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Paz HA, Castillo-Lopez E, Ramirez-Ramirez HA, Christensen DA, Klopfenstein TJ, Kononoff PJ. Invited Review: Ethanol co-products for dairy cows: there goes our starch … now what? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paz, H. A., Castillo-Lopez, E., Ramirez-Ramirez, H. A., Christensen, D. A., Klopfenstein, T. J. and Kononoff, P. J. 2013. Invited Review: Ethanol co-products for dairy cows: there goes our starch … now what? Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 407–425. The rise of the grain-ethanol industry has resulted in a dramatic increase in the availability of feed co-products namely, distillers’ grains with solubles (DG). The cost of feeds that have traditionally been used for energy continues to increase and there is a need to understand the potential impact of replacing these feeds with DG on milk yield and composition. Using the Dairy National Research Council (2001) model and data from a total of 25 published studies (81 observations), we used a meta-analytical procedure to evaluate the impact of feeding corn milling co-products on lactating dairy cows. Based on our model, the inclusion of DG did not affect dry matter intake (P=0.35) but a trend for an increase in milk yield was observed (P=0. 10). Additionally, the percentages of milk fat and protein in the milk were not affected (P=0.24 and 0.25, respectively). The modeled daily rumen outflow of Lys in grams was significantly (P<0.01) reduced and Met was not affected (P=0.79) when DG were included. The error associated with net energy of lactation allowable milk averaged 5.0±1.0 kg d−1and was not affected by DG (P=0.79) but the error associated with metabolizable protein allowable milk tended (P=0.10) to be higher for cows consuming DG by 1.4±1.2 kg d−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Paz
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| | - E. Castillo-Lopez
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - H. A. Ramirez-Ramirez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| | - D. A. Christensen
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - T. J. Klopfenstein
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| | - P. J. Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
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152
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Effects of high fat, modified wet, corn distiller's grains plus solubles on beef steer performance and carcass characteristics. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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153
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Sarturi JO, Erickson GE, Klopfenstein TJ, Vasconcelos JT, Griffin WA, Rolfe KM, Benton JR, Bremer VR. Effect of sulfur content in wet or dry distillers grains fed at several inclusions on cattle growth performance, ruminal parameters, and hydrogen sulfide1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:4849-60. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. O. Sarturi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - G. E. Erickson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - T. J. Klopfenstein
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - J. T. Vasconcelos
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - W. A. Griffin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - K. M. Rolfe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - J. R. Benton
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - V. R. Bremer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
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154
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Hünerberg M, McGinn SM, Beauchemin KA, Okine EK, Harstad OM, McAllister TA. Effect of dried distillers’ grains with solubles on enteric methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from finishing beef cattle. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hünerberg, M., McGinn, S. M., Beauchemin, K. A., Okine, E. K., Harstad, O. M. and McAllister, T. A. 2013. Effect of dried distillers’ grains with solubles on enteric methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from finishing beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 373–385. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of corn- or wheat-based dried distillers’ grains with solubles (CDDGS, WDDGS) on enteric methane (CH4) emissions from finishing beef cattle, and to determine if any observed reductions were a result of the fat content of CDDGS. A second objective was to compare the effect of CDDGS or WDDGS on N excretion. The experiment was designed as replicated 4×4 Latin square with 28-d periods using 16 ruminally fistulated crossbred heifers. The control diet contained 87% barley grain, 8% barley silage and 5% supplement (dry matter; DM basis). Treatment diets were formulated by replacing 40% DM of barley grain with CDDGS, WDDGS, or corn oil supplemented WDDGS (WDDGS+oil). For the WDDGS+oil diet 6.5% corn oil was added to WDDGS (3.4% fat DM) to achieve a similar fat level as in CDDGS (9.7% DM). All diets were fed as total mixed rations once daily ad libitum. Total collection of urine and faeces was conducted between days 18 and 21. Methane was measured between days 25 and 28 using four identical open circuit respiratory chambers. Compared with WDDGS, feeding CDDGS and WDDGS+oil reduced (P<0.05) CH4emissions as a percentage of gross energy intake (GEI) from 5.5 to 4.0 and 4.2%, respectively. Feeding CDDGS also reduced (P<0.05) CH4emissions compared with the control (5.0% of GEI), while WDDGS+oil tended (P=0.08) to elicit a similar response. Methane (% of GEI) between WDDGS and the control did not differ (P=0.29). Excretion of total N was greater (P<0.001) for CDDGS, WDDGS and WDDGS+oil (220, 253, and 265 g d−1) compared with the control (143 g d−1). Although oil appears to be responsible for reducing CH4emissions when DDGS is included in the diet, increased N excretion requires that a complete life cycle assessment be conducted to assess the full impact of DDGS on greenhouse gas emissions from finishing cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hünerberg
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - S. M. McGinn
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - K. A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - E. K. Okine
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | | | - T. A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
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155
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Kraatz S, Sinistore JC, Reinemann DJ. Energy intensity and global warming potential of corn grain ethanol production in Wisconsin (
USA
). Food Energy Secur 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kraatz
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam‐Bornim Department of Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles Max‐Eyth‐Allee 100 14469 Potsdam Germany
| | - Julie C. Sinistore
- University of Wisconsin‐Madison Department of Biological Systems Engineering 115 Agricultural Engineering Building 460 Henry Mall 53706 Madison WI
| | - Douglas J. Reinemann
- University of Wisconsin‐Madison Department of Biological Systems Engineering 115 Agricultural Engineering Building 460 Henry Mall 53706 Madison WI
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156
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Sarturi JO, Erickson GE, Klopfenstein TJ, Rolfe KM, Buckner CD, Luebbe MK. Impact of source of sulfur on ruminal hydrogen sulfide and logic for the ruminal available sulfur for reduction concept1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3352-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. O. Sarturi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583-0908
| | - G. E. Erickson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583-0908
| | - T. J. Klopfenstein
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583-0908
| | - K. M. Rolfe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583-0908
| | - C. D. Buckner
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583-0908
| | - M. K. Luebbe
- Panhandle Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Scottsbluff 69361
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157
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Hünerberg M, McGinn SM, Beauchemin KA, Okine EK, Harstad OM, McAllister TA. Effect of dried distillers grains plus solubles on enteric methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from growing beef cattle1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2846-57. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Hünerberg
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - S. M. McGinn
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - K. A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - E. K. Okine
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | | | - T. A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
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158
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Effects of hay supplementation in corn-based and dried distillers grains with solubles–based diets on performance and ruminal metabolism in feedlot cattle11Salaries and research support provided by state and federal funds appropriated to the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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159
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Donkin SS, Doane PH, Cecava MJ. Expanding the role of crop residues and biofuel co-products as ruminant feedstuffs. Anim Front 2013. [DOI: 10.2527/af.2013-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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160
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Carrasco R, Arrizon AA, Plascencia A, Torrentera NG, Zinn RA. Comparative feeding value of distillers dried grains plus solubles as a partial replacement for steam-flaked corn in diets for calf-fed Holstein steers: Characteristics of digestion, growth performance, and dietary energetics. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1801-10. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Carrasco
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - A. A. Arrizon
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | | | | | - R. A. Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
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161
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Semenčenko VV, Mojović LV, Dukić-Vuković AP, Radosavljević MM, Terzić DR, Milašinović Šeremešić MS. Suitability of some selected maize hybrids from Serbia for the production of bioethanol and dried distillers' grains with solubles. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:811-818. [PMID: 22887346 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioethanol is mostly produced from starchy parts of the corn grain kernel leaving significant amounts of valuable by-products such as dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) which can be used as a substitute for traditional feedstuff. The suitability of six maize hybrids from Serbia was investigated for bioethanol and DDGS production. The correlation between physical and chemical characteristics of the grain, bioethanol yield and quality of the corresponding DDGS was assessed. RESULTS All hybrids had very different chemical composition and physical characteristics which could allow various applications. The highest bioethanol yield (94.5% of theoretical) and volumetric productivity (2.01 g l(-1) h(-1)) were obtained with hybrid ZP 434 and the lowest with ZP 611k. Regarding chemical composition, all DDGS samples manifested good properties as feed components. Their protein content was higher compared to the kernel. In addition, the samples showed high digestibility and high mineral content, especially of calcium and phosphorus. CONCLUSION A hybrid ZP 434 was selected as the most promising bioethanol producer. This property is attributed to the highest level of soft endosperm which is more susceptible to starch-hydrolysing enzymes. A high yield potential per hectare makes it the best candidate for commercial bioethanol production.
