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152
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Shahzad Z, Rouached H, Rakha A. Combating Mineral Malnutrition through Iron and Zinc Biofortification of Cereals. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:329-346. [PMID: 33412655 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron and zinc are 2 important nutrients in the human diet. Their deficiencies in humans lead to a variety of health-related problems. Iron and zinc biofortification of cereals is considered a cost-effective solution to overcome the malnutrition of these minerals. Biofortification aims at either increasing accumulation of these minerals in edible parts, endosperm, or to increase their bioavailability. Iron and zinc fertilization management positively influence their accumulation in cereal grains. Regarding genetic strategies, quantitative genetic studies show the existence of ample variation for iron and zinc accumulation as well as inhibitors or promoters of their bioavailability in cereal grains. However, the genes underlying this variation have rarely been identified and never used in breeding programs. Genetically modified cereals developed by modulation of genes involved in iron and zinc homeostasis, or genes influencing bioavailability, have shown promising results. However, iron and zinc concentration were quantified in the whole grains during most of the studies, whereas a significant proportion of them is lost during milling. This makes it difficult to realistically assess the effectiveness of the different strategies. Moreover, modifications in the accumulation of toxic elements, like cadmium and arsenic, that are of concern for food safety are rarely determined. Trials in living organisms with iron- and zinc-biofortified cereals also remain to be undertaken. This review focuses on the common challenges and their possible solutions related to agronomic as well as genetic iron and zinc biofortification of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaigham Shahzad
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Montpellier SupAgro/CNRS/INRA/Univ, Montpellier II, 2 Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France
| | - Hatem Rouached
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Montpellier SupAgro/CNRS/INRA/Univ, Montpellier II, 2 Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France
| | - Allah Rakha
- Natl. Inst. of Food Science and Technology, Univ. of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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153
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Localization of iron in rice grain using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy and high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry. J Cereal Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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154
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Zhao FJ, Moore KL, Lombi E, Zhu YG. Imaging element distribution and speciation in plant cells. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:183-92. [PMID: 24394523 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To maintain cellular homeostasis, concentrations, chemical speciation, and localization of mineral nutrients and toxic trace elements need to be regulated. Imaging the cellular and subcellular localization of elements and measuring their in situ chemical speciation are challenging tasks that can be undertaken using synchrotron-based techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption spectrometry, and mass spectrometry-based techniques, such as secondary ion mass spectrometry and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We review the advantages and limitations of these techniques, and discuss examples of their applications, which have revealed highly heterogeneous distribution patterns of elements in different cell types, often varying in chemical speciation. Combining these techniques with molecular genetic approaches can unravel functions of genes involved in element homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Jie Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Katie L Moore
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia SA-5095, Australia
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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155
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Grillet L, Mari S, Schmidt W. Iron in seeds - loading pathways and subcellular localization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 4:535. [PMID: 24427161 PMCID: PMC3877777 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant elements on earth, but its limited bioavailability poses a major constraint for agriculture and constitutes a serious problem in human health. Due to an improved understanding of the mechanisms that control Fe homeostasis in plants, major advances toward engineering biofortified crops have been made during the past decade. Examples of successful biofortification strategies are, however, still scarce and the process of Fe loading into seeds is far from being well understood in most crop species. In particular in grains where the embryo represents the main storage compartment such as legumes, increasing the seed Fe content remains a challenging task. This review aims at placing the recently identified actors in Fe transport into the unsolved puzzle of grain filling, taking the differences of Fe distribution between various species into consideration. We summarize the current knowledge on Fe transport between symplasmic and apoplasmic compartments, and provide models for Fe trafficking and localization in different seed types that may help to develop high seed Fe germplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Grillet
- Institute of Plant and Microbial BiologyAcademia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Stéphane Mari
- Plant Biology, Institut National pour la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial BiologyAcademia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Schmidt, Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Academia Road 128, Taipei 11529, Taiwan e-mail:
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156
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Olsen LI, Palmgren MG. Many rivers to cross: the journey of zinc from soil to seed. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:30. [PMID: 24575104 PMCID: PMC3921580 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An important goal of micronutrient biofortification is to enhance the amount of bioavailable zinc in the edible seed of cereals and more specifically in the endosperm. The picture is starting to emerge for how zinc is translocated from the soil through the mother plant to the developing seed. On this journey, zinc is transported from symplast to symplast via multiple apoplastic spaces. During each step, zinc is imported into a symplast before it is exported again. Cellular import and export of zinc requires passage through biological membranes, which makes membrane-bound transporters of zinc especially interesting as potential transport bottlenecks. Inside the cell, zinc can be imported into or exported out of organelles by other transporters. The function of several membrane proteins involved in the transport of zinc across the tonoplast, chloroplast or plasma membranes are currently known. These include members of the ZIP (ZRT-IRT-like Protein), and MTP (Metal Tolerance Protein) and heavy metal ATPase (HMA) families. An important player in the transport process is the ligand nicotianamine that binds zinc to increase its solubility in living cells and in this way buffers the intracellular zinc concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene I. Olsen
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research FoundationFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michael G. Palmgren
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research FoundationFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Michael G. Palmgren, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark e-mail:
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157
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Oliva N, Chadha-Mohanty P, Poletti S, Abrigo E, Atienza G, Torrizo L, Garcia R, Dueñas C, Poncio MA, Balindong J, Manzanilla M, Montecillo F, Zaidem M, Barry G, Hervé P, Shou H, Slamet-Loedin IH. Large-scale production and evaluation of marker-free indica rice IR64 expressing phytoferritin genes. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2014; 33:23-37. [PMID: 24482599 PMCID: PMC3890568 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-013-9931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biofortification of rice (Oryza sativa L.) using a transgenic approach to increase the amount of iron in the grain is proposed as a low-cost, reliable, and sustainable solution to help developing countries combat anemia. In this study, we generated and evaluated a large number of rice or soybean ferritin over-accumulators in rice mega-variety IR64, including marker-free events, by introducing soybean or rice ferritin genes into the endosperm for product development. Accumulation of the protein was confirmed by ELISA, in situ immunological detection, and Western blotting. As much as a 37- and 19-fold increase in the expression of ferritin gene in single and co-transformed plants, respectively, and a 3.4-fold increase in Fe content in the grain over the IR64 wild type was achieved using this approach. Agronomic characteristics of a total of 1,860 progenies from 58 IR64 single independent transgenic events and 768 progenies from 27 marker-free transgenic events were evaluated and most trait characteristics did not show a penalty. Grain quality evaluation of high-Fe IR64 transgenic events showed quality similar to that of the wild-type IR64. To understand the effect of transgenes on iron homeostasis, transcript analysis was conducted on a subset of genes involved in iron uptake and loading. Gene expression of the exogenous ferritin gene in grain correlates with protein accumulation and iron concentration. The expression of NAS2 and NAS3 metal transporters increased during the grain milky stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Oliva
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Prabhjit Chadha-Mohanty
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Susanna Poletti
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Editha Abrigo
