
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Stefano Zannella
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Marc R Fabian
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Reiner Siebert
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - Jan Menke
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - John R Priest
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
| | - William D Foulkes
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (M.A.-R., M.K.W., W.D.F.), Pharmacology (D.P.), Oncology (M.R.F., W.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.R.F.), and the Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital (M.A.-R., D.P., N.S., M.K.W., M.R.F., W.D.F.), McGill University, the Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital (V.-H.N.), the Department of Radiology (K.M.), and the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (W.D.F.), McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (D.B.-D.S.) - all in Montreal; the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Sapienza University, Rome (M.S.), and Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan (S.Z.) - both in Italy; the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine (J.M.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, the Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Bernward Krankenhaus Hildesheim, Hildesheim (S.G.), and the Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm (R.W., C.L., R.S.) - all in Germany; and Minneapolis (J.R.P.)
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175
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Ali SZ, Siperstein A, Sadow PM, Golding AC, Kennedy GC, Kloos RT, Ladenson PW. Extending expressed RNA genomics from surgical decision making for cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules to targeting therapies for metastatic thyroid cancer. Cancer Cytopathol 2019; 127:362-369. [PMID: 31017745 PMCID: PMC6618055 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Afirma Genomic Sequencing Classifier (GSC) is a rule‐out test for malignancy/noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary‐like nuclear features among patients with Bethesda category III/IV nodules, whereas the complimentary Xpression Atlas provides genomic insights from a curated panel of 511 genes among GSC suspicious and Bethesda category V/VI nodules. Together, they facilitate personalized treatment decisions based on genomic insights derived from the transcriptome of the biopsied target and extend the diagnostic and therapeutic reach of cytopathologists and fine‐needle aspiration biopsy sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Z Ali
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Allan Siperstein
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Peter M Sadow
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allan C Golding
- Department of Medicine, Florida International University, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, Florida
| | - Giulia C Kennedy
- Department of Clinical Affairs, Veracyte Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Department of Medical Affairs, Veracyte Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Department of Research and Development, Veracyte Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Richard T Kloos
- Department of Medical Affairs, Veracyte Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Paul W Ladenson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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176
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Nishino M, Krane JF. Role of Ancillary Techniques in Thyroid Cytology Specimens. Acta Cytol 2019; 64:40-51. [PMID: 30947167 DOI: 10.1159/000496502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ancillary molecular testing has emerged as a promising way to refine the preoperative risk stratification of thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy results. Commercially available molecular tests for thyroid FNAs include those that analyze samples for mutations and gene fusions, gene expression alterations, microRNA expression alterations, chromosomal copy number alterations, or a combination thereof. This review summarizes the performance characteristics of the most current iterations of three tests currently marketed for cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules: ThyroSeq v3, ThyGeNEXT/ThyraMIR, and Afirma Gene Sequencing Classifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiya Nishino
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,
| | - Jeffrey F Krane
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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177
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van der Tuin K, Ventayol Garcia M, Corver WE, Khalifa MN, Ruano Neto D, Corssmit EPM, Hes FJ, Links TP, Smit JWA, Plantinga TS, Kapiteijn E, van Wezel T, Morreau H. Targetable gene fusions identified in radioactive iodine refractory advanced thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2019; 180:235-241. [PMID: 30668525 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective Gene alterations leading to activation of the MAPK pathway are of interest for targeted therapy in patients with advanced radioactive iodine refractory (RAI-R) thyroid carcinoma. Due to technical reasons gene fusion analysis in RNA isolated from formalin-fixed tumor tissues has till now been limited. The objective of the present study was to identify targetable gene rearrangements in RNA isolated from formalin-fixed RAI-R thyroid carcinomas. Design Retrospective study in 132 patients with RAI-R thyroid carcinoma (59 papillary-, 24 follicular-, 35 Hürthle cell- and 14 anaplastic thyroid carcinoma). Methods Total nucleic acid (undivided DNA and RNA) was isolated from formalin-fixed tissue. Extensive gene fusion analysis was performed in all samples that tested negative for pathogenic BRAF, NRAS, HRAS and KRAS variants. Results Seven targetable gene fusions were identified in the remaining 60 samples without known DNA variants. This includes frequently reported gene fusions such as CCDC6/RET (PTC1), PRKAR1A/RET (PTC2) and ETV6/NTRK3 , and gene fusions that are less common in thyroid cancer (TPM3/NTRK1, EML4/ALK and EML4/NTRK3). Of note, most gene fusions were detected in papillary thyroid carcinoma and MAPK-associated alterations in Hürthle cell carcinomas are rare (2/35). Conclusion Targetable gene fusions were found in 12% of RAI-R thyroid carcinoma without DNA variants and can be effectively identified in formalin-fixed tissue. These gene fusions might provide a preclinical rationale to include specific kinase inhibitors in the treatment regimen for these patients. The latter intends to restore iodine transport and/or take advantage of the direct effect on tumor cell vitality once progressive disease is seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K van der Tuin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M Ventayol Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - W E Corver
- Department of Pathology, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M N Khalifa
- Department of Pathology, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - D Ruano Neto
- Department of Pathology, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - E P M Corssmit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - F J Hes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - T P Links
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J W A Smit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - T S Plantinga
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - E Kapiteijn
- Department of Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - T van Wezel
- Department of Pathology, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H Morreau
- Department of Pathology, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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178
