151
|
Friberg U, Rice WR. Sexually antagonistic zygotic drive: a new form of genetic conflict between the sex chromosomes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a017608. [PMID: 25573714 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sisters and brothers are completely unrelated with respect to the sex chromosomes they inherit from their heterogametic parent. This has the potential to result in a previously unappreciated form of genetic conflict between the sex chromosomes, called sexually antagonistic zygotic drive (SA-ZD). SA-ZD can arise whenever brothers and sisters compete over limited resources or there is brother-sister mating coupled with inbreeding depression. Although theory predicts that SA-ZD should be common and influence important evolutionary processes, there is little empirical evidence for its existence. Here we discuss the current understanding of SA-ZD, why it would be expected to elude empirical detection when present, and how it relates to other forms of genetic conflict.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urban Friberg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden IFM Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - William R Rice
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93111
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Abstract
Sex chromosome drivers are selfish elements that subvert Mendel's first law of segregation and therefore are overrepresented among the products of meiosis. The sex-biased progeny produced then fuels an extended genetic conflict between the driver and the rest of the genome. Many examples of sex chromosome drive are known, but the occurrence of this phenomenon is probably largely underestimated because of the difficulty to detect it. Remarkably, nearly all sex chromosome drivers are found in two clades, Rodentia and Diptera. Although very little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms of drive, epigenetic processes such as chromatin regulation could be involved in many instances. Yet, its evolutionary consequences are far-reaching, from the evolution of mating systems and sex determination to the emergence of new species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Helleu
- Laboratoire Évolution Génomes et Spéciation, CNRS UPR9034, Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre R Gérard
- Laboratoire Évolution Génomes et Spéciation, CNRS UPR9034, Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Catherine Montchamp-Moreau
- Laboratoire Évolution Génomes et Spéciation, CNRS UPR9034, Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Larracuente AM. The organization and evolution of the Responder satellite in species of the Drosophila melanogaster group: dynamic evolution of a target of meiotic drive. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:233. [PMID: 25424548 PMCID: PMC4280042 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Satellite DNA can make up a substantial fraction of eukaryotic genomes and has roles in genome structure and chromosome segregation. The rapid evolution of satellite DNA can contribute to genomic instability and genetic incompatibilities between species. Despite its ubiquity and its contribution to genome evolution, we currently know little about the dynamics of satellite DNA evolution. The Responder (Rsp) satellite DNA family is found in the pericentric heterochromatin of chromosome 2 of Drosophila melanogaster. Rsp is well-known for being the target of Segregation Distorter (SD)— an autosomal meiotic drive system in D. melanogaster. I present an evolutionary genetic analysis of the Rsp family of repeats in D. melanogaster and its closely-related species in the melanogaster group (D. simulans, D. sechellia, D. mauritiana, D. erecta, and D. yakuba) using a combination of available BAC sequences, whole genome shotgun Sanger reads, Illumina short read deep sequencing, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results I show that Rsp repeats have euchromatic locations throughout the D. melanogaster genome, that Rsp arrays show evidence for concerted evolution, and that Rsp repeats exist outside of D. melanogaster, in the melanogaster group. The repeats in these species are considerably diverged at the sequence level compared to D. melanogaster, and have a strikingly different genomic distribution, even between closely-related sister taxa. Conclusions The genomic organization of the Rsp repeat in the D. melanogaster genome is complex—it exists of large blocks of tandem repeats in the heterochromatin and small blocks of tandem repeats in the euchromatin. My discovery of heterochromatic Rsp-like sequences outside of D. melanogaster suggests that SD evolved after its target satellite and that the evolution of the Rsp satellite family is highly dynamic over a short evolutionary time scale (<240,000 years). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0233-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
154
|
Abstract
Understanding the molecular underpinnings of evolutionary adaptations is a central focus of modern evolutionary biology. Recent studies have uncovered a panoply of complex phenotypes, including locally adapted ecotypes and cryptic morphs, divergent social behaviours in birds and insects, as well as alternative metabolic pathways in plants and fungi, that are regulated by clusters of tightly linked loci. These 'supergenes' segregate as stable polymorphisms within or between natural populations and influence ecologically relevant traits. Some supergenes may span entire chromosomes, because selection for reduced recombination between a supergene and a nearby locus providing additional benefits can lead to locus expansions with dynamics similar to those known for sex chromosomes. In addition to allowing for the co-segregation of adaptive variation within species, supergenes may facilitate the spread of complex phenotypes across species boundaries. Application of new genomic methods is likely to lead to the discovery of many additional supergenes in a broad range of organisms and reveal similar genetic architectures for convergently evolved phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Romain Libbrecht