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Genelou Atienza
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Lina Torrizo
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Ruby Garcia
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Conrado Dueñas
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Mar Aristeo Poncio
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Jeanette Balindong
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Marina Manzanilla
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Florencia Montecillo
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Maricris Zaidem
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gerard Barry
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Philippe Hervé
- Bayer Cropscience NV, Technologie Park 38, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Huxia Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Inez H. Slamet-Loedin
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
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158
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Impa SM, Gramlich A, Tandy S, Schulin R, Frossard E, Johnson-Beebout SE. Internal Zn allocation influences Zn deficiency tolerance and grain Zn loading in rice (Oryza sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:534. [PMID: 24400015 PMCID: PMC3871718 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the important factors that influences Zn deficiency tolerance and grain Zn loading in crops is the within-plant allocation of Zn. Three independent experiments were carried out to understand the internal Zn distribution patterns in rice genotypes grown in Zn-sufficient and Zn-deficient agar nutrient solution (ANS). In one of the experiments, two rice genotypes (IR55179 and KP) contrasting in Zn deficiency tolerance were leaf-labeled with (65)Zn. In the other two experiments, two Zn biofortification breeding lines (IR69428 and SWHOO) were either root- or leaf-labeled with (65)Zn. Rice genotype IR55179 showed significantly higher Zn deficiency tolerance than KP at 21 and 42 days after planting. When KP was Zn-deficient, it failed to translocate (65)Zn from the labeled leaf to newly emerging leaves. Similarly, the root-to-shoot translocation of unlabeled Zn was lower in KP than in IR55179. These results suggest that some Zn-efficient rice genotypes have greater ability to translocate Zn from older to actively growing tissues than genotypes sensitive to Zn deficiency. Among the two Zn biofortication breeding lines that were leaf-labeled with (65)Zn at 10 days before panicle initiation stage, (65)Zn distribution in the grains at maturity was similar between both genotypes in Zn-sufficient conditions. However, under Zn-deficient conditions, SWHOO accumulated significantly higher (65)Zn in grains than IR69428, indicating that SWHOO is a better remobilizer than IR69428. When the roots of these two Zn biofortication breeding lines were exposed to (65)Zn solution at 10 days after flowering, IR69428 showed higher root uptake of (65)Zn than SWHOO in Zn-sufficient conditions, but (65)Zn allocation in the aerial parts of the plant was similar between both genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayanda M. Impa
- Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research InstituteMetro Manila, Philippines
| | - Anja Gramlich
- Department of Environmental System Science, Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susan Tandy
- Department of Environmental System Science, Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Schulin
- Department of Environmental System Science, Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Frossard
- Department of Environmental System Science, Institute of Agricultural SciencesETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E. Johnson-Beebout
- Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research InstituteMetro Manila, Philippines
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159
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Masuda H, Aung MS, Nishizawa NK. Iron biofortification of rice using different transgenic approaches. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 6:40. [PMID: 24351075 PMCID: PMC3878263 DOI: 10.1186/1939-8433-6-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
More than 2 billion people suffer from iron (Fe) deficiency, and developing crop cultivars with an increased concentration of micronutrients (biofortification) can address this problem. In this review, we describe seven transgenic approaches, and combinations thereof, that can be used to increase the concentration of Fe in rice seeds. The first approach is to enhance the Fe storage capacity of grains through expression of the Fe storage protein ferritin under the control of endosperm-specific promoters. Using this approach, the concentration of Fe in the seeds of transformants was increased by approximately 2-fold in polished seeds. The second approach is to enhance Fe translocation by overproducing the natural metal chelator nicotianamine; using this approach, the Fe concentration was increased by up to 3-fold in polished seeds. The third approach is to enhance Fe influx to the endosperm by expressing the Fe(II)-nicotianamine transporter gene OsYSL2 under the control of an endosperm-specific promoter and sucrose transporter promoter, which increased the Fe concentration by up to 4-fold in polished seeds. The fourth approach is introduction of the barley mugineic acid synthesis gene IDS3 to enhance Fe uptake and translocation within plants, which resulted in a 1.4-fold increase in the Fe concentration in polished seeds during field cultivation. In addition to the above approaches, Fe-biofortified rice was produced using a combination of the first, second, and third approaches. The Fe concentration in greenhouse-grown T2 polished seeds was 6-fold higher and that in paddy field-grown T3 polished seeds was 4.4-fold higher than in non-transgenic seeds without any reduction in yield. When the first and fourth approaches were combined, the Fe concentration was greater than that achieved by introducing only the ferritin gene, and Fe-deficiency tolerance was observed. With respect to Fe biofortification, the introduction of multiple Fe homeostasis genes is more effective than the introduction of individual genes. Moreover, three additional approaches, i.e., overexpression of the Fe transporter gene OsIRT1 or OsYSL15, overexpression of the Fe deficiency-inducible bHLH transcription factor OsIRO2, and knockdown of the vacuolar Fe transporter gene OsVIT1 or OsVIT2, may be useful to further increase the Fe concentration of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Masuda
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - May Sann Aung
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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160
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He W, Shohag M, Wei Y, Feng Y, Yang X. Iron concentration, bioavailability, and nutritional quality of polished rice affected by different forms of foliar iron fertilizer. Food Chem 2013; 141:4122-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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161
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Bashir K, Nozoye T, Ishimaru Y, Nakanishi H, Nishizawa NK. Exploiting new tools for iron bio-fortification of rice. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1624-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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162
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Palmer CM, Hindt MN, Schmidt H, Clemens S, Guerinot ML. MYB10 and MYB72 are required for growth under iron-limiting conditions. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003953. [PMID: 24278034 PMCID: PMC3836873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for photosynthesis and is often a limiting nutrient for plant productivity. Plants respond to conditions of iron deficiency by increasing transcript abundance of key genes involved in iron homeostasis, but only a few regulators of these genes have been identified. Using genome-wide expression analysis, we searched for transcription factors that are induced within 24 hours after transferring plants to iron-deficient growth conditions. Out of nearly 100 transcription factors shown to be up-regulated, we identified MYB10 and MYB72 as the most highly induced transcription factors. Here, we show that MYB10 and MYB72 are functionally redundant and are required for plant survival in alkaline soil where iron availability is greatly restricted. myb10myb72 double mutants fail to induce transcript accumulation of the nicotianamine synthase gene NAS4. Both myb10myb72 mutants and nas4-1 mutants have reduced iron concentrations, chlorophyll levels, and shoot mass under iron-limiting conditions, indicating that these genes are essential for proper plant growth. The double myb10myb72 mutant also showed nickel and zinc sensitivity, similar to the nas4 mutant. Ectopic expression of NAS4 rescues myb10myb72 plants, suggesting that loss of NAS4 is the primary defect in these plants and emphasizes the importance of nicotianamine, an iron chelator, in iron homeostasis. Overall, our results provide evidence that MYB10 and MYB72 act early in the iron-deficiency regulatory cascade to drive gene expression of NAS4 and are essential for plant survival under iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Palmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Maria N. Hindt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Holger Schmidt
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mary Lou Guerinot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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163