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Affinito O, Salerno P, D'Alessio A, Cuomo M, Florio E, Carlomagno F, Proietti A, Giannini R, Basolo F, Chiariotti L, Cocozza S, Santoro M. Association between DNA methylation profile and malignancy in follicular-patterned thyroid neoplasms. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:451-462. [PMID: 30753136 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular differentiation between benign (follicular thyroid adenoma, FTA) and malignant (follicular thyroid carcinoma, FTC) thyroid neoplasms is challenging. Here, we explored the genome-wide DNA methylation profile of FTA (n.10) and FTC (n.11) compared to normal thyroid (NT) (n.7) tissues. FTC featured 3,564 differentially-methylated CpGs (DMCpG), most (84%) of them hypermethylated, with respect to normal controls. At the principal component analysis (PCA), the methylation profile of FTA occupied an intermediate position between FTC and normal tissue. A large fraction (n. 2,385) of FTC-associated DMCpG were related (intragenic or within 1500 bp from the transcription start site) to annotated genes (n. 1,786). FTC-hypermethylated genes were enriched for targets of the Polycomb transcriptional repressor complex and the specific histone H3 marks (H3K4me2/me3-H3K27me3) found in chromatin domains known as "bivalent". Transcriptome profiling by RNAseq showed that 7.9% of the DMCpGs-associated genes were differentially expressed in FTC compared to NT, suggesting that altered DNA methylation may contribute to their altered expression. Overall, this study suggests that perturbed DNA methylation, in particular hypermethylation, is a component of the molecular mechanisms leading to the formation of FTC and that DNA methylation profiling may help differentiating FTCs from their benign counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Affinito
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Salerno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfonso D'Alessio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mariella Cuomo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ermanno Florio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Carlomagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
| | - Agnese Proietti
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa (AO-UP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Giannini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area (Anatomical Pathology Section), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area (Anatomical Pathology Section), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Chiariotti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sergio Cocozza
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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179
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DICER1 somatic mutations strongly impair miRNA processing even in benign thyroid lesions. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1785-1797. [PMID: 30956758 PMCID: PMC6442996 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The alteration of miRNA processing is a driver event in several tumors including thyroid cancer. In particular, somatic DICER1 mutations, reported in follicular-patterned lesions, are shared by benign as well as malignant tumors. In the present study, we investigated the effects of alterations in the miRNA processing genes on the miRNA profile. The study included 19 follicular adenomas (FAs) and 22 follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (FVPTCs). The mutational status in the hot spot regions of DICER1, DROSHA, TARBP2, DGCR8 and the most commonly affected genes in thyroid tumors was investigated on both tumor and paired normal tissues. The miRNA profile and the mRNA expression levels of DICER1, DROSHA, TARBP2, DGCR8 and XPO5 were also evaluated. Two DICER1 RNase IIIb domain mutations were found in FAs. These lesions presented a considerable loss of 5p miRNAs. Fifteen miRNAs were specifically deregulated in DICER1-mutant lesions compared to FAs and FVPTCs. These miRNAs regulate crucial pathways in cancer such as Hippo, p53 and TGF-beta signalling. DICER1 somatic mutations in the RNase IIIb domain are not specific for malignancy, but the miRNA imbalance that they cause is remarkable, especially with regard to the loss of 5p miRNAs. DICER1-mutant lesions have a characteristic miRNA deregulation, which is different from that of FVPTCs; nevertheless, this impairment is consistent with malignant transformation. Further studies providing the real risk of malignancy associated with DICER1 mutations and the evolution of DICER1-mutant lesions are needed to make them useful in the clinical practice.
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180
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Song YS, Park YJ. Genomic Characterization of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2019; 34:1-10. [PMID: 30912334 PMCID: PMC6435845 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2019.34.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the release of The Cancer Genome Atlas study of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in 2014, additional genomic studies of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) using massively-parallel sequencing (MPS) have been published. Recent advances in MPS technology have started to provide important insights into the molecular pathogenesis of DTC. In the genomic landscape, the most recurrently altered genes in DTC, which has a low mutational burden relative to other cancers, are BRAF, RAS, and fusion genes. Some novel driver candidates also have been identified. The frequency of these genomic alterations varies across the subtypes of DTC (classical PTC, follicular variant of PTC, and follicular thyroid carcinoma). Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations are the alteration that makes the most important contribution to the progression of DTC. In the transcriptomic landscape, DTC can be classified according to its gene expression profile, and each subtype has a distinct mutational profile, intracellular signaling output, and clinicopathological characteristics. Herein, we review the results of genomic studies using MPS technology, and describe the types and frequencies of genomic alterations according to histological classifications of DTC and the characteristics and significance of the gene expression signatures of DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shin Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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181
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Lee J, Yi S, Chang JY, Kim JT, Sul HJ, Park KC, Zhu X, Cheng SY, Kero J, Kim J, Shong M. Loss of Primary Cilia Results in the Development of Cancer in the Murine Thyroid Gland. Mol Cells 2019; 42:113-122. [PMID: 30622229 PMCID: PMC6399002 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Communications at the interface between the apical membrane of follicular cells and the follicular lumen are critical for the homeostasis of thyroid gland. Primary cilia at the apical membrane of thyroid follicular cells may sense follicular luminal environment and regulate follicular homeostasis, although their role in vivo remains to be determined. Here, mice devoid of primary cilia were generated by thyroid follicular epithelial cell-specific deletion of the gene encoding intraflagellar transport protein 88 (Ift88 ). Thyroid follicular cell-specific Ift88-deficient mice showed normal folliculogenesis and hormonogenesis; however, those older than 7 weeks showed irregularly dilated and destroyed follicles in the thyroid gland. With increasing age, follicular cells with malignant properties showing the characteristic nuclear features of human thyroid carcinomas formed papillary and solid proliferative nodules from degenerated thyroid follicles. Furthermore, malignant tumor cells manifested as tumor emboli in thyroid vessels. These findings suggest that loss-of-function of Ift88/primary cilia results in malignant transformation from degenerated thyroid follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguee Lee
- Department of Pathology, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon 34943,
Korea
| | - Shinae Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
| | - Joon Young Chang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
| | - Jung Tae Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
| | - Hae Joung Sul
- Department of Pathology, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon 34943,
Korea
| | - Ki Cheol Park
- Clinical Research Institute, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon 34943,
Korea
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, MD 20892-4264,
USA
| | - Sheue-yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, MD 20892-4264,
USA
| | - Jukka Kero
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku,
Finland
| | - Joon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34040,
Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
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182