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162
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Smith DR, Ponce CH, Dilorenzo N, Quinn MJ, May ML, MacDonald JC, Luebbe MK, Bondurant RG, Galyean ML. Effects of dietary concentration of wet distillers grains on performance by newly received beef cattle, in vitro gas production and volatile fatty acid concentrations, and in vitro dry matter disappearance. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2836-45. [PMID: 23482571 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three studies were designed to evaluate effects of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) on health and performance of newly received beef cattle, in vitro gas production, molar proportions and total concentrations of VFA, and IVDMD. In Exp. 1 and 2, 219 (BW = 209 kg, SE = 2.2 kg; Exp. 1) and 200 beef steers (BW = 186 kg, SE = 3.2 kg; Exp. 2) were used in randomized complete block design receiving studies. The 4 dietary treatments (DM basis) were a 65% concentrate, steam-flaked corn (SFC)-based receiving diet without WDGS (CON) or diets that contained 12.5, 25.0, or 37.5% WDGS. There were no differences among the 4 receiving diets in BW (P ≥ 0.61), ADG (P ≥ 0.75), DMI (P ≥ 0.27), and G:F (P ≥ 0.35), or in the proportion of cattle treated for morbidity from bovine respiratory disease in either of the 2 experiments. In Exp. 3, in vitro methods were used to determine the effects of WDGS on IVDMD, total gas production, and molar proportions and total concentrations of VFA. Substrates used for the incubations contained the same major components as the diets used in Exp. 1, with ruminal fluid obtained from steers fed a 60% concentrate diet. Total gas production was less (P = 0.03) for the average of the 3 WDGS substrates than for CON, with a linear decrease (P = 0.01) in total gas production as WDGS concentration increased in the substrates. In contrast to gas production, IVDMD was greater for the average of the 3 WDGS concentrations vs. CON (P ≤ 0.05) at 6 and 12 h and increased (P ≤ 0.02) with increasing WDGS concentration at 6 (linear and quadratic) and 12 h (linear) of incubation. At 48 h, there was a quadratic effect (P = 0.05) on IVDMD, with the greatest value for 25% WDGS. Molar proportion of butyrate increased linearly (P < 0.01) as the concentration of WDGS increased in the substrate, and the average of the 3 substrates containing WDGS had a greater proportion of butyrate (P = 0.03) than CON. Performance data from Exp. 1 and 2 indicate that including WDGS in the SFC-based diets for newly received cattle can be an effective at concentrations up to 37.5% of the DM. In vivo measurements are needed to corroborate the in vitro fermentation changes noted with addition of WDGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Smith
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, USA
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163
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Meyer NF, Erickson GE, Klopfenstein TJ, Benton JR, Luebbe MK, Laudert SB. Effects of monensin and tylosin in finishing diets containing corn wet distillers grains with solubles with differing corn processing methods. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2219-28. [PMID: 23422007 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 3,632 crossbred steers were used in 3 separate randomized complete-block designed finishing experiments. Data from Exp. 1 were analyzed separately whereas data were combined for Exp. 2 and 3, based on corn processing method used [Exp.1 = equal combination of dry-rolled and high-moisture (DRC:HMC); Exp. 2 and 3 = steam-flaked (SFC)]. Steers were fed 1 of 5 treatments to evaluate the effects of monensin and tylosin in feedlot diets containing 25% corn wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS; DM basis). Treatments included: 1) corn-based diet (no WDGS) with 360 mg/d monensin and 90 mg/d tylosin (CORN+MT), 2) 25% wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS-CON), 3) 25% WDGS with 360 mg/d monensin (WDGS+M), 4) WDGS with monensin and tylosin at same levels as treatment 1, and 5) WDGS with 480 mg/d monensin and 90 mg/d tylosin (WDGS+HIMT). In Exp. 1, WDGS+MT increased (P < 0.01) ADG (6.5%), G:F (6.9%), and HCW (3.0%) compared with CORN+MT. Alternatively, in Exp. 2 and 3, WDGS+MT had no effect on ADG (P = 0.18), decreased (P < 0.01) G:F by 3.2%, and did not affect HCW (P = 0.57) compared with CORN+MT. In Exp. 1, addition of monensin to a WDGS diet increased G:F by 3.1% (P = 0.03) and tended to increase G:F in Exp. 2 and 3 (P = 0.09) compared with WDGS-CON. For all experiments, addition of monensin and tylosin in a diet containing WDGS increased G:F (P < 0.01) and reduced total and severe liver abscesses (P < 0.01) compared with WDGS-CON. Additionally, HCW was increased in Exp. 2 and 3 (P < 0.01) and tended to increase in Exp. 1 (P = 0.09) when monensin and tylosin were fed in a WDGS diet compared with WDGS-CON. Feeding WDGS+MT reduced total liver abscesses by 79.3% (Exp. 1) and 57.6% (Exp. 2 and 3) compared with WDGS-CON. Compared with WDGS+MT, minimal differences were observed when monensin was fed at 480 mg/steer daily with tylosin in diets containing WDGS. Inclusion of WDGS in finishing steer diets did not alter effectiveness of monensin with tylosin in improving G:F and reducing prevalence of liver abscesses, regardless of corn processing method. Corn processing method appears to be an important factor in performance response to WDGS with feeding value of WDGS, measured as an increase in feed efficiency, being greater in a DRC:HMC-based diet compared with a SFC-based diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Meyer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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164
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Morrow LA, Felix TL, Fluharty FL, Daniels KM, Loerch SC. Effects of sulfur and acidity on performance and digestibility in feedlot lambs fed dried distillers grains with solubles. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2211-8. [PMID: 23408807 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative interactions of the acidity and S content of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) have not been quantified. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of dietary S, dietary acidity, and their interactions on growth, feed efficiency, ruminal H2S concentration, and apparent nutrient digestibility in lambs fed DDGS-based diets. To neutralize acidity, the DDGS was untreated or treated with 2% NaOH. Dietary S content was adjusted with Na2SO4 to achieve a 0.2 percentage unit difference in dietary S. Experiment 1 included 72 ewe and wether lambs (BW = 24.9 ± 0.4 kg) penned by sex in 24 pens, blocked by BW, and allotted in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments for a 60 d feeding trial. On a DM basis, diets were: i) 60% DDGS + 0% Na2SO4, ii) 60% DDGS + 0.88% Na2SO4, iii) 62% NaOH-treated DDGS + 0% Na2SO4, and iv) 62% NaOH-treated DDGS + 0.83% Na2SO4. There were no interactions (P ≥ 0.19) of dietary S concentration and NaOH treatment. Lambs fed DDGS treated with 2% NaOH had 4% greater (P = 0.05) final BW and tended (P ≤ 0.07) to have greater DMI and ADG than lambs fed untreated DDGS; however, NaOH treatment did not affect (P = 0.42) G:F. Increasing dietary S with Na2SO4 tended (P = 0.07) to reduce DMI; however, dietary S did not affect (P > 0.17) ADG, G:F, or final BW. Rumen H2S concentration in gas samples collected on d 32 and 60 were not (P > 0.17) affected by dietary S or NaOH treatment. Experiment 2 included 24 lambs (initial BW = 43.0 ± 4.4 kg) used to determine the effects of NaOH treatment of DDGS and sulfur (Na2SO4) supplementation on N retention and the apparent digestibility of NDF, ADF, and OM. Treatments were similar to those used in Exp. 1, except that dietary DDGS was reduced to 45% of DM. Intake of DM, NDF, ADF, and N was not affected (P > 0.16) by NaOH treatment of DDGS or dietary S (Na2SO4) content. Treating DDGS with 2% NaOH reduced (P = 0.05) NDF digestibility by 10% compared with lambs fed untreated DDGS. Urine pH for lambs consuming DDGS treated with 2% NaOH was increased (P = 0.01) 1.74 pH units compared with urine from lambs fed untreated DDGS. Nitrogen intake and retention were not affected (P > 0.35) by dietary S concentration or NaOH treatment of DDGS. For feedlot lambs, treating DDGS with 2% NaOH did not lower ruminal H2S concentrations, but tended to increase ADG and DMI. Although treating DDGS with 2% NaOH was an effective way to neutralize the acidity in DDGS, this treatment reduced NDF digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Morrow