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Yang A, Li Y, Xu Y, Zhang WH. A receptor-like protein RMC is involved in regulation of iron acquisition in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5009-20. [PMID: 24014863 PMCID: PMC3830483 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is one of the essential mineral elements for plant growth and development. Acquisition of Fe by plants is mediated by a complex network involving Fe mobilization, uptake by root cells, and transport within plants. Here, we evaluated the role of a previously clarified gene encoding a receptor-like protein from rice, OsRMC, in the regulation of Fe acquisition by comparing Fe concentration, biomass, and expression patterns of genes associated with Fe mobilization and transport in wild-type (WT) rice with those in OsRMC overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown transgenic rice plants. Expression of OsRMC was upregulated in both shoots and roots upon exposure of WT to Fe-deficient medium. Expression levels of OsRMC were positively correlated with Fe concentration in rice plants under both Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient conditions such that overexpression and RNAi lines had higher and lower Fe concentration in both roots and shoots than WT plants, respectively. Moreover, overexpression of OsRMC conferred greater accumulation of Fe in mature seeds under Fe-sufficient conditions. OsRMC may also play a role in regulation of Fe deficiency-induced changes in root growth, as evidenced by greater and smaller root systems of OsRMC overexpression lines and RNAi lines than WT under Fe-deficient conditions, respectively. Several Fe deficiency-responsive genes including OsDMAS1, OsNAS1, OsNAS2, OsNAAT1, OsIRT1, OsYSL15, and OsIRO2 were up- and downregulated in OsRMC-overexpressing and RNAi plants compared with WT rice plants. These novel findings highlight an important role of OsRMC played in mediation of Fe acquisition and root growth in rice, particularly under Fe-deficient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Yansu Li
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yunyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
- Research Network of Global Change Biology, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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164
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Punshon T, Ricachenevsky FK, Hindt M, Socha AL, Zuber H. Methodological approaches for using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) imaging as a tool in ionomics: examples from Arabidopsis thaliana. Metallomics 2013; 5:1133-45. [PMID: 23912758 PMCID: PMC3869573 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we present approaches for using multi-elemental imaging (specifically synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy, SXRF) in ionomics, with examples using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The complexity of each approach depends on the amount of a priori information available for the gene and/or phenotype being studied. Three approaches are outlined, which apply to experimental situations where a gene of interest has been identified but has an unknown phenotype (phenotyping), an unidentified gene is associated with a known phenotype (gene cloning) and finally, a screening approach, where both gene and phenotype are unknown. These approaches make use of open-access, online databases with which plant molecular genetics researchers working in the model plant Arabidopsis will be familiar, in particular the Ionomics Hub and online transcriptomic databases such as the Arabidopsis eFP browser. The approaches and examples we describe are based on the assumption that altering the expression of ion transporters can result in changes in elemental distribution. We provide methodological details on using elemental imaging to aid or accelerate gene functional characterization by narrowing down the search for candidate genes to the tissues in which elemental distributions are altered. We use synchrotron X-ray microprobes as a technique of choice, which can now be used to image all parts of an Arabidopsis plant in a hydrated state. We present elemental images of leaves, stem, root, siliques and germinating hypocotyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Punshon
- Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science Center, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755
| | | | - Maria Hindt
- Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science Center, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Amanda L Socha
- Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science Center, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Hélène Zuber
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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165
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Koen E, Besson-Bard A, Duc C, Astier J, Gravot A, Richaud P, Lamotte O, Boucherez J, Gaymard F, Wendehenne D. Arabidopsis thaliana nicotianamine synthase 4 is required for proper response to iron deficiency and to cadmium exposure. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 209:1-11. [PMID: 23759098 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The nicotianamine synthase (NAS) enzymes catalyze the formation of nicotianamine (NA), a non-proteinogenic amino acid involved in iron homeostasis. We undertook the functional characterization of AtNAS4, the fourth member of the Arabidopsis thaliana NAS gene family. A mutant carrying a T-DNA insertion in AtNAS4 (atnas4), as well as lines overexpressing AtNAS4 both in the atnas4 and the wild-type genetic backgrounds, were used to decipher the role of AtNAS4 in NA synthesis, iron homeostasis and the plant response to iron deficiency or cadmium supply. We showed that AtNAS4 is an important source for NA. Whereas atnas4 had normal growth in iron-sufficient medium, it displayed a reduced accumulation of ferritins and exhibited a hypersensitivity to iron deficiency. This phenotype was rescued in the complemented lines. Under iron deficiency, atnas4 displayed a lower expression of the iron uptake-related genes IRT1 and FRO2 as well as a reduced ferric reductase activity. Atnas4 plants also showed an enhanced sensitivity to cadmium while the transgenic plants overexpressing AtNAS4 were more tolerant. Collectively, our data, together with recent studies, support the hypothesis that AtNAS4 displays an important role in iron distribution and is required for proper response to iron deficiency and to cadmium supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Koen
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie AgroSup Dijon/INRA/Université de Bourgogne, Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-microorganismes - ERL CNRS 6300, Dijon, France
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166
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Nicotianamine is a major player in plant Zn homeostasis. Biometals 2013; 26:623-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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167
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Paul S, Ali N, Sarkar SN, Datta SK, Datta K. Loading and bioavailability of iron in cereal grains. PLANT CELL, TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE (PCTOC) 2013; 113:363-373. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s11240-012-0286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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168
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Wang M, Gruissem W, Bhullar NK. Nicotianamine synthase overexpression positively modulates iron homeostasis-related genes in high iron rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:156. [PMID: 23755054 PMCID: PMC3665926 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nearly one-third of the world population, mostly women and children, suffer from iron malnutrition and its consequences, such as anemia or impaired mental development. Biofortification of rice, which is a staple crop for nearly half of the world's population, can significantly contribute in alleviating iron deficiency. NFP rice (transgenic rice expressing nicotianamine synthase, ferritin and phytase genes) has a more than six-fold increase in iron content in polished rice grains, resulting from the synergistic action of nicotianamine synthase (NAS) and ferritin transgenes. We investigated iron homeostasis in NFP plants by analyzing the expression of 28 endogenous rice genes known to be involved in the homeostasis of iron and other metals, in iron-deficient and iron-sufficient conditions. RNA was collected from different tissues (roots, flag leaves, grains) and at three developmental stages during grain filling. NFP plants showed increased sensitivity to iron-deficiency conditions and changes in the expression of endogenous genes involved in nicotianamine (NA) metabolism, in comparison to their non-transgenic siblings (NTS). Elevated transcript levels were detected in NFP plants for several iron transporters. In contrast, expression of OsYSL2, which encodes a member of yellow stripe like protein family, and a transporter of the NA-Fe(II) complex was reduced in NFP plants under low iron conditions, indicating that expression of OsYSL2 is regulated by the endogenous iron status. Expression of the transgenes did not significantly affect overall iron homeostasis in NFP plants, which establishes the engineered push-pull mechanism as a suitable strategy to increase rice endosperm iron content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Navreet K. Bhullar
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZürich, Switzerland
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169
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Dissecting plant iron homeostasis under short and long-term iron fluctuations. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1292-307. [PMID: 23680191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of information on the different aspects of iron homeostasis in plants has been obtained during the last decade. However, there is no clear road-map integrating the relationships between the various components. The principal aim of the current review is to fill this gap. In this context we discuss the lack of low affinity iron uptake mechanisms in plants, the utilization of a different uptake mechanism by graminaceous plants compared to the others, as well as the roles of riboflavin, ferritin isoforms, nitric oxide, nitrosylation, heme, aconitase, and vacuolar pH. Cross-homeostasis between elements is also considered, with a specific emphasis on the relationship between iron homeostasis and phosphorus and copper deficiencies. As the environment is a crucial parameter for modulating plant responses, we also highlight how diurnal fluctuations govern iron metabolism. Evolutionary aspects of iron homeostasis have so far attracted little attention. Looking into the past can inform us on how long-term oxygen and iron-availability fluctuations have influenced the evolution of iron uptake mechanisms. Finally, we evaluate to what extent this homeostastic road map can be used for the development of novel biofortification strategies in order to alleviate iron deficiency in human.