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Pfeifer A, Rusinek D, Żebracka-Gala J, Czarniecka A, Chmielik E, Zembala-Nożyńska E, Wojtaś B, Gielniewski B, Szpak-Ulczok S, Oczko-Wojciechowska M, Krajewska J, Polańska J, Jarząb B. Novel TG-FGFR1 and TRIM33-NTRK1 transcript fusions in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 58:558-566. [PMID: 30664823 PMCID: PMC6594006 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is most common among all thyroid cancers. Multiple genomic alterations occur in PTC, and gene rearrangements are one of them. Here we screened 14 tumors for novel fusion transcripts by RNA‐Seq. Two samples harboring RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3 rearrangements were positive controls whereas the remaining ones were negative regarding the common PTC alterations. We used Sanger sequencing to validate potential fusions. We detected 2 novel potentially oncogenic transcript fusions: TG‐FGFR1 and TRIM33‐NTRK1. We detected 4 novel fusion transcripts of unknown significance accompanying the TRIM33‐NTRK1 fusion: ZSWIM5‐TP53BP2, TAF4B‐WDR1, ABI2‐MTA3, and ARID1B‐PSMA1. Apart from confirming the presence of RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3 in positive control samples, we also detected known oncogenic fusion transcripts in remaining samples: TFG‐NTRK1, ETV6‐NTRK3, MKRN1‐BRAF, EML4‐ALK, and novel isoform of CCDC6‐RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Pfeifer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dagmara Rusinek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Żebracka-Gala
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Czarniecka
- Department of Oncological and Reconstructive Surgery, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Chmielik
- Tumor Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Zembala-Nożyńska
- Tumor Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wojtaś
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Gielniewski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Szpak-Ulczok
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Oczko-Wojciechowska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jolanta Krajewska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Polańska
- Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Barbara Jarząb
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
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183
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Landa I, Pozdeyev N, Korch C, Marlow LA, Smallridge RC, Copland JA, Henderson YC, Lai SY, Clayman GL, Onoda N, Tan AC, Garcia-Rendueles MER, Knauf JA, Haugen BR, Fagin JA, Schweppe RE. Comprehensive Genetic Characterization of Human Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines: A Validated Panel for Preclinical Studies. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3141-3151. [PMID: 30737244 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid cancer cell lines are valuable models but have been neglected in pancancer genomic studies. Moreover, their misidentification has been a significant problem. We aim to provide a validated dataset for thyroid cancer researchers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) and analyzed the transcriptome of 60 authenticated thyroid cell lines and compared our findings with the known genomic defects in human thyroid cancers. RESULTS Unsupervised transcriptomic analysis showed that 94% of thyroid cell lines clustered distinctly from other lineages. Thyroid cancer cell line mutations recapitulate those found in primary tumors (e.g., BRAF, RAS, or gene fusions). Mutations in the TERT promoter (83%) and TP53 (71%) were highly prevalent. There were frequent alterations in PTEN, PIK3CA, and of members of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, mismatch repair, cell-cycle checkpoint, and histone methyl- and acetyltransferase functional groups. Copy number alterations (CNA) were more prevalent in cell lines derived from advanced versus differentiated cancers, as reported in primary tumors, although the precise CNAs were only partially recapitulated. Transcriptomic analysis showed that all cell lines were profoundly dedifferentiated, regardless of their derivation, making them good models for advanced disease. However, they maintained the BRAFV600E versus RAS-dependent consequences on MAPK transcriptional output, which correlated with differential sensitivity to MEK inhibitors. Paired primary tumor-cell line samples showed high concordance of mutations. Complete loss of p53 function in TP53 heterozygous tumors was the most prominent event selected during in vitro immortalization. CONCLUSIONS This cell line resource will help inform future preclinical studies exploring tumor-specific dependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Landa
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nikita Pozdeyev
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Laura A Marlow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Robert C Smallridge
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.,Division of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine Department, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - John A Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Ying C Henderson
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen Y Lai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Naoyoshi Onoda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Jeffrey A Knauf
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Bryan R Haugen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James A Fagin
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rebecca E Schweppe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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184
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Nikiforova MN, Nikitski AV, Panebianco F, Kaya C, Yip L, Williams M, Chiosea SI, Seethala RR, Roy S, Condello V, Santana-Santos L, Wald AI, Carty SE, Ferris RL, El-Naggar AK, Nikiforov YE. GLIS Rearrangement is a Genomic Hallmark of Hyalinizing Trabecular Tumor of the Thyroid Gland. Thyroid 2019; 29:161-173. [PMID: 30648929 PMCID: PMC6389773 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyalinizing trabecular tumor (HTT) is a rare thyroid neoplasm with a characteristic trabecular growth pattern and hyalinization. This lesion has been the subject of long-term controversy surrounding its genetic mechanisms, relationship to papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and malignant potential. Due to the presence of nuclear features shared with PTC, HTT frequently contributes to a false-positive cytology, which hampers patient management. The goal of this study was to apply genome-wide sequencing analyses to elucidate the genetic mechanisms of HTT and its relationship to PTC. METHODS Whole-exome, RNA-Seq, and targeted next-generation sequencing analyses were performed to discover and characterize driver mutations in HTT. RNA-Seq results were used for pathway analysis. Tissue expression of GLIS3 and other proteins was detected by immunohistochemistry. The prevalence of GLIS fusions was studied in 17 tumors initially diagnosed as HTT, 220 PTC, and 10,165 thyroid fine-needle aspiration samples. RESULTS Using whole-exome and RNA-Seq analyses of the initial three HTT, no known thyroid tumor mutations were identified, while in-frame gene fusion between PAX8 exon 2 and GLIS3 exon 3 was detected in all tumors. Further analysis identified PAX8-GLIS3 in 13/14 (93%) and PAX8-GLIS1 in 1/14 (7%) of HTT confirmed after blind pathology review. The fusions were validated by Sanger sequencing and FISH. The fusions resulted in overexpression of the 3'-portion of GLIS3 and GLIS1 mRNA containing intact DNA-binding domains of these transcription factors and upregulation of extracellular matrix genes including collagen IV. Immunohistochemistry confirmed upregulation and deposition of collagen IV and pan-collagen in HTT. The analysis of 220 PTC revealed no PAX8-GLIS3 and one PAX8-GLIS1 fusion. PAX8-GLIS3 was prospectively identified in 8/10,165 (0.1%) indeterminate cytology fine-needle aspiration samples; 5/5 resected fusion-positive nodules were HTT on surgical pathology. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that GLIS rearrangements, particularly PAX8-GLIS3, are highly prevalent in HTT but not in PTC. The fusions lead to overexpression of GLIS, upregulation of extracellular matrix genes, and deposition of collagens, which is a characteristic histopathologic feature of HTT. Due to unique genetic mechanisms and an indolent behavior, it is proposed to rename this tumor as "GLIS-rearranged hyalinizing trabecular adenoma."