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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165
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Segers JR, Stelzleni AM, Pringle TD, Froetschel MA, Ross CL, Stewart RL. Use of corn gluten feed and dried distillers grains plus solubles as a replacement for soybean meal and corn for supplementation in a corn silage-based stocker system. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:950-6. [PMID: 23243167 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Corn gluten feed and dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) were evaluated as replacements for soybean meal and ground ear corn when supplemented with corn silage during 2 yr of a beef cattle stockering program. Experiment 1: In YR 1, 104 steers (initial BW = 305 ± 30 kg), and in YR 2, 56 steers and 38 heifers (initial BW = 301 ± 32 kg) were stratified by weight and assigned to 1 of 9 groups. Each group was randomly assigned to 1 of 3 corn silage-based (75% of DM) diets supplemented with: i) corn gluten feed (CGF), ii) DDGS, or iii) soybean meal and ground ear corn (CSBM) at 25% of DM. On d 0, 28, 56, and 84, BW and BCS were recorded. Additionally, ribeye area, 12th rib fat thickness, intramuscular fat, and rump fat thickness were assessed via ultrasound on 9 (YR1) and 4 (YR 2) steers per pen that were randomly assigned as observational units. Average daily gain was greater (P < 0.05) for steers fed DDGS and CSBM compared with CGF (1.08, 1.08, and 0.94 kg/d, respectively). Average DMI (P < 0.05) was less for DDGS compared with CSBM with CGF intermediate (18.1, 18.8, 20.2 g/kg BW, respectively), and the resulting G:F was greatest for DDGS (P = 0.01). Cost per kilogram of BW gain was least for DDGS (P > 0.05). Ultrasound data indicated no differences (P ≥ 0.13) in predicted carcass traits among treatments. Experiment 2: Diets from Exp. 1 were subjected to in vitro digestion for incubation times of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 72 h to estimate DM degradation, gas production kinetics, and CP fractions. The potentially degradable DM fraction was greater (P = 0.01) for CSBM compared with CGF and DDG. Total gas production and rate of gas production was not different among treatments (P > 0.42). Rumen degradable protein was greatest for CSBM and least for DDG (P = 0.001). These data indicate that DDGS can be used to replace soybean meal and corn in silage-based stocker systems to decrease feed costs without compromising animal performance and CGF may decrease animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Segers
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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166
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Knobel SM, Mafi GG, De Witt CM, Morgan JB, Richards CJ, VanOverbeke DL. The impact of postharvest interventions on the color stability and, subsequently, the palatability of beef from cattle fed wet distillers grain. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1468-79. [PMID: 23296819 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred forty heifers were fed at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, OK, in 1 of 2 treatment groups: a dry rolled corn (CON) diet or a diet including 30% wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS). Chuck rolls (n = 60) and paired strip loins (n = 75 pairs; 38 CON and 37 WDGS) were collected from each treatment group and processed at 3 d and 14 d, respectively. After grinding, each chuck was separated into 8 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film overwrapped packages and 8 high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), each containing approximately 0.23 kg of ground beef, for evaluation by a trained color panel, a trained color panel and a trained sensory panel and for thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) analysis. After 14 d, 1 strip loin from each pair was injected with an enhancement solution. Steaks from each strip loin were fabricated and packaged, one-half in PVC and one-half in MAP. In addition to the evaluation by trained color and sensory panels and TBARS analysis, steaks were subjected to instrumental color evaluation using a HunterLab Miniscan XE and Warner-Bratzler Shear Force analysis using an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Ground beef exhibited no significant differences in color between dietary treatments; however, sensory panelists did find MAP WDGS had less beefy flavor (P = 0.05) and more painty flavor (P = 0.01) intensities than the MAP CON ground beef. Cattle fed WDGS discolored more (P = 0.01) and had less bright steaks than cattle fed the CON when MAP and enhanced. Distillers fed, nonenhanced (nonE) MAP steaks were redder and yellower than control steaks (P < 0.05) on removal from simulated retail display. There were no other significant (P > 0.05) color differences between dietary treatments using any other combination of postharvest interventions. Sensory panel results indicated WDGS NE PVC products were juicier and more tender (P < 0.05), initially, and contained less connective tissue (5.3 ± 0.1, 5.5 ± 0.1, and 5.9 ± 0.4, respectively) than the steaks from CON carcasses (5.1 ± 0.1, 5.4 ± 0.1, and 5.8 ± 0.4, respectively). Although WDGS NE MAP steaks showed more oxidation than CON NE MAP steaks on removal from retail case, all TBAR values were well below a threshold of 1 mg malonaldehyde/kg. Essentially, MAP but not enhancing products from cattle fed WDGS may be the best way to maintain a visually appealing appearance in the retail case but at possible risk to product juiciness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Knobel
- Animal Science Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA
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167
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Hallewell J, Barbieri LR, Thomas JE, Stanford K, McAllister TA. Fecal shedding in cattle inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and fed corn or wheat distillers' dried grain with solubles. J Food Prot 2013; 76:114-8. [PMID: 23317865 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Feeding corn dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS) has been linked to increased fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle. A study was conducted to compare the impact of three diets containing (dry matter basis) 40% corn DDGS, 40% wheat DDGS, or 20% corn and 20% wheat mixed DDGS to a standard barley grain finishing diet on fecal shedding in cattle challenged with a 10(10) CFU mixture of four nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains. Rectal grab samples (n = 544) were collected over 70 days and screened for E. coli O157:H7 by direct plating and immunomagnetic bead separation. Feeding diets containing DDGS had no effect (P > 0.05) on the intensity or duration of fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 compared with the standard barley grain finishing diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hallewell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
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168
