151
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Fenech M. Folate, DNA damage and the aging brain. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131:236-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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152
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Van Moorhem M, Decrock E, Coussee E, Faes L, De Vuyst E, Vranckx K, De Bock M, Wang N, D'Herde K, Lambein F, Callewaert G, Leybaert L. L-beta-ODAP alters mitochondrial Ca2+ handling as an early event in excitotoxicity. Cell Calcium 2010; 47:287-96. [PMID: 20129666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid (L-beta-ODAP) is an L-glutamate analogue at alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptors in neurons and therefore acts as an excitotoxic substance. Chronic exposure to L-beta-ODAP present in Lathyrus sativus L. (L. sativus) seeds is proposed as the cause of the neurodegenerative disease neurolathyrism, but the mechanism of its action has not been conclusively identified. A key factor in excitotoxic neuronal cell death is a disturbance of the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, including changes in the capacity of intracellular Ca2+ stores like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or mitochondria. In this study, aequorin and other Ca2+ indicators were used in N2a neuroblastoma cells to investigate alterations of cellular Ca2+ handling after 24 h exposure to L-beta-ODAP. Our data demonstrate increased mitochondrial Ca2+ loading and hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Psi(m)), which was specific for L-beta-ODAP and not observed with L-glutamate. We conclude that L-beta-ODAP disturbs the ER-mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling axis and thereby renders the cells more vulnerable to its excitotoxic effects that ultimately will lead to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Van Moorhem
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences-Physiology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, De Pintelaan 185 (Block B, 3th Floor), Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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153
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Alberdi E, Sánchez-Gómez MV, Cavaliere F, Pérez-Samartín A, Zugaza JL, Trullas R, Domercq M, Matute C. Amyloid beta oligomers induce Ca2+ dysregulation and neuronal death through activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Cell Calcium 2010; 47:264-72. [PMID: 20061018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Abeta) oligomers accumulate in brain tissue of Alzheimer disease patients and are related to pathogenesis. The precise mechanisms by which Abeta oligomers cause neurotoxicity remain unresolved. In this study, we investigated the role of ionotropic glutamate receptors on the intracellular Ca2+ overload caused by Abeta. Using rat cortical neurons in culture and entorhinal-hippocampal organotypic slices, we found that Abeta oligomers significantly induced inward currents, intracellular Ca2+ increases and apoptotic cell death through a mechanism requiring NMDA and AMPA receptor activation. The massive entry of Ca2+ through NMDA and AMPA receptors induced by Abeta oligomers caused mitochondrial dysfunction as indicated by mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Importantly, chronic treatment with nanomolar concentration of Abeta oligomers also induced NMDA- and AMPA receptor-dependent cell death in entorhinal cortex and hippocampal slice cultures. Together, these results indicate that overactivation of NMDA and AMPA receptor, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and mitochondrial damage underlie the neurotoxicity induced by Abeta oligomers. Hence, drugs that modulate these events can prevent from Abeta damage to neurons in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alberdi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, E-48940 Leioa, Spain
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154
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Supnet C, Bezprozvanny I. Neuronal calcium signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 20 Suppl 2:S487-98. [PMID: 20413848 PMCID: PMC4996661 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder among the aged worldwide. AD is characterized by extensive synaptic and neuronal loss that leads to impaired memory and cognitive decline. The cause of AD is not completely understood and no effective therapy has been developed. The accumulation of toxic amyloid-beta42 (Abeta42) peptide oligomers and aggregates in AD brain has been proposed to be primarily responsible for the pathology of the disease, an idea dubbed the 'amyloid hypothesis' of AD etiology. In addition to the increase in Abeta42 levels, disturbances in neuronal calcium (Ca2+) signaling and alterations in expression levels of Ca2+ signaling proteins have been observed in animal models of familial AD and in studies of postmortem brain samples from sporadic AD patients. Based on these data, the 'Ca2+ hypothesis of AD' has been proposed. In particular, familial AD has been linked with enhanced Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels. The augmented cytosolic Ca2+ levels can trigger signaling cascades that affect synaptic stability and function and can be detrimental to neuronal health, such as activation of calcineurin and calpains. Here we review the latest results supporting the 'Ca2+ hypothesis' of AD pathogenesis. We further argue that over time, supranormal cytosolic Ca2+ signaling can impair mitochondrial function in AD neurons. We conclude that inhibitors and stabilizers of neuronal Ca2+ signaling and mitochondrial function may have therapeutic potential for AD treatment. We also discuss latest and planned AD therapeutic trials of agents targeting Ca2+ channels and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Supnet
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
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155
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Takuma K, Kataoka S, Ago Y, Matsuda T. [Mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis: new molecular approach to prevent Alzheimer's disease]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2009; 134:180-3. [PMID: 19828920 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.134.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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156
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Moreno-Ortega AJ, Ruiz-Nuño A, García AG, Cano-Abad MF. Mitochondria sense with different kinetics the calcium entering into HeLa cells through calcium channels CALHM1 and mutated P86L-CALHM1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:722-6. [PMID: 19944073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The novel Ca(2+) channel CALHM1 (Calcium Homeostasis Modulator 1) generates cytosolic Ca(2+) transients ([Ca(2+)](c)) that regulate the production of amyloid beta (Abeta). Its mutated channel P86L-CALHM1 has been associated to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using cytosolic- and mitochondrial-targeted aequorins, we have investigated here whether mitochondria sense with similar or different kinetics the Ca(2+) entering into Hela cells and the Ca(2+) released from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in control and in cells transfected with CALHM1 and P86L-CALHM1. We have shown that mitochondria sense Ca(2+) entry in the three cell types; however, the [Ca(2+)](c) and mitochondrial Ca(2+) transients [Ca(2+)](m) had substantially slower kinetics in cells expressing P86L-CALHM1. Mitochondria also sensed the ER Ca(2+) released by histamine, but in CALHM1 and P86L-CALHM1 cells the kinetics was faster than that of control cells. Data are compatible with the idea that mutated CALHM1 may cause mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload, suggesting how these cells may become more vulnerable to apoptotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana J Moreno-Ortega