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170
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Zhou ML, Qi LP, Pang JF, Zhang Q, Lei Z, Tang YX, Zhu XM, Shao JR, Wu YM. Nicotianamine synthase gene family as central components in heavy metal and phytohormone response in maize. Funct Integr Genomics 2013; 13:229-39. [PMID: 23455933 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-013-0315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nicotianamine (NA) is an important divalent metal chelator and the main precursor of phytosiderophores. NA is synthesized from S-adenosylmethionine in a process catalyzed by nicotianamine synthase (NAS). In this study, a set of structural and phylogenetic analyses have been applied to identify the maize NAS genes based on the maize genome sequence release. Ten maize NAS genes have been mapped; seven of them have not been reported to date. Phylogenetic analysis and expression pattern from microarray data led to their classification into two different orthologous groups. C-terminal fusion of ZmNAS3 with GFP was found in the cytoplasm of Arabidopsis leaf protoplast. Expression analysis by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed ZmNAS genes are responsive to heavy metal ions (Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Cd), and all 10 ZmNAS genes were only observed in the root tissue except of ZmNAS6. The promoter of ZmNAS genes was analyzed for the presence of different cis-element response to all kinds of phytohormones and environment stresses. We found that the ZmNAS gene expression of maize seedlings was regulated by jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid. Microarray data demonstrated that the ZmNAS genes show differential, organ-specific expression patterns in the maize developmental steps. The integrated comparative analysis can improve our current view of ZmNAS genes and facilitate the functional characterization of individual members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Liang Zhou
- School of Life and Basic Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, People's Republic of China
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171
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Johnson AAT. Enhancing the chelation capacity of rice to maximise iron and zinc concentrations under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:101-108. [PMID: 32481091 DOI: 10.1071/fp12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Roughly half of the Earth's seven billion people rely on rice as their primary source of food. The milled grain of rice, often referred to as polished or white rice, serves as a rich source of energy but is low in protein and several essential micronutrients such as iron and zinc. As a result, billions of people in rice-based countries suffer the debilitating effects of protein-energy and micronutrient malnutrition with symptoms including iron-deficiency anaemia, growth retardation and blindness. By 2050, the Earth's atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) is expected to reach 550μmolmol-1, representing a 70% increase from today's concentration of 392μmolmol-1. The impacts of elevated [CO2] on plant growth will likely include agronomically useful traits such as increased biomass, yield and water-use efficiency. However, increased plant productivity is likely to be accompanied by decreased protein and micronutrient mineral concentrations of cereal grain. This review focuses on the effects of carbon dioxide-enrichment on rice physiology and nutritional composition and proposes increased activity of the Strategy II iron uptake pathway as a promising method to maintain or increase iron and zinc concentrations in rice grain, and perhaps cereal grain in general, under elevated [CO2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A T Johnson
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010; Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. Email
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172
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Gao Y, Xu H, Shen Y, Wang J. Transcriptomic analysis of rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm using the RNA-Seq technique. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:363-78. [PMID: 23322175 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The endosperm plays an important role in seed formation and germination, especially in rice (Oryza sativa). We used a high-throughput sequencing technique (RNA-Seq) to reveal the molecular mechanisms involved in rice endosperm development. Three cDNA libraries were taken from rice endosperm at 3, 6 and 10 days after pollination (DAP), which resulted in the detection of 21,596, 20,910 and 19,459 expressed gens, respectively. By ERANGE, we identified 10,371 differentially expressed genes (log(2)Ratio ≥1, FDR ≤0.001). The results were compared against three public databases (Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and MapMan) in order to annotate the gene descriptions, associate them with gene ontology terms and to assign each to pathways. A large number of genes related to ribosomes, the spliceosome and oxidative phosphorylation were found to be expressed in the early and middle stages. Plant hormone, galactose metabolism and carbon fixation related genes showed a significant increase in expression at the middle stage, whereas genes for defense against disease or response to stress as well as genes for starch/sucrose metabolism were strongly expressed during the later stages of endosperm development. Interestingly, most metabolic pathways were down-regulated between 3 and 10 DAP except for those involved in the accumulation of material, such as starch/sucrose and protein metabolism. We also identified the expression of 1,118 putative transcription factor genes in endosperm development. The RNA-Seq results provide further systematic understanding of rice endosperm development at a fine scale and a foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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173
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Saltzman A, Birol E, Bouis HE, Boy E, De Moura FF, Islam Y, Pfeiffer WH. Biofortification: Progress toward a more nourishing future. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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174
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Roohani N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R, Schulin R. Zinc and its importance for human health: An integrative review. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013. [PMID: 23914218 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Since its first discovery in an Iranian male in 1961, zinc deficiency in humans is now known to be an important malnutrition problem world-wide. It is more prevalent in areas of high cereal and low animal food consumption. The diet may not necessarily be low in zinc, but its bio-availability plays a major role in its absorption. Phytic acid is the main known inhibitor of zinc. Compared to adults, infants, children, adolescents, pregnant, and lactating women have increased requirements for zinc and thus, are at increased risk of zinc depletion. Zinc deficiency during growth periods results in growth failure. Epidermal, gastrointestinal, central nervous, immune, skeletal, and reproductive systems are the organs most affected clinically by zinc deficiency. Clinical diagnosis of marginal Zn deficiency in humans remains problematic. So far, blood plasma/serum zinc concentration, dietary intake, and stunting prevalence are the best known indicators of zinc deficiency. Four main intervention strategies for combating zinc deficiency include dietary modification/diversification, supplementation, fortification, and bio-fortification. The choice of each method depends on the availability of resources, technical feasibility, target group, and social acceptance. In this paper, we provide a review on zinc biochemical and physiological functions, metabolism including, absorption, excretion, and homeostasis, zinc bio-availability (inhibitors and enhancers), human requirement, groups at high-risk, consequences and causes of zinc deficiency, evaluation of zinc status, and prevention strategies of zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Roohani
- Soil Protection, ETH Zurich, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystem, Switzerland
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175