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Martínez-Pérez MF, Calderón-Mendoza D, Islas A, Encinias AM, Loya-Olguín F, Soto-Navarro SA. Effect of corn dry distiller grains plus solubles supplementation level on performance and digestion characteristics of steers grazing native range during forage growing season. J Anim Sci 2012; 91:1350-61. [PMID: 23230120 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of corn dry distiller grains plus condensed solubles (DDGS) supplementation level on performance digestion characteristics of steers grazing native range during the forage growing season. In the performance study, 72 (206 ± 23.6 kg; 2008) and 60 (230 ± 11.3 kg; 2009) English crossbred steer calves were used in a randomized complete block design replicated over 2 yr. The grazing periods lasted 56 and 58 d and started on August 11 and 18 for 2008 and 2009, respectively. Each year, steers were blocked by BW (light, medium, and heavy), stratified by BW within blocks, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 grazing groups. Each grazing group (6 steers in 2008 and 5 in 2009) was assigned to a DDGS supplementation levels (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% BW). Grazing group served as the experimental unit with 12 groups per year receiving 1 of 4 treatments for 2 yr (n = 6). In the metabolism study, 16 English crossbred steers (360 ± 28.9 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas grazing native range during the summer growing season were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate treatment effects on forage intake and digestion. The experiment was conducted during the first and second weeks of October 2008. Steers were randomly assigned to supplement level (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% BW; n = 4) and grazed a single native range pasture with supplements offered individually once daily at 0700 h. In the performance study, ADG (0.64, 0.75, 0.80, and 0.86 ± 0.03 kg/d for 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% BW, respectively) increased linearly (P = 0.01) with increasing DDGS supplementation level. In the metabolism study, forage OM, NDF, CP, and ether extract (EE) intake decreased (P ≤ 0.05) linearly with increasing DDGS supplementation level. Total CP and EE intake increased (P ≤ 0.002) with increasing DDGS supplementation level. Digestibility of OM, NDF, and EE increased (linear; P ≤ 0.008) whereas the soluble CP fraction of forage masticate sample linearly increased (P = 0.01) and slowly degradable CP fraction linearly decreased (P = 0.05) with increasing DDGS supplementation level. Forage in situ masticate DM and NDF disappearance rate decreased (quadratic; P ≤ 0.05) and DDGS in situ DM disappearance rate increased (linear; P = 0.03) with increasing supplementation levels. These results indicate that DDGS supplementation enhanced grazing performance and total-tract digestion of steers grazing native range during the forage growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Martínez-Pérez
- Animal and Range Sciences Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003-8003, USA
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169
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Hünerberg M, Beauchemin KA, Okine EK, Holtshausen L, McGinn SM, Harstad OM, McAllister TA. In vitroproduction of methane with increasing levels of corn- or wheat-based dried distillers' grains with solubles in a barley silage-based diet. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2013.773057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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170
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Salim H, Wood KM, Abo-Ismail MK, McEwen PL, Mandell IB, Miller SP, Cant JP, Swanson KC. Influence of feeding increasing levels of dry corn distillers grains plus solubles in whole corn grain-based finishing diets on total tract digestion, nutrient balance, and excretion in beef steers1,2. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4441-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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171
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Meale SJ, McAllister TA, Beauchemin KA, Harstad OM, Chaves AV. Strategies to reduce greenhouse gases from ruminant livestock. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2013.770916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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172
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Hales KE, Cole NA, MacDonald JC. Effects of increasing concentrations of wet distillers grains with solubles in steam-flaked, corn-based diets on energy metabolism, carbon-nitrogen balance, and methane emissions of cattle. J Anim Sci 2012; 91:819-28. [PMID: 23148244 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) in feedlot diets has increased in the Southern Great Plains as a result of the growing ethanol industry. Nutrient balance and respiration calorimetry research evaluating the use of steam-flaked corn (SFC)-based diets in conjunction with WDGS is limited. Therefore, the effects of increasing concentrations of WDGS in a SFC-based diet on energy metabolism, C, and N balance, and enteric methane (CH4) production was evaluated in Jersey steers fed at 2 times maintenance, using respiration calorimetry chambers. Four treatments were used in two 4 × 4 Latin square designs, using 8 steers. Treatments consisted of: 1) SFC-based diet with 0% WDGS (SFC-0); 2) SFC-based diet with 15% WDGS (SFC-15); 3) SFC-based diet with 30% WDGS (SFC-30); and 4) SFC-based diet with 45% WDGS (SFC-45). Diets were balanced for degradable intake protein (DIP) by adding cottonseed meal to the SFC-0 diet. As a proportion of GE, fecal, urinary, and CH4 energy increased linearly (P < 0.03) as WDGS concentration increased in the diet. In contrast, DE, ME, and retained energy decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as a proportion of GE as WDGS concentration increased. Increasing concentration of WDGS in the diet did not affect (P > 0.78) heat production as a proportion of GE. As a result of greater N intake, total N excretion increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing WDGS inclusion in the diet. Fecal C loss and CH4-C respired increased linearly (P < 0.01) when WDGS concentration increased in the diet whereas CO2-C respired decreased (linear, P = 0.05) as WDGS concentration increased. We conclude that CH4 production as a proportion of GE increases linearly (P < 0.01) when WDGS concentration in the diet is increased; however, dietary inclusion of WDGS at up to 45% seems to have no effect (P > 0.78) on heat production as a proportion of GE. The reason for a linear decrease in retained energy as WDGS increased was likely because of increased fecal energy loss associated with feeding WDGS. Total N excretion, fecal C loss, and CH4-C respired increased linearly with increasing concentration of WDGS in the diet. We determined NEg values for WDGS to be 2.02, 1.61, and 1.38 Mcal/kg when included at 15%, 30%, and 45%, respectively, in a SFC-based diet. From these results we conclude that the energy value (NEg) of WDGS in a finishing cattle diet based on SFC must be decreased as the inclusion increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hales
- USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
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173
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Richter EL, Drewnoski ME, Hansen SL. Effects of increased dietary sulfur on beef steer mineral status, performance, and meat fatty acid composition. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3945-53. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. L. Richter
- Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M. E. Drewnoski
- Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - S. L. Hansen
- Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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174
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Arias RP, Unruh-Snyder LJ, Scholljegerdes EJ, Baird AN, Johnson KD, Buckmaster D, Lemenager RP, Lake SL. Effects of feeding corn modified wet distillers grain plus solubles co-ensiled with direct-cut forage on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and diet digestibility of finishing steers1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3574-83. [PMID: 22665664 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. P. Arias