- Laboratory of Insect Social Evolution, Rockefeller University, New York 10065, USA
| | - Laurent Keller
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Holman L, Price TAR. Even more functions of sperm RNA: a response to Hosken and Hodgson. Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:648-9. [PMID: 25445876 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Holman
- Division of Ecology, Evolution & Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Thomas A R Price
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Patten MM. Meiotic drive influences the outcome of sexually antagonistic selection at a linked locus. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2360-70. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Patten
- Department of Biology; Georgetown University; Washington DC USA
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Zanders SE, Eickbush MT, Yu JS, Kang JW, Fowler KR, Smith GR, Malik HS. Genome rearrangements and pervasive meiotic drive cause hybrid infertility in fission yeast. eLife 2014; 3:e02630. [PMID: 24963140 PMCID: PMC4066438 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid sterility is one of the earliest postzygotic isolating mechanisms to evolve between two recently diverged species. Here we identify causes underlying hybrid infertility of two recently diverged fission yeast species Schizosaccharomyces pombe and S. kambucha, which mate to form viable hybrid diploids that efficiently complete meiosis, but generate few viable gametes. We find that chromosomal rearrangements and related recombination defects are major but not sole causes of hybrid infertility. At least three distinct meiotic drive alleles, one on each S. kambucha chromosome, independently contribute to hybrid infertility by causing nonrandom spore death. Two of these driving loci are linked by a chromosomal translocation and thus constitute a novel type of paired meiotic drive complex. Our study reveals how quickly multiple barriers to fertility can arise. In addition, it provides further support for models in which genetic conflicts, such as those caused by meiotic drive alleles, can drive speciation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02630.001 It is widely thought that all of the billions of species on Earth are descended from a common ancestor. New species are created via a process called speciation, and nature employs various ‘barriers’ to keep closely related species distinct from one another. One of these barriers is called hybrid sterility. Horses and donkeys, for example, can mate to produce hybrids called mules, but mules cannot produce offspring of their own because they are infertile. Hybrid sterility can occur for a number of reasons. Mules are infertile because they inherit 32 chromosomes from their horse parent, but only 31 chromosomes from their donkey parent—and so have an odd chromosome that they cannot pair-off when they make sperm or egg cells. However, even if a hybrid inherits the same number of chromosomes from each parent, if the chromosomes from the two parents have different structures, the hybrid may still be infertile. Zanders et al. have now looked at two species of fission yeast—S. pombe and S. kambucha—that share 99.5% of their DNA sequence. Although hybrids of these two species inherit three chromosomes from each parent, the majority of spores (the yeast equivalent of sperm) that these hybrids produce fail to develop into new yeast cells. Zanders et al. identified two causes of this infertility: one of these was chromosomal rearrangement; the other was due to three different sites in the DNA of S. kambucha that interfere with the development of the spores that inherit S. pombe chromosomes. Since these two yeast species are so closely related, the findings of Zanders et al. reveal how quickly multiple barriers to fertility can arise. In addition, these findings provide further support for models in which conflicts between different genes in genomes can drive the process of speciation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02630.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Zanders
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Michael T Eickbush
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Jonathan S Yu
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Ji-Won Kang
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Kyle R Fowler
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Gerald R Smith
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Harmit Singh Malik
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Nuclear pores protect genome integrity by assembling a premitotic and Mad1-dependent anaphase inhibitor. Cell 2014; 156:1017-31. [PMID: 24581499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) delays anaphase until all chromosomes are bioriented on the mitotic spindle. Under current models, unattached kinetochores transduce the SAC by catalyzing the intramitotic production of a diffusible inhibitor of APC/C(Cdc20) (the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome and its coactivator Cdc20, a large ubiquitin ligase). Here we show that nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) in interphase cells also function as scaffolds for anaphase-inhibitory signaling. This role is mediated by Mad1-Mad2 complexes tethered to the nuclear basket, which activate soluble Mad2 as a binding partner and inhibitor of Cdc20 in the cytoplasm. Displacing Mad1-Mad2 from nuclear pores accelerated anaphase onset, prevented effective correction of merotelic errors, and increased the threshold of kinetochore-dependent signaling needed to halt mitosis in response to spindle poisons. A heterologous Mad1-NPC tether restored Cdc20 inhibitor production and normal M phase control. We conclude that nuclear pores and kinetochores both emit "wait anaphase" signals that preserve genome integrity.