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Zhu C, Sanahuja G, Yuan D, Farré G, Arjó G, Berman J, Zorrilla-López U, Banakar R, Bai C, Pérez-Massot E, Bassie L, Capell T, Christou P. Biofortification of plants with altered antioxidant content and composition: genetic engineering strategies. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:129-41. [PMID: 22970850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants are protective molecules that neutralize reactive oxygen species and prevent oxidative damage to cellular components such as membranes, proteins and nucleic acids, therefore reducing the rate of cell death and hence the effects of ageing and ageing-related diseases. The fortification of food with antioxidants represents an overlap between two diverse environments, namely fortification of staple foods with essential nutrients that happen to have antioxidant properties (e.g. vitamins C and E) and the fortification of luxury foods with health-promoting but non-essential antioxidants such as flavonoids as part of the nutraceuticals/functional foods industry. Although processed foods can be artificially fortified with vitamins, minerals and nutraceuticals, a more sustainable approach is to introduce the traits for such health-promoting compounds at source, an approach known as biofortification. Regardless of the target compound, the same challenges arise when considering the biofortification of plants with antioxidants, that is the need to modulate endogenous metabolic pathways to increase the production of specific antioxidants without affecting plant growth and development and without collateral effects on other metabolic pathways. These challenges become even more intricate as we move from the engineering of individual pathways to several pathways simultaneously. In this review, we consider the state of the art in antioxidant biofortification and discuss the challenges that remain to be overcome in the development of nutritionally complete and health-promoting functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfu Zhu
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
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176
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Bashir K, Takahashi R, Nakanishi H, Nishizawa NK. The road to micronutrient biofortification of rice: progress and prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:15. [PMID: 23404425 PMCID: PMC3567483 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biofortification (increasing the contents of vitamins and minerals through plant breeding or biotechnology) of food crops with micronutrient elements has the potential to combat widespread micronutrient deficiencies in humans. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) feeds more than half of the world's population and is used as a staple food in many parts of Asia. As in other plants, micronutrient transport in rice is controlled at several stages, including uptake from soil, transport from root to shoot, careful control of subcellular micronutrient transport, and finally, and most importantly, transport to seeds. To enhance micronutrient accumulation in rice seeds, we need to understand and carefully regulate all of these processes. During the last decade, numerous attempts such as increasing the contents/expression of genes encoding metal chelators (mostly phytosiderophores) and metal transporters; Fe storage protein ferritin and phytase were successfully undertaken to significantly increase the micronutrient content of rice. However, despite the rapid progress in biofortification of rice, the commercialization of biofortified crops has not yet been achieved. Here, we briefly review the progress in biofortification of rice with micronutrient elements (Fe, Zn, and Mn) and discuss future prospects to mitigate widespread micronutrient deficiencies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Bashir
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko K. Nishizawa
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural UniversityIshikawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Naoko K. Nishizawa, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan. e-mail:
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177
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Ricachenevsky FK, Menguer PK, Sperotto RA. kNACking on heaven's door: how important are NAC transcription factors for leaf senescence and Fe/Zn remobilization to seeds? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:226. [PMID: 23847632 PMCID: PMC3696727 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a coordinated process where a plant, or a part of it, engages in programmed cell death to salvage nutrients by remobilizing them to younger tissues or to developing seeds. As Fe and Zn deficiency are the two major nutritional disorders in humans, increased concentration of these nutrients through biofortification in cereal grains is a long-sought goal. Recent evidences point to a link between the onset of leaf senescence and increased Fe and Zn remobilization. In wheat, one member of the NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) transcription factor (TF) family (NAM-B1) has a major role in the process, probably regulating key genes for the early onset of senescence, which results in higher Fe and Zn concentrations in grains. In rice, the most important staple food for nearly half of the world population, the NAM-B1 ortholog does not have the same function. However, other NAC proteins are related to senescence, and could be playing roles on the same remobilization pathway. Thus, these genes are potential tools for biofortification strategies in rice. Here we review the current knowledge on the relationship between senescence, Fe and Zn remobilization and the role of NAC TFs, with special attention to rice. We also propose a working model for OsNAC5, which would act on the regulation of nicotianamine (NA) synthesis and metal-NA remobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Klein Ricachenevsky
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paloma Koprovski Menguer
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Raul Antonio Sperotto
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro Universitário UNIVATESLajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Raul Antonio Sperotto, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro Universitário UNIVATES, Rua Avelino Tallini 171, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul 95.900-000, Brazil e-mail:
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178
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Pérez-Massot E, Banakar R, Gómez-Galera S, Zorrilla-López U, Sanahuja G, Arjó G, Miralpeix B, Vamvaka E, Farré G, Rivera SM, Dashevskaya S, Berman J, Sabalza M, Yuan D, Bai C, Bassie L, Twyman RM, Capell T, Christou P, Zhu C. The contribution of transgenic plants to better health through improved nutrition: opportunities and constraints. GENES & NUTRITION 2013; 8:29-41. [PMID: 22926437 PMCID: PMC3534993 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition is a prevalent and entrenched global socioeconomic challenge that reflects the combined impact of poverty, poor access to food, inefficient food distribution infrastructure, and an over-reliance on subsistence mono-agriculture. The dependence on staple cereals lacking many essential nutrients means that malnutrition is endemic in developing countries. Most individuals lack diverse diets and are therefore exposed to nutrient deficiencies. Plant biotechnology could play a major role in combating malnutrition through the engineering of nutritionally enhanced crops. In this article, we discuss different approaches that can enhance the nutritional content of staple crops by genetic engineering (GE) as well as the functionality and safety assessments required before nutritionally enhanced GE crops can be deployed in the field. We also consider major constraints that hinder the adoption of GE technology at different levels and suggest policies that could be adopted to accelerate the deployment of nutritionally enhanced GE crops within a multicomponent strategy to combat malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Pérez-Massot
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Raviraj Banakar
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Gómez-Galera
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Uxue Zorrilla-López
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Georgina Sanahuja
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Gemma Arjó
- />Department of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Bruna Miralpeix
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Evangelia Vamvaka
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Gemma Farré
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Sol Maiam Rivera
- />Chemistry Department, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Svetlana Dashevskaya
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Judit Berman
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Maite Sabalza
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Dawei Yuan
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Chao Bai
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Ludovic Bassie
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Richard M. Twyman
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Teresa Capell
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul Christou
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- />Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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179