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | | | - A. N. Baird
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - K. D. Johnson
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - D. Buckmaster
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - R. P. Lemenager
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - S. L. Lake
- Animal Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071
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175
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Amat S, Hendrick S, McAllister TA, Block HC, McKinnon JJ. Effects of distillers’ dried grains with solubles from corn, wheat or a 50:50 corn:wheat blend on performance, carcass characteristics and serum sulphate levels of feedlot steers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amat, S., Hendrick, S., McAllister, T. A., Block, H. C. and McKinnon, J. J. 2012. Effects of distillers’ dried grains with solubles from corn, wheat or a 50:50 corn:wheat blend on performance, carcass characteristics and serum sulphate levels of feedlot steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 343–351. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of corn (CDDGS), wheat (WDDGS) or a 50:50 corn:wheat blend (BDDGS) dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) on performance (Trials 1 and 2), carcass traits (Trial 2) and serum sulphate level (Trial 2) of steers. In Trial 1, 396 steers (281.1±19.6 kg) were fed one of three backgrounding diets. The control diet was 34.3% barley grain, 26.0% grass hay, 10.3% barley straw, 22.8% barley silage and 6.7% supplement [dry matter (DM) basis]. For the two treatments, 17% of the barley was replaced with CDDGS or WDDGS. In Trial 2, 288 steers (273.9±18.5 kg) were backgrounded and finished. Backgrounding diets were identical to Trial 1, with a third treatment where 17% of the barley grain was replaced with BDDGS. The control finishing diet was 86.8% barley grain, 7.4% barley silage and 5.8% supplement (DM basis). Treatments included replacement of 40% of the barley grain (DM basis) with CDDGS, BDDGS or WDDGS. In Trial 1, there was no effect of DDGS on dry matter intake (DMI) (P=0.49), average daily gain (ADG) (P=0.64), feed efficiency (P=0.06), ultrasound fat (USFAT) (P=0.90) or longissimus dorsi (USLD) (P=0.071) area. In Trial 2, overall, DMI of cattle fed WDDGS was higher (P=0.03) than control or CDDGS cattle, with BDDGS intermediate. In contrast, ADG was higher (P<0.01) for the CDDGS and BDDGS than either the control or WDDGS fed cattle. The CDDGS and BDDGS cattle were more efficient (P<0.01) than those fed WDDGS with the controls intermediate. Cattle fed CDDGS or WDDGS exhibited higher (P<0.01) serum sulphate levels compared with BDDGS or control cattle, reflecting differences in sulphur intake. The results indicate that CDDGS is a superior energy source to WDDGS and that both sources of DDGS can be used as a partial replacement for barley in backgrounding and finishing diets for cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Amat
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - S. Hendrick
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - T. A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - H. C. Block
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada R7A5Y3
| | - J. J. McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
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176
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Mello AS, Jenschke BE, Senaratne LS, Carr TP, Erickson GE, Calkins CR. Effects of feeding modified distillers grains plus solubles on marbling attributes, proximate composition, and fatty acid profile of beef. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4634-40. [PMID: 22859752 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wet distillers grains contain approximately 65% moisture. A partially dried product [modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS)] contains about 50% moisture. However, both have similar nutrient composition on a dry matter basis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of finishing diets varying in concentration of MDGS on marbling attributes, proximate composition, and fatty acid profile of beef. Yearling steers (n = 268) were randomly allotted to 36 pens, which were assigned randomly to 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% MDGS (DM basis) and fed for 176 d before harvest. The 48-h postmortem marbling score, marbling texture, and marbling distribution were assessed by a USDA grader and 1 ribeye slice (longissimus thoracis) 7 mm thick was collected from each carcass for proximate and fatty acid analyses. Treatments did not significantly alter marbling score or marbling distribution (P ≥ 0.05). United States Department of Agriculture Choice slices had coarser marbling texture when compared with USDA Select. Although dietary treatment affected marbling texture, no consistent pattern was evident. Diets did not influence fat content, moisture, or ash of the ribeye (P ≥ 0.05). For treatments 0, 10, 30, 40 and 50%, there were positive linear relationships between marbling score and fat percentage in the ribeye (P ≤ 0.05), and all slopes were similar (P = 0.45). Feeding MDGS linearly increased stearic, linoelaidic, linoleic, linolenic, PUFA, and n-6 fatty acids. As dietary MDGS increased, linear decreases were observed in all n-7 fatty acids and cubic relationships were detected for the 18:1 trans isomers [trans-6-8-octadecenoic acid (6-8t), elaidic acid (9t), trans-10-octadecenoic acid (10t), and trans vaccenic acid (11t)]. No effects were observed for saturated fatty acids containing 6 to 14 carbons. Feeding MDGS resulted in increased PUFA, trans, and n-6 fatty acids, minimal effects on marbling texture, and no effects on the relationship of marbling to intramuscular fat content relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Mello
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0908, USA
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177
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Zhang X, Beltranena E, Christensen C, Yu P. Use of a dry fractionation process to manipulate the chemical profile and nutrient supply of a coproduct from bioethanol processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6846-6854. [PMID: 22703236 DOI: 10.1021/jf3009487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With an available processing technology (fractionation), coproducts from bioethanol processing (wheat dried distillers grains with solubles, DDGS) could be fractionated to a desired/optimal chemical and nutrient profile. There is no study, to the author's knowledge, on manipulating nutrient profiles through fractionation processing in bioethanol coproducts in ruminants. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of fractionation processing of a coproduct from bioethanol processing (wheat DDGS) on the metabolic characteristics of the proteins and to study the effects of fractionation processing on the magnitude of changes in chemical and nutrient supply to ruminants by comparing chemical and nutrient characterization, in situ rumen degradation kinetics, truly absorbed protein supply, and protein degraded balance among different fractions of coproduct of wheat DDGS. In this study, wheat DDGS was dry fractionationed into A, B, C, and D fractions according to particle size, gravity, and protein and fiber contents. The results showed that the fractionation processing changed wheat DDGS chemical and nutrient profiles. NDF and ADF increased from fraction A to D (NDF, from 330 to 424; ADF, from 135 to 175 g/kg DM). Subsequently, CP decreased (CP, from 499 to 363 g/kg DM), whereas soluble CP, NPN, and carbohydrate increased (SCP, from 247 to 304 g/kg CP; NPN, from 476 to 943 g/kg SCP; CHO, from 409 to 538 g/kg DM) from fraction A to D. The CNCPS protein and carbohydrate subfractions were also changed by the fractionation processing. Effective degradability of DM and CP and total digestible protein decreased from fraction A to D (EDDM, from 734 to 649; EDCP, from 321 to 241; TDP, from 442 to 312 g/kg DM). Total truly absorbed protein in the