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina N. Nikiforova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alyaksandr V. Nikitski
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Federica Panebianco
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cihan Kaya
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Linwah Yip
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle Williams
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Simion I. Chiosea
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Raja R. Seethala
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Somak Roy
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vincenzo Condello
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucas Santana-Santos
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Abigail I. Wald
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sally E. Carty
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert L. Ferris
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, UPMC Cancer Pavilion, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Adel K. El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuri E. Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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185
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Pool C, Walter V, Bann D, Goldenberg D, Broach J, Hennessy M, Cottrill E, Washburn E, Williams N, Crist H, Imamura Y, Warrick JI. Molecular characterization of tumors meeting diagnostic criteria for the non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP). Virchows Arch 2019; 474:341-351. [PMID: 30645670 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-018-02512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
"Follicular variant" papillary thyroid carcinomas (FV-PTC) that do not histologically invade have a miniscule risk of metastasis, and thus been reclassified as a tumor of low malignant potential, the non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP). There are few molecular studies of this tumor type. We performed gene expression analysis, by RNA sequencing, on a series of FV-PTCs, NIFTPs, and follicular adenomas. A training set comprised tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) repository (n = 46), digital slides from which were reviewed and classified as invasive or non-invasive FV-PTC. A validation set comprised in-house NIFTPs, invasive FV-PTCs, and follicular adenomas (n = 26). In the training set, unsupervised clustering separated tumors into three distinct expression subtypes, which associated with invasion and characteristic molecular alterations. Specifically, the "BRAF-like" subtype was enriched in invasive FV-PTCs and tumors with BRAF V600E mutations. The "THADA-like" subtype was enriched in non-invasive tumors and those with rearrangements involving THADA. The "RAS-family-like" subtype included many invasive and non-invasive FV-PTCs and was enriched in tumors with mutations in RAS family genes. In the validation set, nearest centroid analysis classified all invasive FV-PTCs as "BRAF-like" and all follicular adenomas as either "RAS-like" or "THADA-like." NIFTPs were the most molecularly diverse histologic type, with cases classified as "BRAF-like," "THADA-like," and "RAS-family-like." In conclusion, tumors fitting criteria for NIFTP are molecularly diverse, making it difficult to diagnose them with molecular studies, likely including matrial from cytopathology samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pool
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA
| | - Vonn Walter
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hershey, USA.,Institute for Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA
| | - Darrin Bann
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA
| | - David Goldenberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA
| | - James Broach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hershey, USA.,Institute for Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA
| | - Max Hennessy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cottrill
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA
| | - Erik Washburn
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Nicole Williams
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Henry Crist
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Yuka Imamura
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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186
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Angell TE, Wirth LJ, Cabanillas ME, Shindo ML, Cibas ES, Babiarz JE, Hao Y, Kim SY, Walsh PS, Huang J, Kloos RT, Kennedy GC, Waguespack SG. Analytical and Clinical Validation of Expressed Variants and Fusions From the Whole Transcriptome of Thyroid FNA Samples. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:612. [PMID: 31572297 PMCID: PMC6749016 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The Afirma® Xpression Atlas (XA) detects gene variants and fusions in thyroid nodule FNA samples from a curated panel of 511 genes using whole-transcriptome RNA-sequencing. Its intended use is among cytologically indeterminate nodules that are Afirma GSC suspicious, Bethesda V/VI nodules, or known thyroid metastases. Here we report its analytical and clinical validation. Methods: DNA and RNA were purified from the same sample across 943 blinded FNAs and compared by multiple methodologies, including whole-transcriptome RNA-seq, targeted RNA-seq, and targeted DNA-seq. An additional 695 blinded FNAs were used to define performance for fusions between whole-transcriptome RNA-seq and targeted RNA-seq. We quantified the reproducibility of the whole-transcriptome RNA-seq assay across laboratories and reagent lots. Finally, variants and fusions were compared to histopathology results. Results: Of variants detected in DNA at 5 or 20% variant allele frequency, 74 and 88% were also detected by XA, respectively. XA variant detection was 89% when compared to an alternative RNA-based detection method. Low levels of expression of the DNA allele carrying the variant, compared with the wild-type allele, was found in some variants not detected by XA. 82% of gene fusions detected in a targeted RNA fusion assay were detected by XA. Conversely, nearly all variants or fusions detected by XA were confirmed by an alternative method. Analytical validation studies demonstrated high intra-plate reproducibility (89%-94%), inter-plate reproducibility (86-91%), and inter-lab accuracy (90%). Multiple variants and fusions previously described across the spectrum of thyroid cancers were identified by XA, including some with approved or investigational targeted therapies. Among 190 Bethesda III/IV nodules, the sensitivity of XA as a standalone test was 49%. Conclusion: When the Afirma Genomic Sequencing Classifier (GSC) is used first among Bethesda III/IV nodules as a rule-out test, XA supplements genomic insight among those that are GSC suspicious. Our data clinically and analytically validate XA for use among GSC suspicious, or Bethesda V/VI nodules. Genomic information provided by XA may inform clinical decision-making with precision medicine insights across a broad range of FNA sample types encountered in the care of patients with thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor E. Angell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Trevor E. Angell