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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157
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Calcium hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Pflugers Arch 2009; 459:441-9. [PMID: 19795132 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by an increase in amyloid metabolism. The calcium hypothesis of AD explores how activation of the amyloidogenic pathway may function to remodel the neuronal Ca(2+) signaling pathways responsible for cognition. Hydrolysis of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) yields two products that can influence Ca(2+) signaling. Firstly, the amyloids released to the outside form oligomers that enhance the entry of Ca(2+) that is pumped into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). An increase in the luminal level of Ca(2+) within the ER enhances the sensitivity of the ryanodine receptors (RYRs) to increase the amount of Ca(2+) being released from the internal stores. Secondly, the APP intracellular domain may alter the expression of key signaling components such as the RYR. It is proposed that this remodeling of Ca(2+) signaling will result in the learning and memory deficits that occur early during the onset of AD. In particular, the Ca(2+) signaling remodeling may erase newly acquired memories by enhancing the mechanism of long-term depression that depends on activation of the Ca(2+)-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin. The alteration in Ca(2+) signaling will also contribute to the neurodegeneration that characterizes the later stages of dementia.
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158
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de Paula VDJR, Guimarães FM, Diniz BS, Forlenza OV. Neurobiological pathways to Alzheimer's disease: Amyloid-beta, TAU protein or both? Dement Neuropsychol 2009; 3:188-194. [PMID: 29213627 PMCID: PMC5618972 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642009dn30300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by
progressive cognitive decline, including memory loss, behavioral and
psychological symptoms and personality changes. The neuropathological hallmarks
of AD are the presence of neuritic (senile) plaques (NP) and neurofibrillary
tangles (NFT), along with neuronal loss, dystrophic neurites, and gliosis.
Neuritic plaques are extracellular lesions and their main constituent is the
amyloid-β42 peptide (Aβ42).
Neurofibrillary tangles are intracellular lesions that are mainly composed of
hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. In this article, we review the major hypotheses
concerning the physiopathology of AD, focusing on the β-amyloid cascade
as primary events (supported by the “βaptists”) and cytoskeletal
abnormalities secondary to the hyperphosphorylation of protein Tau (as advocated
by the “Tauists”). We further provide an integrative view of the physiopathology
of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa de Jesus R de Paula
- Laboratory of Neuroscience LIM-27, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Meira Guimarães
- Laboratory of Neuroscience LIM-27, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Breno Satler Diniz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience LIM-27, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Orestes Vicente Forlenza
- Laboratory of Neuroscience LIM-27, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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159
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Yu JT, Chang RCC, Tan L. Calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 89:240-55. [PMID: 19664678 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is involved in many facets of neuronal physiology, including activity, growth and differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory, as well as pathophysiology, including necrosis, apoptosis, and degeneration. Though disturbances in calcium homeostasis in cells from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have been observed for many years, much more attention was focused on amyloid-beta (Abeta) and tau as key causative factors for the disease. Nevertheless, increasing lines of evidence have recently reported that calcium dysregulation plays a central role in AD pathogenesis. Systemic calcium changes accompany almost the whole brain pathology process that is observed in AD, including synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, presenilins mutation, Abeta production and Tau phosphorylation. Given the early and ubiquitous involvement of calcium dysregulation in AD pathogenesis, it logically presents a variety of potential therapeutic targets for AD prevention and treatment, such as calcium channels in the plasma membrane, calcium channels in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, Abeta-formed calcium channels, calcium-related proteins. The review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in calcium dysregulation in AD, and an insight on how to exploit calcium regulation as therapeutic opportunities in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, China
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160
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Reddy PH. Amyloid beta, mitochondrial structural and functional dynamics in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2009; 218:286-92. [PMID: 19358844 PMCID: PMC2710427 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the major source of energy for the normal functioning of brain cells. Increasing evidence suggests that the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid beta (Abeta) accumulate in mitochondrial membranes, cause mitochondrial structural and functional damage, and prevent neurons from functioning normally. Oligomeric Abeta is reported to induce intracellular Ca(2+) levels and to promote the excess accumulation of intracellular Ca(2+) into mitochondria, to induce the mitochondrial permeability transition pore to open, and to damage mitochondrial structure. Based on recent gene expression studies of APP transgenic mice and AD postmortem brains, and APP/Abeta and mitochondrial structural studies, we propose that the overexpression of APP and the increased production of Abeta may cause structural changes of mitochondria, including an increase in the production of defective mitochondria, a decrease in mitochondrial trafficking, and the alteration of mitochondrial dynamics in neurons affected by AD. This article discusses some critical issues of APP/Abeta associated with mitochondria, mitochondrial structural and functional damage, and abnormal intracellular calcium regulation in neurons from AD patients. This article also discusses the link between Abeta and impaired mitochondrial dynamics in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hemachandra Reddy
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, 97006, USA.