small intestine decreased from fraction A to D (DVE value, from 186 to 124 g/kg DM; MP in NRC-2001, from 193 to 136 g/kg DM). Degraded protein balance decreased from wheat DDGS fractions A-D (DPB in the DVE/OEB system, from 245 to 161 g/kg DM; DPB in NRC-2001, from 242 to 158 g/kg DM). The fractionation processing had a great impact on the chemical and nutrition profiles. Total truly digested and absorbed protein supply and degraded protein balance were decreased. The processing relatively optimized the protein degraded balance of the coproducts to dairy cattle. Compared with the original wheat DDGS (without fractionation), fractionation processing decreased truly absorbed protein supply of DVE and MP values. In conclusion, fractionation processing can be used to manipulate the nutrient supply and N-to-energy degradation synchronization ratio of coproducts from bioethanol processing. Among the fractions, fraction A was the best in terms of its highest truly absorbed protein DVE and MP values. Fractionation processing has great potential to fractionate a coproduct into a desired and optimal chemical and nutrient profile. To the author's knowledge, this is the first paper to show that with fractionation processing, the coproducts from bioethanol processing (wheat DDGS) could be manipulated to provide a desired/optimized nutrient supply to ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Zhang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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178
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Buttrey EK, McCollum FT, Jenkins KH, Patterson JM, Clark BE, Luebbe MK, Lawrence TE, MacDonald JC. Use of dried distillers grains throughout a beef production system: Effects on stocker and finishing performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of beef1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2381-93. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. K. Buttrey
- Texas AgriLife Research, Amarillo 79106
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon 79016
| | | | | | | | | | | | - T. E. Lawrence
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon 79016
| | - J. C. MacDonald
- Texas AgriLife Research, Amarillo 79106
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon 79016
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179
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Zhang X, Yu P. Relationship of carbohydrate molecular spectroscopic features in combined feeds to carbohydrate utilization and availability in ruminants. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 92:225-233. [PMID: 22446771 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is no study on the relationship between carbohydrate (CHO) molecular structures and nutrient availability of combined feeds in ruminants. The objective of this study was to use molecular spectroscopy to reveal the relationship between CHO molecular spectral profiles (in terms of functional groups (biomolecular, biopolymer) spectral peak area and height intensity) and CHO chemical profiles, CHO subfractions, energy values, and CHO rumen degradation kinetics of combined feeds of hulless barley with pure wheat dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) at five different combination ratios (hulless barley to pure wheat DDGS: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100). The molecular spectroscopic parameters assessed included: lignin biopolymer molecular spectra profile (peak area and height, region and baseline: ca. 1539-1504 cm(-1)); structural carbohydrate (STCHO, peaks area region and baseline: ca. 1485-1186 cm(-1)) mainly associated with hemi- and cellulosic compounds; cellulosic materials peak area (centered at ca. 1240 cm(-1) with region and baseline: ca. 1272-1186 cm(-1)); total carbohydrate (CHO, peaks area region and baseline: ca. 1186-946 cm(-1)). The results showed that the functional groups (biomolecular, biopolymer) in the combined feeds are sensitive to the changes of carbohydrate chemical and nutrient profiles. The changes of the CHO molecular spectroscopic features in the combined feeds were highly correlated with CHO chemical profiles, CHO subfractions, in situ CHO rumen degradation kinetics and fermentable organic matter supply. Further study is needed to investigate possibility of using CHO molecular spectral features as a predictor to estimate nutrient availability in combined feeds for animals and quantify their relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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180
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Felix TL, Pyatt NA, Loerch SC. Effects of monensin supplementation on ruminal metabolism of feedlot cattle fed diets containing dried distillers grains. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3905-13. [PMID: 22665654 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-5059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of monensin and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on ruminal metabolism in 8 fistulated steers. In Exp. 1, treatments were (DM basis): 1) 0 mg monensin/kg diet DM, 2) 22 mg monensin/kg diet DM, 3) 33 mg monensin/kg diet DM, and 4) 44 mg monensin/kg diet DM. The remainder of the diet was 10% corn silage, 60% DDGS, 10% corn, and 20% mineral supplement that used ground corn as the carrier. There was no effect (P > 0.80) of dietary monensin inclusion on DMI. Increasing dietary monensin did not affect (P > 0.05) ruminal VFA concentrations or lactic acid concentrations. There was no effect (P > 0.15) of increasing dietary monensin concentration on ruminal hydrogen sulfide gas (H(2)S) and liquid sulfide (S(2-)) concentrations, or ruminal pH. In Exp. 2, treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial and contained (DM basis): 1) 0 mg monensin/kg diet DM + 25% DDGS inclusion, 2) 0 mg monensin/kg diet DM + 60% DDGS inclusion, 3) 44 mg monensin/kg diet DM + 25% DDGS inclusion, and 4) 44 mg monensin/kg diet DM + 60% DDGS inclusion. The remainder of the diet was 15% corn silage, corn, and 20% mineral supplement that used ground corn as a carrier. With 60% dietary DDGS inclusion, DMI decreased (P < 0.01) when compared with 25% DDGS inclusion. With 25% DDGS in the diet, 0 h postfeeding acetate concentration was decreased compared with when 60% DDGS was fed (P < 0.01). A similar response (P < 0.01) occurred for total VFA concentrations at 0 h postfeeding. However, at 3 and 6 h postfeeding, propionate concentrations increased (P ≤ 0.05) in cattle fed the 60% DDGS diets, regardless of monensin inclusion. This increase in propionate concentrations contributed to the increase (P = 0.03) in total VFA concentrations at 3 h postfeeding when 60% DDGS diets were fed. There was no interaction detected (P > 0.05) for H(2)S or S(2-) concentrations in Exp. 2. Feeding 60% DDGS diets increased mean H(2)S by 71% when compared with feeding 25% DDGS diets. Similar to the response observed for H(2)S, feeding 60% DDGS diets increased mean S(2-) by 64% when compared with feeding 25% DDGS diets. Although these studies did not show beneficial effects of monensin supplementation on ruminal pH, VFA, or H(2)S concentrations, adverse rumen conditions, notably low ruminal pH, when high DDGS diets were fed may have precluded the effects of monensin from being realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Felix
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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181