| | - Lori J. Wirth
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria E. Cabanillas
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maisie L. Shindo
- Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Edmund S. Cibas
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joshua E. Babiarz
- Research and Development, Veracyte, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yangyang Hao
- Research and Development, Veracyte, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Su Yeon Kim
- Research and Development, Veracyte, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - P. Sean Walsh
- Research and Development, Veracyte, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jing Huang
- Research and Development, Veracyte, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Richard T. Kloos
- Medical Affairs, Veracyte, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Giulia C. Kennedy
- Research and Development, Medical Affairs, and Clinical Affairs, Veracyte, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Steven G. Waguespack
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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187
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Alzahrani AS, Murugan AK, Qasem E, Alswailem MM, AlGhamdi B, Moria Y, Al-Hindi H. Absence of EIF1AX, PPM1D, and CHEK2 mutations reported in Thyroid Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) in a large series of thyroid cancer. Endocrine 2019; 63:94-100. [PMID: 30269267 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Thyroid Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was a major project that significantly clarified the key underlying genetic aberrations in papillary thyroid cancer. It confirmed the previously known somatic mutations and gene fusions and disclosed additional genetic alterations that were previously unknown. Among the most significant novel genetic mutations were those in EIF1AX, PPM1D, and CHEK2. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the rates of these novel genetic alterations in a large sample of our patients to test the prevalence, reproducibility, and significance of these findings. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied thyroid cancer (TC) tumor tissues from 301 unselected patients using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct Sanger sequencing. DNA was isolated from paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed tumor tissue. Exons and exon-intron boundaries harboring the previously reported mutations in TCGA were amplified using PCR and directly sequenced. RESULTS We found only one of the 301 tumors (0.3%) harboring A113_splice site mutation at the intron 5/exon 6 splice site of EIF1AX gene. Apart from this single mutation, none of the 301 tumors harbored any of the previously reported mutations in any of the three genes, EIF1AX, PPM1D, and CHEK2. A number of previously reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were found in CHEK2, PPM1D but not in EIF1AX. These include CHEK2 SNPs, rs375130261, rs200928781, rs540635787, rs142763740, and rs202104749. The PPM1D SNPs rs771831676 and rs61757742 were present in 1.49% and 0.74%, respectively. Each of these SNPs was present in a heterozygous form in 100% of the tumors. An additional analysis of these samples for the most frequently reported mutations in DTC such as BRAFV600E, TERT promoter, and RAS showed a prevalence of 38.87% (117/301), 11.96% (36/301), and 7.64% (23/301), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Except for a rare A113_splice site mutation in EIF1AX, other recently described somatic mutations in EIF1AX, PPM1D, and CHEK2 were absent in this large series of patients with TC from a different racial group (Saudi Arabia). This might be related to the different techniques used (PCR and direct sequencing) or low density of the mutants. It might also reflect racial differences in the rate of these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Alzahrani
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Ebtesam Qasem
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshael M Alswailem
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Balgees AlGhamdi
- Research Centre-Jeddah, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yosra Moria
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hindi Al-Hindi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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188
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Abstract
Genomic, clinical, and pathologic studies have prompted a more risk-stratified approach to the management of patients with thyroid nodules. The recent nomenclature change concerning noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features reflects the clinical trend toward conservative treatment choices for carefully selected low-risk thyroid neoplasms. These developments have occurred in parallel with a growing array of molecular tests intended to improve clinical triage for patients with indeterminate fine needle aspiration diagnoses. This review discusses the implications of the nomenclature revision on the interpretation of thyroid fine needle aspiration and updates available ancillary molecular tests for thyroid fine needle aspirations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiya Nishino
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Jeffrey F Krane
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Amory 3, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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189
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Immune Gene Signature Delineates a Subclass of Papillary Thyroid Cancer with Unfavorable Clinical Outcomes. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120494. [PMID: 30563160 PMCID: PMC6316581 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) represents a heterogeneous disease with diverse clinical outcomes highlighting a need to identify robust biomarkers with clinical relevance. We applied non-negative matrix factorization-based deconvolution to publicly available gene expression profiles of thyroid cancers in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) consortium. Among three metagene signatures identified, two signatures were enriched in canonical BRAF-like and RAS-like thyroid cancers with up-regulation of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and cell adhesions, respectively. The third metagene signature representing up-regulation of immune-related genes further segregated BRAF-like and RAS-like PTCs into their respective subgroups of immunoreactive (IR) and immunodeficient (ID), respectively. BRAF-IR PTCs showed enrichment of tumor infiltrating immune cells, tall cell variant PTC, and shorter recurrence-free survival compared to BRAF-ID PTCs. RAS-IR and RAS-ID PTC subtypes included majority of normal thyroid tissues and follicular variant PTC, respectively. Immunopathological features of PTC subtypes such as immune cell fraction, repertoire of T cell receptors, cytolytic activity, and expression level of immune checkpoints such as and PD-L1 and CTLA-4 were consistently observed in two different cohorts. Taken together, an immune-related metagene signature can classify PTCs into four molecular subtypes, featuring the distinct histologic type, genetic and transcriptional alterations, and potential clinical significance.