Collapse
|
159
|
Grognet P, Lalucque H, Malagnac F, Silar P. Genes that bias Mendelian segregation. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004387. [PMID: 24830502 PMCID: PMC4022471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mendel laws of inheritance can be cheated by Meiotic Drive Elements (MDs), complex nuclear genetic loci found in various eukaryotic genomes and distorting segregation in their favor. Here, we identify and characterize in the model fungus Podospora anserina Spok1 and Spok2, two MDs known as Spore Killers. We show that they are related genes with both spore-killing distorter and spore-protecting responder activities carried out by the same allele. These alleles act as autonomous elements, exert their effects independently of their location in the genome and can act as MDs in other fungi. Additionally, Spok1 acts as a resistance factor to Spok2 killing. Genetical data and cytological analysis of Spok1 and Spok2 localization during the killing process suggest a complex mode of action for Spok proteins. Spok1 and Spok2 belong to a multigene family prevalent in the genomes of many ascomycetes. As they have no obvious cellular role, Spok1 and Spok2 Spore Killer genes represent a novel kind of selfish genetic elements prevalent in fungal genome that proliferate through meiotic distortion. Chromosome segregation during meiosis ensures that paternal and maternal chromosomes are equally transmitted to the progeny. Meiotic Drive Elements (MDs) are known to distort this 1∶1 ratio in many animal, plant, and fungal species by killing the gametes not carrying them. Most of the known MDs are complex genetic loci with separate genes for the killing activity and the resistance to said killing. Here, we report in a model fungus on two genes endowed with MD properties previously unreported. Both genes produce a single polypeptide and confer both killing and resistance. They exert their effect irrespective of their position in the genome. They can cross species barriers and promote bias in segregation in other species. As related genes are frequently observed in fungal genomes, we propose that they are representative of a novel kind of selfish genes that propagate by distorting the Mendel laws of segregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Grognet
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Bât. 400, Orsay, France
| | - Hervé Lalucque
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Bât. 400, Orsay, France
| | - Fabienne Malagnac
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Bât. 400, Orsay, France
| | - Philippe Silar
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Bât. 400, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Seehausen O, Butlin RK, Keller I, Wagner CE, Boughman JW, Hohenlohe PA, Peichel CL, Saetre GP, Bank C, Brännström A, Brelsford A, Clarkson CS, Eroukhmanoff F, Feder JL, Fischer MC, Foote AD, Franchini P, Jiggins CD, Jones FC, Lindholm AK, Lucek K, Maan ME, Marques DA, Martin SH, Matthews B, Meier JI, Möst M, Nachman MW, Nonaka E, Rennison DJ, Schwarzer J, Watson ET, Westram AM, Widmer A. Genomics and the origin of species. Nat Rev Genet 2014; 15:176-92. [PMID: 24535286 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Speciation is a fundamental evolutionary process, the knowledge of which is crucial for understanding the origins of biodiversity. Genomic approaches are an increasingly important aspect of this research field. We review current understanding of genome-wide effects of accumulating reproductive isolation and of genomic properties that influence the process of speciation. Building on this work, we identify emergent trends and gaps in our understanding, propose new approaches to more fully integrate genomics into speciation research, translate speciation theory into hypotheses that are testable using genomic tools and provide an integrative definition of the field of speciation genomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Seehausen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; and Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roger K Butlin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, the University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; and the Sven Lovén Centre - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, S-452 96 Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Irene Keller
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; the Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; and the Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, ETH Zentrum CHN, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E Wagner
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; and the Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Janette W Boughman
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; and the Department of Zoology; Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior Program; BEACON Center, Michigan State University, 203 Natural Sciences, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Paul A Hohenlohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051, USA
| | - Catherine L Peichel
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Glenn-Peter Saetre
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, PO BOX 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudia Bank
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ake Brännström
- Integrated Science Laboratory and the Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alan Brelsford
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Fabrice Eroukhmanoff
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, PO BOX 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-0369 USA
| | - Martin C Fischer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, ETH Zentrum CHN, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew D Foote
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Present address: the Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paolo Franchini
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Felicity C Jones
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna K Lindholm
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kay Lucek
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; and the Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martine E Maan
- Behavioural Biology Group, Centre for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, PO BOX 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David A Marques
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; the Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, and the Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon H Martin