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Hales KE, Cole NA, Varel VH. Effects of corn processing method and dietary inclusion of corn wet distillers grains with solubles on odor and gas production in cattle manure. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3988-4000. [PMID: 22665652 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing ethanol industry in the Southern Great Plains has recently increased the use of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) in beef cattle finishing diets. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate odorous compound production in urine and feces of feedlot steers fed diets with different concentrations of WDGS and different grain processing methods. In both experiments, a Latin square design was used. In Exp. 1, a 2× 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used and the factors consisted of corn processing method [steam-flaked corn (SFC) or dry-rolled corn (DRC)] and inclusion of corn-based WDGS (0 or 30% on a DM basis). Thus, the 4 treatment combinations consisted of: 1) SFC-based diet with 0% WDGS (SFC-0); 2) SFC-based diet with 30% WDGS (SFC-30); 3) DRC-based diet with 0% WDGS (DRC-0); and 4) DRC-based diet with 30% WDGS (DRC-30). In Exp. 2, all diets were based on SFC and the 4 treatments consisted of: 1) 0% WDGS (SFC-0); 2) 15% WDGS (SFC-15); 3) 30% WDGS (SFC-30); and 4) 45% WDGS (SFC-45). In both experiments, diets were balanced for degradable intake protein and ether extract by the addition of cottonseed meal and fat. Fecal slurries were prepared from a 5-d composite of urine and feces collected from each treatment. The slurries were analyzed using a gas chromatograph for VFA, phenol, p-cresol, indole, skatole, hydrogen, methane (CH(4),) and total gas production. In Exp. 1, the DRC fecal slurries had greater initial total VFA concentration compared with the SFC-based slurries and accumulated a greater concentration of total gas throughout the incubation; however, the SFC-based manure resulted in more CH(4) production. In Exp. 2, total VFA concentrations did not differ across all fecal slurries initially and on d 28; however, throughout the incubation, slurries with 0 and 15% WDGS had the greatest total VFA concentration. Overall, the presence of starch in the feces was likely the determining factor for the accumulation of odorous compounds in the fecal slurries initially, which was especially evident in diets including DRC, and once methanogenic microorganisms were established they likely converted VFA to CH(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hales
- USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
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182
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A meta-analysis evaluation of supplementing dried distillers grains plus solubles to cattle consuming forage-based diets 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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183
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Zhang X, Yu P. Molecular basis of protein structure in combined feeds (hulless barley with bioethanol coproduct of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles) in relation to protein rumen degradation kinetics and intestinal availability in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3363-79. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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184
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Petri RM, Forster RJ, Yang W, McKinnon JJ, McAllister TA. Characterization of rumen bacterial diversity and fermentation parameters in concentrate fed cattle with and without forage. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 112:1152-62. [PMID: 22533638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the effects of the removal of forage in high-concentrate diets on rumen fermentation conditions and rumen bacterial populations using culture-independent methods. METHODS AND RESULTS Detectable bacteria and fermentation parameters were measured in the solid and liquid fractions of digesta from cattle fed two dietary treatments, high concentrate (HC) and high concentrate without forage (HCNF). Comparison of rumen fermentation conditions showed that duration of time spent below pH 5·2 and rumen osmolality were higher in the HCNF treatment. Simpson's index of 16S PCR-DGGE images showed a greater diversity of dominant species in the HCNF treatment. Real-time qPCR showed populations of Fibrobacter succinogenes (P = 0·01) were lower in HCNF than HC diets. Ruminococcus spp., F. succinogenes and Selenomonas ruminantium were at higher (P ≤ 0·05) concentrations in the solid vs the liquid fraction of digesta regardless of diet. CONCLUSIONS The detectable bacterial community structure in the rumen is highly diverse. Reducing diet complexity by removing forage increased bacterial diversity despite the associated reduction in ruminal pH being less conducive for fibrolytic bacterial populations. Quantitative PCR showed that removal of forage from the diet resulted in a decline in the density of some, but not all fibrolytic bacterial species examined. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Molecular techniques such as DGGE and qPCR provide an increased understanding of the impacts of dietary changes on the nature of rumen bacterial populations, and conclusions derived using these techniques may not match those previously derived using traditional laboratory culturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Petri
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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185
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Effects of added protein and dietary fat on lamb performance and carcass characteristics when fed differing levels of dried distiller's grains with solubles. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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186
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Felix TL, Zerby HN, Moeller SJ, Loerch SC. Effects of increasing dried distillers grains with solubles on performance, carcass characteristics, and digestibility of feedlot lambs1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1356-63. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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187
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Neville BW, Lardy GP, Karges KK, Eckerman SR, Berg PT, Schauer CS. Interaction of corn processing and distillers dried grains with solubles on health and performance of steers1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:560-7. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Neville
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - G. P. Lardy
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - K. K. Karges
- Dakota Gold Research Association, Sioux Falls, SD 57104
| | - S. R. Eckerman
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
- Hettinger Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Hettinger 58639
| | - P. T. Berg
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - C. S. Schauer
- Hettinger Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Hettinger 58639
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188
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Luebbe MK, Erickson GE, Klopfenstein TJ, Greenquist MA. Nutrient mass balance and performance of feedlot cattle fed corn wet distillers grains plus solubles1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:296-306. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Luebbe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - G. E. Erickson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | | | - M. A. Greenquist
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
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189