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190
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Staubitz JI, Schad A, Springer E, Rajalingam K, Lang H, Roth W, Hartmann N, Musholt TJ. Novel rearrangements involving the RET gene in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Genet 2018; 230:13-20. [PMID: 30466862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the field of gene fusions driving tumorigenesis in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), rearrangement of the proto-oncogene RET is the most frequent alteration. Apart from the most common rearrangement of RET to CCDC6, more than 15 partner genes are yet reported. The landscape of RET rearrangements in PTC ("RET-PTC") can notably be enlarged by modern targeted next-generation sequencing, indicating similarities between oncogenic pathways in other cancer types with identical genetic alterations. METHODS Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed for two cases of BRAF-wild type PTC with confirmation of the results by Sanger sequencing. A "UniProt" database research was performed to assess protein alterations resulting from RET rearrangements. RESULTS RUFY2-RET and KIAA1468-RET were detected. The fusion genes were not present in normal tissue of the index patients. The rearrangement RUFY2-RET lead to a fusion of the RET tyrosine kinase domain to a RUN domain and a coiled-coil domain. For KIAA1468-RET, a fusion to a LisH domain and two coiled-coil domains resulted. CONCLUSIONS RUFY2-RET and KIAA1468-RET are novel RET/PTC rearrangements. The fusions were previously described in non-small cell lung cancer. The rearrangement results in a fusion of the RET tyrosine kinase to regulatory domains of RUFY2 and KIAA1468.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Isabelle Staubitz
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Arno Schad
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Erik Springer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hauke Lang
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wilfried Roth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Johannes Musholt
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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191
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Clinical utility of EZH1 mutations in the diagnosis of follicular-patterned thyroid tumors. Hum Pathol 2018; 81:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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192
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Song YS, Won JK, Yoo SK, Jung KC, Kim MJ, Kim SJ, Cho SW, Lee KE, Yi KH, Seo JS, Park YJ. Comprehensive Transcriptomic and Genomic Profiling of Subtypes of Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid 2018; 28:1468-1478. [PMID: 30226444 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among subtypes of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC), encapsulated FVPTC (EFVPTC) shows more indolent behavior than infiltrative FVPTC (IFVPTC). In particular, noninvasive EFVPTC, now designated as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP), tends to have an excellent prognosis. However, it remains unclear whether the molecular pathogenesis or signature of the various forms of FVPTC is different. By massively parallel sequencing analysis, this study comprehensively characterized the transcriptional and mutational landscape of FVPTC and established correlations with phenotypic subtypes. METHODS This study included 48 FVPTCs: 17 NIFTPs, 13 invasive EFVPTCs (I-EFVPTCs), and 18 IFVPTCs. For comparison, 55 classical papillary thyroid carcinomas (cPTCs) harboring a BRAFV600E mutation, six follicular adenomas (FAs), and 15 minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinomas (miFTCs) with RAS mutations were also included. RESULTS In NIFTP, the BRAFV600E mutation was not found, but RAS and other alterations were present in 64.7% and 17.6% of cases, respectively. However, in I-EFVPTC and IFVPTC, the proportions of BRAFV600E mutation (38.5% and 38.9%, respectively) and of RAS mutations (38.5% and 38.9%, respectively) or other alterations (15.4% and 16.7%, respectively) were similar. On a molecular level, RAS-mutated FVPTCs were all RAS-like except for one IFVPTC case. Transcriptomic profiles of NIFTP, I-EFVPTC, and FA/miFTC were comparable, although the profile of RAS-mutated IFVPTC was altered to activate molecular pathways involved in cell adhesion and invasion. Interestingly, 80% of BRAFV600E-mutated I-EFVPTCs were also classified as RAS-like, whereas all BRAFV600E-mutated IFVPTCs were BRAF-like and indistinguishable from cPTC. Molecular pathways associated with cell adhesion and invasion were also differentially activated in BRAFV600E-mutated IFVPTC. CONCLUSIONS Molecular profiles of NIFTP and I-EFVPTC may be shared with FA/miFTC, while IFVPTC seems to be associated with a similar profile as cPTC. Activation of cell adhesion and invasion pathways may play a key role in the development of invasive phenotypes of FVPTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shin Song
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Won
- 2 Department of Pathology, and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Yoo
- 3 Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center; Seoul, Korea
- 4 Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics; Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Cheon Jung
- 2 Department of Pathology, and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Joo Kim
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kim
- 5 Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Eun Lee
- 3 Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center; Seoul, Korea
- 5 Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Ka Hee Yi
- 6 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Seo
- 3 Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center; Seoul, Korea
- 4 Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics; Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Korea
- 3 Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center; Seoul, Korea
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193
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Biron VL, Matkin A, Kostiuk M, Williams J, Cote DW, Harris J, Seikaly H, O'Connell DA. Analytic and clinical validity of thyroid nodule mutational profiling using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 47:60. [PMID: 30249281 PMCID: PMC6154415 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-018-0299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent guidelines for the management of thyroid nodules incorporate mutation testing as an adjunct for surgical decision-making, however current tests are costly with limited accuracy. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is an ultrasensitive method of nucleic acid detection that is particularly useful for identifying gene mutations. This study aimed to assess the analytic and clinical validity of RAS and BRAF ddPCR mutational testing as a diagnostic tool for thyroid fine needle aspirate biopsy (FNAB). METHODS Patients with thyroid nodules meeting indication for FNAB were prospectively enrolled from March 2015 to September 2017. In addition to clinical protocol, an additional FNAB was obtained for ddPCR. Optimized ddPCR probes were used to detect mutations including HRASG12 V, HRASQ61K, HRASQ61R, NRASQ61R, NRASQ61K and BRAFV600E. The diagnostic performance of BRAF and RAS mutations was assessed individually or in combination with Bethesda classification against final surgical pathology. RESULTS A total of 208 patients underwent FNAB and mutational testing with the following Bethesda cytologic classification: 26.9% non-diagnostic, 55.2% benign, 5.3% FLUS/AUS, 2.9% FN/SPN, 2.4% SFM and 7.2% malignant. Adequate RNA was obtained from 91.3% (190) FNABs from which mutations were identified in 21.1% of HRAS, 11.5% of NRAS and 7.4% of BRAF. Malignant cytology or BRAFV600E was 100% specific for malignancy. Combining cytology with ddPCR BRAF600E mutations testing increased the sensitivity of Bethesda classification from 41.7 to 75%. Combined BRAFV600E and Bethesda results had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 89.7% for thyroid malignancy in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS DdPCR offers a novel and ultrasensitive method of detecting RAS and BRAF mutations from thyroid FNABs. BRAFV600E mutation testing by ddPCR may serve as a useful adjunct to increase sensitivity and specificity of thyroid FNAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent L Biron