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Joana I Meier
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; the Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, and the Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Möst
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; and the Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael W Nachman
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3160, USA
| | - Etsuko Nonaka
- Integrated Science Laboratory and Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Diana J Rennison
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Julia Schwarzer
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; the Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; and Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eric T Watson
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, 76010-0498 Texas, USA
| | - Anja M Westram
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, the University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alex Widmer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, ETH Zentrum CHN, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Kunte K, Zhang W, Tenger-Trolander A, Palmer DH, Martin A, Reed RD, Mullen SP, Kronforst MR. doublesex is a mimicry supergene. Nature 2014; 507:229-32. [PMID: 24598547 DOI: 10.1038/nature13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most striking examples of sexual dimorphism is sex-limited mimicry in butterflies, a phenomenon in which one sex--usually the female--mimics a toxic model species, whereas the other sex displays a different wing pattern. Sex-limited mimicry is phylogenetically widespread in the swallowtail butterfly genus Papilio, in which it is often associated with female mimetic polymorphism. In multiple polymorphic species, the entire wing pattern phenotype is controlled by a single Mendelian 'supergene'. Although theoretical work has explored the evolutionary dynamics of supergene mimicry, there are almost no empirical data that address the critical issue of what a mimicry supergene actually is at a functional level. Using an integrative approach combining genetic and association mapping, transcriptome and genome sequencing, and gene expression analyses, we show that a single gene, doublesex, controls supergene mimicry in Papilio polytes. This is in contrast to the long-held view that supergenes are likely to be controlled by a tightly linked cluster of loci. Analysis of gene expression and DNA sequence variation indicates that isoform expression differences contribute to the functional differences between dsx mimicry alleles, and protein sequence evolution may also have a role. Our results combine elements from different hypotheses for the identity of supergenes, showing that a single gene can switch the entire wing pattern among mimicry phenotypes but may require multiple, tightly linked mutations to do so.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kunte
- 1] National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India [2]
| | - W Zhang
- 1] Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2]
| | - A Tenger-Trolander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - D H Palmer
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - A Martin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - R D Reed
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - S P Mullen
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - M R Kronforst
- 1] Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Titen SWA, Lin HC, Bhandari J, Golic KG. Chk2 and p53 regulate the transmission of healed chromosomes in the Drosophila male germline. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004130. [PMID: 24586185 PMCID: PMC3937212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
When a dicentric chromosome breaks in mitosis, the broken ends cannot be repaired by normal mechanisms that join two broken ends since each end is in a separate daughter cell. However, in the male germline of Drosophila melanogaster, a broken end may be healed by de novo telomere addition. We find that Chk2 (encoded by lok) and P53, major mediators of the DNA damage response, have strong and opposite influences on the transmission of broken-and-healed chromosomes: lok mutants exhibit a large increase in the recovery of healed chromosomes relative to wildtype control males, but p53 mutants show a strong reduction. This contrasts with the soma, where mutations in lok and p53 have the nearly identical effect of allowing survival and proliferation of cells with irreparable DNA damage. Examination of testes revealed a transient depletion of germline cells after dicentric chromosome induction in the wildtype controls, and further showed that P53 is required for the germline to recover. Although lok mutant males transmit healed chromosomes at a high rate, broken chromosome ends can also persist through spermatogonial divisions without healing in lok mutants, giving rise to frequent dicentric bridges in Meiosis II. Cytological and genetic analyses show that spermatid nuclei derived from such meiotic divisions are eliminated during spermiogenesis, resulting in strong meiotic drive. We conclude that the primary responsibility for maintaining genome integrity in the male germline lies with Chk2, and that P53 is required to reconstitute the germline when cells are eliminated owing to unrepaired DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon W. A. Titen
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ho-Chen Lin
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jayaram Bhandari
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kent G. Golic
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Cotton AJ, Földvári M, Cotton S, Pomiankowski A. Male eyespan size is associated with meiotic drive in wild stalk-eyed flies (Teleopsis dalmanni). Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 112:363-9. [PMID: 24398884 PMCID: PMC3966131 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides the first direct evidence from wild populations of stalk-eyed flies
to support the hypothesis that male eyespan is a signal of meiotic drive. Several
stalk-eyed fly species are known to exhibit X-linked meiotic drive. A recent quantitative
trait locus analysis in Teleopsis dalmanni found a potential link between
variation in male eyespan, a sexually selected ornamental trait, and the presence of
meiotic drive. This was based on laboratory populations subject to artificial selection
for male eyespan. In this study, we examined the association between microsatellite
markers and levels of sex ratio bias (meiotic drive) in 12 wild T. dalmanni