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161
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Marambaud P, Dreses-Werringloer U, Vingtdeux V. Calcium signaling in neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2009; 4:20. [PMID: 19419557 PMCID: PMC2689218 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-4-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is a key signaling ion involved in many different intracellular and extracellular processes ranging from synaptic activity to cell-cell communication and adhesion. The exact definition at the molecular level of the versatility of this ion has made overwhelming progress in the past several years and has been extensively reviewed. In the brain, calcium is fundamental in the control of synaptic activity and memory formation, a process that leads to the activation of specific calcium-dependent signal transduction pathways and implicates key protein effectors, such as CaMKs, MAPK/ERKs, and CREB. Properly controlled homeostasis of calcium signaling not only supports normal brain physiology but also maintains neuronal integrity and long-term cell survival. Emerging knowledge indicates that calcium homeostasis is not only critical for cell physiology and health, but also, when deregulated, can lead to neurodegeneration via complex and diverse mechanisms involved in selective neuronal impairments and death. The identification of several modulators of calcium homeostasis, such as presenilins and CALHM1, as potential factors involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, provides strong support for a role of calcium in neurodegeneration. These observations represent an important step towards understanding the molecular mechanisms of calcium signaling disturbances observed in different brain diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Marambaud
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.
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162
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Calcium signaling and neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:89-100. [PMID: 19230774 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD) and spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), present an enormous medical, social, financial and scientific problem. Recent evidence indicates that neuronal calcium (Ca2+) signaling is abnormal in many of these disorders. Similar, but less severe, changes in neuronal Ca2+ signaling occur as a result of the normal aging process. The role of aberrant neuronal Ca2+ signaling in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders is discussed here. The potential utility of Ca2+ blockers for treatment of these disorders is also highlighted. It is reasoned that Ca2+ blockers will be most beneficial clinically when used in combination with other disease-specific therapeutic approaches.
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163
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164
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Kazmierczak A, Strosznajder JB, Adamczyk A. alpha-Synuclein enhances secretion and toxicity of amyloid beta peptides in PC12 cells. Neurochem Int 2008; 53:263-9. [PMID: 18804502 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
alpha-Synuclein is the fundamental component of Lewy bodies which occur in the brain of 60% of sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease patients. Moreover, a proteolytic fragment of alpha-synuclein, the so-called non-amyloid component of Alzheimer's disease amyloid, was found to be an integral part of Alzheimer's dementia related plaques. However, the role of alpha-synuclein in pathomechanism of Alzheimer's disease remains elusive. In particular, the relationship between alpha-synuclein and amyloid beta is unknown. In the present study we showed the involvement of alpha-synuclein in amyloid beta secretion and in the mechanism of amyloid beta evoked mitochondria dysfunction and cell death. Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells transfected with amyloid beta precursor protein bearing Swedish double mutation (APPsw) and control PC12 cells transfected with empty vector were used in this study. alpha-Synuclein (10microM) was found to increase by twofold amyloid beta secretion from control and APPsw PC12 cells. Moreover, alpha-synuclein decreased the viability of PC12 cells by about 50% and potentiated amyloid beta toxicity leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase-dependent programmed cell death. Inhibitor of caspase-3 (Z-DEVD-FMK, 100microM), and a mitochondrial permeability transition pore blocker, cyclosporine A (2microM) protected PC12 cells against alpha-synuclein or amyloid beta evoked cell death. In contrast Z-DEVD-FMK and cyclosporine A were ineffective in APPsw cells containing elevated amount of amyloid beta treated with alpha-synuclein. It was found that the inhibition of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase reversed the toxic effect of alpha-synuclein in control but not in APPsw cells. Our results indicate that alpha-synuclein enhances the release and toxicity of amyloid beta leading to nitric oxide mediated irreversible mitochondria dysfunction and caspase-dependent programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kazmierczak
- Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Cellular Signaling, Pawińskiego 5 str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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