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Transgenic Approaches to Enhance Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soils. SOIL BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35564-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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180
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Aung MS, Masuda H, Kobayashi T, Nakanishi H, Yamakawa T, Nishizawa NK. Iron biofortification of myanmar rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:158. [PMID: 23750162 PMCID: PMC3664312 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency elevates human mortality rates, especially in developing countries. In Myanmar, the prevalence of Fe-deficient anemia in children and pregnant women are 75 and 71%, respectively. Myanmar people have one of the highest per capita rice consumption rates globally. Consequently, production of Fe-biofortified rice would likely contribute to solving the Fe-deficiency problem in this human population. To produce Fe-biofortified Myanmar rice by transgenic methods, we first analyzed callus induction and regeneration efficiencies in 15 varieties that are presently popular because of their high-yields or high-qualities. Callus formation and regeneration efficiency in each variety was strongly influenced by types of culture media containing a range of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentrations. The Paw San Yin variety, which has a high-Fe content in polished seeds, performed well in callus induction and regeneration trials. Thus, we transformed this variety using a gene expression cassette that enhanced Fe transport within rice plants through overexpression of the nicotianamine synthase gene HvNAS1, Fe flow to the endosperm through the Fe(II)-nicotianamine transporter gene OsYSL2, and Fe accumulation in endosperm by the Fe storage protein gene SoyferH2. A line with a transgene insertion was successfully obtained. Enhanced expressions of the introduced genes OsYSL2, HvNAS1, and SoyferH2 occurred in immature T2 seeds. The transformants accumulated 3.4-fold higher Fe concentrations, and also 1.3-fold higher zinc concentrations in T2 polished seeds compared to levels in non-transgenic rice. This Fe-biofortified rice has the potential to reduce Fe-deficiency anemia in millions of Myanmar people without changing food habits and without introducing additional costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Sann Aung
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Technology, Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masuda
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Technology, Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Technology, Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamakawa
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko K. Nishizawa
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Technology, Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Naoko K. Nishizawa, Laboratory of Plant Cell Technology, Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan. e-mail:
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181
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Sperotto RA. Zn/Fe remobilization from vegetative tissues to rice seeds: should I stay or should I go? Ask Zn/Fe supply! FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:464. [PMID: 24294216 PMCID: PMC3827551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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182
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Yamaguchi H, Uchida R. Determination of nicotianamine in soy sauce and other plant-based foods by LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:10000-10006. [PMID: 23025624 DOI: 10.1021/jf3035868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotianamine is a nonproteinogenic amino acid, known to be an important metal chelator in plants. Recently, the antihypertensive effect of nicotianamine was discovered. In this study, a simple method to determine nicotianamine was developed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with a multimode ODS column. This method does not need derivatizing or ion-pairing reagents to retain nicotianamine, which is known for its poor retention on reversed-phase columns because of its high polarity. Moreover, this method showed a sufficient limit of detection (0.5 ng/mL), so it was found to be suitable for the analysis of nicotianamine in soy sauce and other foods, without cleanup. To subtract the matrix effect during LC-MS/MS analysis, a standard addition method was used. The levels of nicotianamine in soy sauce ranged from <0.25 to 71 μg/g. Nicotianamine was also determined in other foods, including soy milk, vegetable juice, fruit juice, and bottled tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Yamaguchi
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation , 399 Noda, Noda, Chiba 278-0037, Japan
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183
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Sperotto RA, Vasconcelos MW, Grusak MA, Fett JP. Effects of different Fe supplies on mineral partitioning and remobilization during the reproductive development of rice (Oryza sativa L.). RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 5:27. [PMID: 24279875 PMCID: PMC4883723 DOI: 10.1186/1939-8433-5-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimal information exists on whole-plant dynamics of mineral flow through rice plants and on the source tissues responsible for mineral export to developing seeds. Understanding these phenomena in a model plant could help in the development of nutritionally enhanced crop cultivars. A whole-plant accumulation study, using harvests during reproductive development under different Fe supplies, was conducted to characterize mineral accumulation in roots, non-flag leaves, flag leaves, stems/sheaths, and panicles of Kitaake rice plants. RESULTS Low Fe supply promoted higher accumulation of Zn, Cu and Ni in roots, Mn, Ca, Mg and K in leaves and Zn in stems/sheaths and a smaller accumulation of Fe, Mn and Ca in roots and Zn and Ni in leaves. High Fe supply promoted higher accumulation of Fe in roots and Zn in leaves and a smaller accumulation of Fe in leaves and stems/sheaths and Zn, Cu and K in roots. Correlation analyzes indicated that fluctuations in Mn-Ca, Zn-Cu, Zn-Ni, Cu-Ni, Mo-S, Ca-Mg, Cu-Mn and Cu-Mg concentrations in response to different Fe supplies were positively correlated in at least four of the five organs analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Mineral content loss analysis indicated that mineral remobilization from vegetative organs can occur in rice plants; however, for seeds to acquire minerals, vegetative remobilization is not absolutely required. Also, mineral remobilization from vegetative tissues in rice was greatly dependent of plant Fe nutrition. Remobilization was observed for several minerals from flag leaves and stems/sheaths, but the amounts were generally far below the total mineral accretion observed in panicles, suggesting that continued uptake and translocation of minerals from the roots during seed fill are probably more important than mineral remobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Antonio Sperotto
- />Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
- />Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
- />Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Centro Universitário UNIVATES, 95900-000 Lajeado, RS Brazil
| | - Marta Wilton Vasconcelos
- />CBQF/Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael Andrew Grusak
- />USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Janette Palma Fett
- />Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
- />Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
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184
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Mapping QTLs and candidate genes for iron and zinc concentrations in unpolished rice of Madhukar×Swarna RILs. Gene 2012; 508:233-40. [PMID: 22964359 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Identifying QTLs/genes for iron and zinc in rice grains can help in biofortification programs. 168 F(7) RILs derived from Madhukar×Swarna were used to map QTLs for iron and zinc concentrations in unpolished rice grains. Iron ranged from 0.2 to 224 ppm and zinc ranged from 0.4 to 104ppm. Genome wide mapping using 101 SSRs and 9 gene specific markers showed 5 QTLs on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 7 and 12 significantly linked to iron, zinc or both. In all, 14 QTLs were identified for these two traits. QTLs for iron were co-located with QTLs for zinc on chromosomes 7 and 12. In all, ten candidate genes known for iron and zinc homeostasis underlie 12 of the 14 QTLs. Another 6 candidate genes were close to QTLs on chromosomes 3, 5 and 7. Thus the high priority candidate genes for high Fe and Zn in seeds are OsYSL1 and OsMTP1 for iron, OsARD2, OsIRT1, OsNAS1, OsNAS2 for zinc and OsNAS3, OsNRAMP1, Heavy metal ion transport and APRT for both iron and zinc together based on our genetic mapping studies as these genes strictly underlie QTLs. Several elite lines with high Fe, high Zn and both were identified.