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, 8440-112 st, 1E4 Walter Mackenzie Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada. .,Alberta Head and Neck Centre for Oncology and Reconstruction, Walter MacKenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Research Laboratory of Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Ashlee Matkin
- Alberta Head and Neck Centre for Oncology and Reconstruction, Walter MacKenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Undergraduate Medical Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Morris Kostiuk
- Alberta Head and Neck Centre for Oncology and Reconstruction, Walter MacKenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Research Laboratory of Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jordana Williams
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Research Laboratory of Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David W Cote
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, 8440-112 st, 1E4 Walter Mackenzie Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Harris
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, 8440-112 st, 1E4 Walter Mackenzie Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.,Alberta Head and Neck Centre for Oncology and Reconstruction, Walter MacKenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hadi Seikaly
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, 8440-112 st, 1E4 Walter Mackenzie Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.,Alberta Head and Neck Centre for Oncology and Reconstruction, Walter MacKenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel A O'Connell
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, 8440-112 st, 1E4 Walter Mackenzie Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.,Alberta Head and Neck Centre for Oncology and Reconstruction, Walter MacKenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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194
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Wei X, Fried J, Li Y, Hu L, Gao M, Zhang S, Xu B. Functional roles of Speckle-Type Poz (SPOP) Protein in Genomic stability. J Cancer 2018; 9:3257-3262. [PMID: 30271484 PMCID: PMC6160670 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functional significance of the essential elements in maintaining genomic stability provides insights into the process of tumor initiation and progression, and predicts therapeutic responses. One such element that has recently attracted significant attention is the Speckle-Type Poz Protein (SPOP), an E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein. SPOP is frequently mutated or has altered expression in various cancers, including prostate, renal and endometrial. SPOP is involved in the regulation of proteasome-mediated degradation of several oncoproteins. Moreover, recent data also indicate SPOP's direct involvement in the DNA damage response. SPOP mutants induce alternations in the DNA damage repair pathway by promoting the error-prone Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. SPOP has been linked with significant functions in cellular signaling pathways and cancer suppression. This mini-review will discuss recent findings regarding SPOP's role in genomic stability in the pathological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wei
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasonography, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Joshua Fried
- Department of Oncology, Southern Research Institute and Cancer Cell Biology Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham Graduate School, Birmingham, AL, 35205.,Cancer Cell Biology Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Ying Li
- The Third Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Linfei Hu
- Department of Thyroid and Cervical Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Thyroid and Cervical Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasonography, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Oncology, Southern Research Institute and Cancer Cell Biology Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham Graduate School, Birmingham, AL, 35205.,Cancer Cell Biology Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center Birmingham, AL 35205, USA.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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195
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Nikitski AV, Rominski SL, Wankhede M, Kelly LM, Panebianco F, Barila G, Altschuler DL, Nikiforov YE. Mouse Model of Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Driven by STRN-ALK Fusion. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2653-2661. [PMID: 30125543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements of the ALK gene, which lead to constitutive activation of ALK tyrosine kinase, are found in various cancers. In thyroid cancers, ALK fusions, most commonly the STRN-ALK fusion, are detected in papillary thyroid cancer and with higher frequency in poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers. Our aim was to establish a mouse model of thyroid-specific expression of STRN-ALK and to test whether this fusion drives the development of thyroid cancer with a propensity for dedifferentiation. Transgenic Tg-STRN-ALK mice with thyroglobulin-controlled expression of STRN-ALK were generated and aged with or without goitrogen treatment. Thyroids from these mice were subjected to histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Transgenic mice with thyroid-specific expression of STRN-ALK developed poorly differentiated thyroid tumors by the age of 12 months in 22% of mice without goitrogen treatment and in 36% of mice with goitrogen treatment. Histologically and immunohistochemically, the tumors resembled poorly differentiated thyroid cancers in humans, demonstrating a solid growth pattern with sheets of round or spindle-shaped cells, decreased expression of thyroglobulin, and a tendency to lose E-cadherin. In this study, we report a novel mouse model of poorly differentiated thyroid cancer driven by the STRN-ALK oncogene with phenotypic features closely recapitulating human tumor, and with a more pronounced phenotype after additional thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan L Rominski
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mamta Wankhede
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lindsey M Kelly
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Guillermo Barila
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel L Altschuler
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuri E Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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196
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Thyroid cancers of follicular origin in a genomic light: in-depth overview of common and unique molecular marker candidates. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:116. [PMID: 30089490 PMCID: PMC6081953 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, thyroid malignances have become more prevalent, especially among women. The most common sporadic types of thyroid tumors of follicular origin include papillary, follicular and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Although modern diagnosis methods enable the identification of tumors of small diameter, tumor subtype differentiation, which is imperative for the correct choice of treatment, is still troublesome. This review discusses the recent advances in the field of molecular marker identification via next-generation sequencing and microarrays. The potential use of these biomarkers to distinguish among the most commonly occurring sporadic thyroid cancers is presented and compared. Geographical heterogeneity might be a differentiator, although not necessarily a limiting factor, in biomarker selection. The available data advocate for a subset of mutations common for the three subtypes as well as mutations that are unique for a particular tumor subtype. Tumor heterogeneity, a known issue occurring within solid malignancies, is also discussed where applicable. Public databases with datasets derived from high-throughput experiments are a valuable source of information that aid biomarker research in general, including the identification of molecular hallmarks of thyroid cancer.