populations. We collected two data sets: (a) brood sex ratios of wild-caught males mated
to standard laboratory females and (b) variation in a range of phenotypic traits
associated with reproductive success of wild-caught males and females. In each case, we
typed individuals for eight X-linked microsatellite markers, including several that
previously were shown to be associated with male eyespan and meiotic drive. We found that
one microsatellite marker was very strongly associated with meiotic drive, whereas a
second showed a weaker association. We also found that, using both independent data sets,
meiotic drive was strongly associated with male eyespan, with smaller eyespan males being
associated with more female-biased broods. These results suggest that mate preference for
exaggerated male eyespan allows females to avoid mating with males carrying the meiotic
drive gene and is thus a potential mechanism for the maintenance and evolution of female
mate preference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Cotton
- 1] Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK [2] CoMPLEX, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Földvári
- 1] Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK [2] MTA-DE 'Lendület' Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, 1, Egyetem tér, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - S Cotton
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Pomiankowski
- 1] Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK [2] CoMPLEX, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Abstract
The genetic basis for animal social organization is poorly understood. Fire ants provide one of the rare cases where variation in social organization has been demonstrated to be under genetic control, which amazingly, segregates as a single Mendelian locus. A recent genetic, genomic, and cytological analysis revealed that this locus actually consists of over 600 genes locked together in a supergene that possesses many characteristics of sex chromosomes. The fire ant social supergene also behaves selfishly, and an interesting evolutionary question is whether the genes incorporated first into the social supergene were those for social adaptation, selfish genetic drive, or something else. In depth, functional molecular genetic analysis in fire ants and comparative genomics in other closely related socially polymorphic species will be required to resolve this question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Huang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
Robinson SP, Simmons LW, Kennington WJ. Estimating relatedness and inbreeding using molecular markers and pedigrees: the effect of demographic history. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5779-92. [PMID: 24102888 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Estimates of inbreeding and relatedness are commonly calculated using molecular markers, although the accuracy of such estimates has been questioned. As a further complication, in many situations, such estimates are required in populations with reduced genetic diversity, which is likely to affect their accuracy. We investigated the correlation between microsatellite- and pedigree-based coefficients of inbreeding and relatedness in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster that had passed through bottlenecks to manipulate their genetic diversity. We also used simulations to predict expected correlations between marker- and pedigree-based estimates and to investigate the influence of linkage between loci and null alleles. Our empirical data showed lower correlations between marker- and pedigree-based estimates in our control (nonbottleneck) population than were predicted by our simulations or those found in similar studies. Correlations were weaker in bottleneck populations, confirming that extreme reductions in diversity can compromise the ability of molecular estimates to detect recent inbreeding events. However, this result was highly dependent on the strength of the bottleneck and we did not observe or predict any reduction in correlations in our population that went through a relatively severe bottleneck of N = 10 for one generation. Our results are therefore encouraging, as molecular estimates appeared robust to quite severe reductions in genetic diversity. It should also be remembered that pedigree-based estimates may not capture realized identity-by-decent and that marker-based estimates may actually be more useful in certain situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Robinson
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092), University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Mutations to the piRNA pathway component aubergine enhance meiotic drive of segregation distorter in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2012; 193:771-84. [PMID: 23267055 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.147561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diploid sexual reproduction involves segregation of allelic pairs, ensuring equal representation of genotypes in the gamete pool. Some genes, however, are able to "cheat" the system by promoting their own transmission. The Segregation distorter (Sd) locus in Drosophila melanogaster males is one of the best-studied examples of this type of phenomenon. In this system the presence of Sd on one copy of chromosome 2 results in dysfunction of the non-Sd-bearing (Sd(+)) sperm and almost exclusive transmission of Sd to the next generation. The mechanism by which Sd wreaks such selective havoc has remained elusive. However, its effect requires a target locus on chromosome 2 known as Responder (Rsp). The Rsp locus comprises repeated copies of a satellite DNA sequence and Rsp copy number correlates with sensitivity to Sd. Under distorting conditions during spermatogenesis, nuclei with chromosomes containing greater than several hundred Rsp repeats fail to condense chromatin and are eliminated. Recently, Rsp sequences were found as small RNAs in association with Argonaute family proteins Aubergine (Aub) and Argonaute3 (AGO3). These proteins are involved in a germline-specific RNAi mechanism known as the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway, which specifically suppresses transposon activation in the germline. Here, we evaluate the role of piRNAs in segregation distortion by testing the effects of mutations to piRNA pathway components on distortion. Further, we specifically targeted mutations to the aub locus of a Segregation Distorter (SD) chromosome, using ends-out homologous recombination. The data herein demonstrate that mutations to piRNA pathway components act as enhancers of SD.
Collapse
|