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185
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Iron biofortification in rice by the introduction of multiple genes involved in iron nutrition. Sci Rep 2012; 2:543. [PMID: 22848789 PMCID: PMC3408131 DOI: 10.1038/srep00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the problem of iron-deficiency anemia, one of the most prevalent human micronutrient deficiencies globally, iron-biofortified rice was produced using three transgenic approaches: by enhancing iron storage in grains via expression of the iron storage protein ferritin using endosperm-specific promoters, enhancing iron translocation through overproduction of the natural metal chelator nicotianamine, and enhancing iron flux into the endosperm by means of iron(II)-nicotianamine transporter OsYSL2 expression under the control of an endosperm-specific promoter and sucrose transporter promoter. Our results indicate that the iron concentration in greenhouse-grown T(2) polished seeds was sixfold higher and that in paddy field-grown T(3) polished seeds was 4.4-fold higher than that in non-transgenic seeds, with no defect in yield. Moreover, the transgenic seeds accumulated zinc up to 1.6-times in the field. Our results demonstrate that introduction of multiple iron homeostasis genes is more effective for iron biofortification than the single introduction of individual genes.
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186
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Dipti SS, Bergman C, Indrasari SD, Herath T, Hall R, Lee H, Habibi F, Bassinello PZ, Graterol E, Ferraz JP, Fitzgerald M. The potential of rice to offer solutions for malnutrition and chronic diseases. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 5:16. [PMID: 24279770 PMCID: PMC4883736 DOI: 10.1186/1939-8433-5-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It is internationally accepted that malnutrition and chronic diseases in developing countries are key limitations to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In many developing countries, rice is the primary source of nutrition. In those countries, the major forms of malnutrition are Fe-induced anaemia, Zn deficiency and Vitamin A deficiency, whereas the major chronic disease challenges are Type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers. There is a growing corpus of evidence regarding both limitations and opportunities as to how rice could be an effective vehicle by which to tackle key nutrition and health related problems in countries with limited resources. Rice breeding programs are able to focus on developing new varieties carrying enhanced amounts of either Fe, Zn or beta-carotene because of large public investment, and the intuitive link between providing a mineral/vitamin to cure a deficiency in that mineral/vitamin. By contrast, there has been little investment in progressing the development of particular varieties for potential impact on chronic diseases. In this review article we focus on the broad battery of evidence linking rice-related nutritional limitations to their impact on a variety of human health issues. We discuss how rice might offer sometimes even simple solutions to rectifying key problems through targeted biofortification strategies and finally, we draw attention to how recent technological (-omics) developments may facilitate untold new opportunities for more rapidly generating improved rice varieties specifically designed to meet the current and future nutritional needs of a rapidly expanding global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifa Sultana Dipti
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO, 7777 Metro Manila, Philippines
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Christine Bergman
- Department of Food and Beverage, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Siti Dewi Indrasari
- Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR), BB Padi, Jl. Raya 9, Sukamandi, Subang, 41256 Jawa Barat Indonesia
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Theja Herath
- Industrial Technology Institute, Colombo 7, Bauddhaloka Mawatha, 363 Sri Lanka
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Robert Hall
- Plant Research International, PO Box 98, 6700AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6700AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Hueihong Lee
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Nyabau Road, 97000 Bintulu Sarawak, Malaysia
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Fatemeh Habibi
- Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Km5 Tehran Rd, 41996-13475 Rasht, I.R Iran
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Priscila Zaczuk Bassinello
- Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Rodovia GO-462, Km 12, Zona Rural C.P. 179, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO 75375-000 Brazil
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Eduardo Graterol
- Fundación para la Investigación Agrícola DANAC, Apartado Postal 182, San Felipe, Estado Yaracuy Venezuela
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Julie P Ferraz
- Institute of Science, Diabetes Foundation Marikina, Philippines, Healthserve Hospital, and Calamba Doctors Hospital, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Melissa Fitzgerald
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO, 7777 Metro Manila, Philippines
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO 7777 Metro Manila, Philippines
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Australia
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187
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Sperotto RA, Ricachenevsky FK, Waldow VDA, Fett JP. Iron biofortification in rice: it's a long way to the top. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 190:24-39. [PMID: 22608517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rice and most staple cereals contain low iron (Fe) levels, most of which is lost during grain processing. Populations with monotonous diets consisting mainly of cereals are especially prone to Fe deficiency, which affects about two billion people. Supplementation or food fortification programs have not always been successful. Crop Fe fertilization is also not very effective due to Fe soil insolubility. An alternative solution is Fe biofortification by generating cultivars that efficiently mobilize, uptake and translocate Fe to the edible parts. Here, we review the strategies used for the Fe biofortification of rice, including conventional breeding and directed genetic modification, which offer the most rapid way to develop Fe-rich rice plants. While classical breeding is able to modify the contents of inhibitors of Fe absorption, transgenic approaches have focused on enhanced Fe uptake from soil, xylem and phloem loading and grain sink strength. A comprehensive table is provided in which the percentages of the recommended dietary Fe intake reached by independently developed transgenic plants are calculated. In this review we also emphasize that the discovery of new QTLs and genes related to Fe biofortification is extremely important, but interdisciplinary research is needed for future success in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Antonio Sperotto
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Centro Universitário UNIVATES, 95900-000, Lajeado, RS, Brazil.