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197
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Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Peteiro-González D, Caneiro-Gómez J, Sánchez-Ares M, Abdulkader I, Eloy C, Melo M, Amendoeira I, Soares P, Sobrinho-Simões M. Cribriform-morular variant of thyroid carcinoma: a neoplasm with distinctive phenotype associated with the activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:1168-1179. [PMID: 29785019 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cribriform-morular variant of thyroid carcinoma is classically associated with familial adenomatous polyposis but, it can also occur as a sporadic neoplasm. This neoplasm is much more frequently observed in women than in men (ratio of 61:1). In familial adenomatous polyposis patients, tumors are generally multifocal and/or bilateral (multinodular appearance), whereas in the sporadic cases tumors tend to occur as single nodules. The tumors are well delimited, and characteristically show a blending of follicular, cribriform, papillary, trabecular, solid, and morular patterns. Neoplastic cells are tall or cuboidal with the occasional nuclear features of classic papillary thyroid carcinoma. The morules include cells with peculiar nuclear clearing and show positivity for CDX2 and CD10. Angioinvasion and capsular invasion have been described in about 30 and 40% of cases, respectively, with lymph node metastases in less than 10% of patients and distant metastases in 6%. Although this tumor has good prognosis, neuroendocrine and/or poor differentiation have been associated with aggressive behavior. Tumor cells can be focally positive or negative for thyroglobulin, but are always positive for TTF-1, estrogen and progesterone receptors, and negative for calcitonin and cytokeratin 20. Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for β-catenin is the hallmark of this tumor type; this feature plays a role in fine needle aspiration biopsy. Cribriform-morular variant of thyroid carcinoma has a peculiar endodermal (intestinal-like) type phenotype, activation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, and belongs to the non-BRAF-non-RAS subtype of the molecular classification of thyroid tumors. Elevated expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway may prove useful as putative therapeutic targets in cases that do not respond to conventional therapy. Clinicians should be alerted to the possibility of familial adenomatous polyposis when a diagnosis of cribriform-morular variant of thyroid carcinoma is made. Instead of being considered as a variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma its designation as cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma seems more appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Cameselle-Teijeiro
- Department of Pathology, Clinical University Hospital, Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Medical Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | | | - Javier Caneiro-Gómez
- Department of Pathology, Clinical University Hospital, Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Medical Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Ares
- Department of Pathology, Clinical University Hospital, Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ihab Abdulkader
- Department of Pathology, Clinical University Hospital, Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Medical Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Catarina Eloy
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Melo
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Unit of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Amendoeira
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Porto, Portugal
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198
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Teng H, Mao F, Liang J, Xue M, Wei W, Li X, Zhang K, Feng D, Liu B, Sun Z. Transcriptomic signature associated with carcinogenesis and aggressiveness of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Theranostics 2018; 8:4345-4358. [PMID: 30214625 PMCID: PMC6134936 DOI: 10.7150/thno.26862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the fastest-growing disease caused by numerous molecular alterations in addition to previously reported DNA mutations. There is a compelling need to identify novel transcriptomic alterations that are associated with the pathogenesis of PTC with potential diagnostic and prognostic implications. Methods: We gathered and compared 242 expression profiles between paired PTC and adjacent normal tissues and identified and validated the coding and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with the extrathyroidal extension (ETE) of 655 PTC patients in two independent cohorts, followed by predicting their interactions with drugs. Co-expression, RNA interaction, Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariate Cox proportional regression analyses were performed to identify dysregulated lncRNAs and genes that correlated with clinical outcomes of PTC. Alternative splicing (AS), RNA circularization, and editing were also compared between transcriptomes to expand the repertoire of molecular alterations in PTC. Results: Numerous genes related to cellular microenvironment and steroid hormone response were associated with the ETE of PTC. Drug susceptibility predictions of the expression signature revealed two highly ranked compounds, 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime and lovastatin. Co-expression and RNA interaction analysis revealed the essential role of lncRNAs in PTC pathogenesis by modulating extracellular matrix and cell adhesion. Eight genes and two novel lncRNAs were identified that correlated with the aggressive nature and disease-free survival of PTC. Furthermore, this study provided the transcriptome-wide landscape of circRNAs in PTC and uncovered dissimilar expression profiles among circRNAs originating from the same host gene, suggesting the functional complexity of circRNAs in PTC carcinogenesis. The newly identified AS events in the SERPINA1 and FN1 genes may improve the sensitivity and specificity of these diagnostic biomarkers. Conclusions: Our study uncovered a comprehensive transcriptomic signature associated with the carcinogenesis and aggressive behavior of PTC, as well as presents a catalog of 10 potential biomarkers, which would facilitate PTC prognosis and development of new therapeutic strategies for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajing Teng
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengbiao Mao
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jialong Liang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meiying Xue
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Wei
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Feng
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongsheng Sun
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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199
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Jiang W, Ye S, Xiang L, Yang W, He T, Pei X, Guo L, Yang H. Establishment and molecular characterization of a human ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell line (FDOV1). J Ovarian Res 2018; 11:58. [PMID: 29986747 PMCID: PMC6038259 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-018-0429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian clear cell carcinoma is a distinct histologic subtype with grave survival. The underlying molecular mechanism is not fully elucidated. However, we don’t have many cell lines, which are useful experimental tools for research. We describe the establishment and characterization of a new ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell line from a Chinese patient. Results FDOV1 has been subcultured for more than 80 generations. Monolayer cultured cells are polygonal in shape, showing a transparent cytoplasm full of vacuoles. The number of chromosomes ranges from 45 to 90. FDOV1 cells produces CA-125, but not CA-199. The cells could be transplanted and produced tumors mimicking the donor tumor morphologically and immunohistochemically. Whole exome sequence showed both FDOV1 and tissue block harbored PIK3CA H1047R mutation and ARID1A frameshift mutations (p.L2106 fs, p.N201 fs). More interestingly, we observed SPOP mutation (p.D82H) and ZNF217 (chromosome 20q13) amplification in FDOV1, which are quite novel. Conclusions Only a few patient-derived ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell lines have been reported in the literature. FDOV1 is the very first one, to the best of our knowledge, from a Mainland Chinese patient. It showed infinite multiplication until now and tumorigenicity in vivo. FDOV1 has co-existing PIK3CA and ARID1A mutations. It also harbored SPOP mutation and ZNF217 amplification, which would probably be a good model for exploring the molecular mechanism of ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13048-018-0429-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuang Ye
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Libing Xiang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wentao Yang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tiancong He
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuan Pei
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Kouba E, Ford A, Brown CG, Yeh C, Siegal GP, Manne U, Eltoum IE. Detection of BRAF V600E Mutations With Next-Generation Sequencing in Infarcted Thyroid Carcinomas After Fine-Needle Aspiration. Am J Clin Pathol 2018; 150:177-185. [PMID: 29868707 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid lesions may result in infarction and diagnostic difficulties on subsequent thyroidectomy specimens. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods for detection of hallmark driver BRAF V600E mutations may help characterize such tumors in which histologic alterations preclude definitive tissue diagnosis. METHODS Thyroidectomy specimens with both malignant FNA diagnoses and resultant infarction were identified from our institutional database. NGS methods were used to detect BRAF V600E mutations in the infarcted thyroid carcinomas. RESULTS Nine thyroid carcinomas with infarction were characterized as BRAF-like papillary thyroid carcinoma based on molecular driver categorization and histologic diagnosis. BRAF V600E mutations were detected in the infarcted tissue in four (67%) of six lesions. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate detection of hallmark BRAF V600E mutations by NGS within infarcted tissue of thyroid carcinomas after FNA. This suggests a potential ancillary method of characterizing infarcted thyroid carcinomas whose altered histology may be nondiagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Kouba
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | | | - Gene P Siegal
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Isam-Eldin Eltoum
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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