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188
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Schuler M, Rellán-Álvarez R, Fink-Straube C, Abadía J, Bauer P. Nicotianamine functions in the Phloem-based transport of iron to sink organs, in pollen development and pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:2380-400. [PMID: 22706286 PMCID: PMC3406910 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.099077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The metal chelator nicotianamine promotes the bioavailability of Fe and reduces cellular Fe toxicity. For breeding Fe-efficient crops, we need to explore the fundamental impact of nicotianamine on plant development and physiology. The quadruple nas4x-2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana cannot synthesize any nicotianamine, shows strong leaf chlorosis, and is sterile. To date, these phenotypes have not been fully explained. Here, we show that sink organs of this mutant were Fe deficient, while aged leaves were Fe sufficient. Upper organs were also Zn deficient. We demonstrate that transport of Fe to aged leaves relied on citrate, which partially complemented the loss of nicotianamine. In the absence of nicotianamine, Fe accumulated in the phloem. Our results show that rather than enabling the long-distance movement of Fe in the phloem (as is the case for Zn), nicotianamine facilitates the transport of Fe from the phloem to sink organs. We delimit nicotianamine function in plant reproductive biology and demonstrate that nicotianamine acts in pollen development in anthers and pollen tube passage in the carpels. Since Fe and Zn both enhance pollen germination, a lack of either metal may contribute to the reproductive defect. Our study sheds light on the physiological functions of nicotianamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Schuler
- Department of Biosciences–Botany, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rubén Rellán-Álvarez
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Javier Abadía
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Petra Bauer
- Department of Biosciences–Botany, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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189
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Sinclair SA, Krämer U. The zinc homeostasis network of land plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1553-67. [PMID: 22626733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of the essential element zinc (Zn) in the biochemistry of land plants is widespread, and thus comparable to that in other eukaryotes. Plants have evolved the ability to adjust to vast fluctuations in external Zn supply, and they can store considerable amounts of Zn inside cell vacuoles. Moreover, among plants there is overwhelming, but yet little explored, natural genetic diversity that phenotypically affects Zn homeostasis. This results in the ability of specific races or species to thrive in different soils ranging from extremely Zn-deficient to highly Zn-polluted. Zn homeostasis is maintained by a tightly regulated network of low-molecular-weight ligands, membrane transport and Zn-binding proteins, as well as regulators. Here we review Zn homeostasis of land plants largely based on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, for which our molecular understanding is most developed at present. There is some evidence for substantial conservation of Zn homeostasis networks among land pants, and this review can serve as a reference for future comparisons. Major progress has recently been made in our understanding of the regulation of transcriptional Zn deficiency responses and the role of the low-molecular-weight chelator nicotianamine in plant Zn homeostasis. Moreover, we have begun to understand how iron (Fe) and Zn homeostasis interact as a consequence of the chemical similarity between their divalent cations and the lack of specificity of the major root iron uptake transporter IRT1. The molecular analysis of Zn-hyperaccumulating plants reveals how metal homeostasis networks can be effectively modified. These insights are important for sustainable bio-fortification approaches. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cell Biology of Metals.
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190
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Gómez-Galera S, Sudhakar D, Pelacho AM, Capell T, Christou P. Constitutive expression of a barley Fe phytosiderophore transporter increases alkaline soil tolerance and results in iron partitioning between vegetative and storage tissues under stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 53:46-53. [PMID: 22316602 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cereals have evolved chelation systems to mobilize insoluble iron in the soil, but in rice this process is rather inefficient, making the crop highly susceptible to alkaline soils. We therefore engineered rice to express the barley iron-phytosiderophore transporter (HvYS1), which enables barley plants to take up iron from alkaline soils. A representative transgenic rice line was grown in standard (pH 5.5) or alkaline soil (pH 8.5) to evaluate alkaline tolerance and iron mobilization. Transgenic plants developed secondary tillers and set seeds when grown in standard soil although iron concentration remained similar in leaves and seeds compared to wild type. However, when grown in alkaline soil transgenic plants exhibited enhanced growth, yield and iron concentration in leaves compared to the wild type plants which were severely stunted. Transgenic plants took up iron more efficiently from alkaline soil compared to wild type, indicating an enhanced capacity to increase iron mobility ex situ. Interestingly, all the additional iron accumulated in vegetative tissues, i.e. there was no difference in iron concentration in the seeds of wild type and transgenic plants. Our data suggest that iron uptake from the rhizosphere can be enhanced through expression of HvYS1 and confirm the operation of a partitioning mechanism that diverts iron to leaves rather than seeds, under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gómez-Galera
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-CRA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
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191
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Donner E, Punshon T, Guerinot ML, Lombi E. Functional characterisation of metal(loid) processes in planta through the integration of synchrotron techniques and plant molecular biology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:3287-98. [PMID: 22200921 PMCID: PMC3913160 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional characterisation of the genes regulating metal(loid) homeostasis in plants is a major focus for phytoremediation, crop biofortification and food security research. Recent advances in X-ray focussing optics and fluorescence detection have greatly improved the potential to use synchrotron techniques in plant science research. With use of methods such as micro X-ray fluorescence mapping, micro computed tomography and micro X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy, metal(loids) can be imaged in vivo in hydrated plant tissues at submicron resolution, and laterally resolved metal(loid) speciation can also be determined under physiologically relevant conditions. This article focuses on the benefits of combining molecular biology and synchrotron-based techniques. By using molecular techniques to probe the location of gene expression and protein production in combination with laterally resolved synchrotron techniques, one can effectively and efficiently assign functional information to specific genes. A review of the state of the art in this field is presented, together with examples as to how synchrotron-based methods can be combined with molecular techniques to facilitate functional characterisation of genes in planta. The article concludes with a summary of the technical challenges still remaining for synchrotron-based hard X-ray plant science research, particularly those relating to subcellular level research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Donner
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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192
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Phytoremediation of Zinc-Contaminated Soil and Zinc-Biofortification for Human Nutrition. SPRINGERBRIEFS IN MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1439-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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193
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White PJ, Broadley MR. Physiological limits to zinc biofortification of edible crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:80. [PMID: 22645552 PMCID: PMC3355814 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been estimated that one-third of the world's population lack sufficient Zn for adequate nutrition. This can be alleviated by increasing dietary Zn intakes through Zn biofortification of edible crops. Biofortification strategies include the application of Zn-fertilizers and the development of crop genotypes that acquire more Zn from the soil and accumulate it in edible portions. Zinc concentrations in roots, leaves, and stems can be increased through the application of Zn-fertilizers. Root Zn concentrations of up to 500-5000 mg kg(-1) dry matter (DM), and leaf Zn concentrations of up to 100-700 mg kg(-1) DM, can be achieved without loss of yield when Zn-fertilizers are applied to the soil. It is possible that greater Zn concentrations in non-woody shoot tissues can be achieved using foliar Zn-fertilizers. By contrast, Zn concentrations in fruits, seeds, and tubers are severely limited by low Zn mobility in the phloem and Zn concentrations higher than 30-100 mg kg(-1) DM are rarely observed. However, genetically modified plants with improved abilities to translocate Zn in the phloem might be used to biofortify these phloem-fed tissues. In addition, genetically modified plants with increased tolerance to high tissue Zn concentrations could be used to increase Zn concentrations in all edible produce and, thereby, increase dietary Zn intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin R. Broadley
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, University of NottinghamLoughborough, UK
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