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Burken DB, Hicks RB, VanOverbeke DL, Hilton GG, Wahrmund JL, Holland BP, Krehbiel CR, Camfield PK, Richards CJ. Vitamin E supplementation in beef finishing diets containing 35% wet distillers grains with solubles: feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. J Anim Sci 2011; 90:1349-55. [PMID: 22147485 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of vitamin E has indications for improving cattle health, performance, and retail characteristics when included in grain-based diets. This experiment was conducted to determine performance and carcass characteristics of steers fed diets containing wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) and supplemented with vitamin E. Steers of mixed Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeding (n = 199; BW = 363 ± 32 kg) were blocked by BW and assigned to 1 of 4 supplemental vitamin E (VITE) treatments [0 (control), 125, 250, and 500 IU·steer(-1)·d(-1)], which were fed for the last 97 d of the feeding period. Two blocks were on feed 129 d, and 3 blocks were fed for 150 d. Steers were fed a dry-rolled corn-based finishing diet with 35% WDGS (DM basis). Individual BW were measured initially, the initial day of vitamin E supplementation, and the day of slaughter. Carcass weights were collected at slaughter, and carcass data were collected after a 36-h chill. Body weight and ADG were not affected by VITE (P ≥ 0.34). There was a tendency for a linear (P = 0.08) increase in carcass-adjusted BW with increasing VITE. Use of carcass-adjusted final BW resulted in a linear increase (P = 0.04) in ADG with increasing VITE. Pre-vitamin E and vitamin E feeding period DMI were not affected (P ≥ 0.24) by VITE, but there was a tendency (P = 0.08) for a linear increase in overall DMI with increasing VITE. No difference (P ≥ 0.29) occurred in G:F measures using BW gains, but G:F using carcass-adjusted BW gains resulted in a trend (P = 0.11) for G:F to increase linearly with increasing VITE. Hot carcass weights tended (P = 0.08) to increase linearly with increasing dietary vitamin E. Vitamin E supplementation resulted in no effects (P ≥ 0.13) on measured carcass characteristics. Calculated yield grades (YG) were also not affected (P ≥ 0.37). However, the distribution of calculated YG resulted in a quadratic effect (P = 0.02) for YG 3 with the control and 500 VITE being greater than the 2 intermediate amounts. However, the percentage of carcasses grading YG 3 or less were not affected by vitamin E supplementation (P = 0.64). No differences were observed in the distribution of quality grades based on marbling scores (P ≥ 0.57). Data from this study suggest that vitamin E supplemented above basal requirements during the last 97 d of the feeding period in finishing diets containing 35% WDGS results in slight to no effect on animal performance or carcass characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Burken
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA
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190
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Luebbe MK, Patterson JM, Jenkins KH, Buttrey EK, Davis TC, Clark BE, McCollum FT, Cole NA, MacDonald JC. Wet distillers grains plus solubles concentration in steam-flaked-corn-based diets: Effects on feedlot cattle performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation characteristics. J Anim Sci 2011; 90:1589-602. [PMID: 22147473 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of wet distillers grain plus solubles (WDG; <15% sorghum grain) concentration in steam-flaked corn (SFC) diets on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, ruminal fermentation, and diet digestibility. In Exp. 1, six hundred crossbred steers (364 ± 35 kg of BW) were used in a randomized complete block design with 8 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments consisted of a dry-rolled corn (DRC) control diet without WDG, a SFC control without WDG, and SFC with 4 WDG concentrations (15, 30, 45, 60% DM basis) replacing SFC, cottonseed meal, urea, and yellow grease. Final BW, ADG, G:F, HCW, and 12th-rib fat depth were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for SFC compared with DRC. Dry matter intake tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for DRC compared with SFC. Final BW, ADG, G:F, HCW, 12th-rib fat depth, and marbling score decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing WDG concentration. In Exp. 2, six ruminally and duodenally cannulated crossbred steers (481 ± 18 kg of BW) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design using the same diets as Exp. 1. Ruminal, postruminal, and total tract OM and NDF digestibility were not different (P > 0.14) for DRC compared with SFC. Ruminal and total tract starch digestibility were greater (P < 0.01) for SFC compared with DRC. Dry matter and OM intake were not different (P ≥ 0.43) among WDG treatments. Ruminal and total tract OM digestibility decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing WDG concentration. Intake, ruminal digestibility, and total tract digestibility of NDF increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing WDG concentration. Starch intake decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing WDG concentration. Ruminal starch digestibility increased (P = 0.01) with increasing concentration of WDG. Total tract starch digestibility decreased quadratically (P < 0.01) with increasing concentration of WDG. Feeding SFC improved steer performance compared with DRC. The concentration of WDG and corn processing method influences nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation. The addition of WDG in SFC-based diets appears to negatively affect animal performance by diluting the energy density of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Luebbe
- Texas AgriLife Research, Amarillo 79106, USA
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191
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Holtshausen L, Beauchemin K, Schwartzkopf-Genswein K, González L, McAllister T, Gibb D. Performance, feeding behaviour and rumen pH profile of beef cattle fed corn silage in combination with barley grain, corn or wheat distillers’ grain or wheat middlings. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Holtshausen, L., Beauchemin, K. A., Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S., González, L. A., McAllister, T. A. and Gibb, D. J. 2011. Performance, feeding behaviour and rumen pH profile of beef cattle fed corn silage in combination with barley grain, corn or wheat distillers’ grain or wheat middlings. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 703–710. This study compared growth performance, feeding behaviour and ruminal pH profile of growing beef heifers fed a total mixed ration (TMR) containing corn silage and either [400 g kg−1 dry matter (DM)] barley grain (CTL), corn dried distillers’ grain with solubles (CDDGS), wheat dried distillers’ grain with solubles (WDDGS) or wheat middlings (WM). Eighty beef heifers (16 ruminally cannulated; 301±34 kg) were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to eight feedlot pens for a 70-d backgrounding study. Pens were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments and equipped with the GrowSafe feed intake system for determining individual feed intake and monitoring feeding behaviour. Dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (P<0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) tended to be lower for CTL (P=0.06) heifers as compared with heifers on other treatments. Feed conversion efficiency (i.e., gain to feed ratio; P=0.41) and feeding behaviour and ruminal pH profile measurements (P>0.05) did not differ among treatments. This study illustrates that barley grain can be replaced by corn dried distillers’ grain, wheat dried distillers’ grain or wheat middlings in diets fed to growing beef cattle without compromising feed conversion efficiency, adversely affecting feeding behaviour (e.g., decreased meal frequency and duration) or increasing the incidence of ruminal acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L.A. González
- Current address: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Townsville, Queensland, Australia 4814
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192
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Yang WZ, Li YL, McAllister TA, McKinnon JJ, Beauchemin KA. Wheat distillers grains in feedlot cattle diets: feeding behavior, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and blood metabolites. J Anim Sci 2011; 90:1301-10. [PMID: 22100591 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate feed intake, ADG, carcass quality, eating behavior, and blood metabolites in feedlot beef steers fed diets that varied in proportion of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) replacing barley grain or barley silage. Two hundred crossbred steers (BW = 489 ± 30 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 20 pens (5 pens per treatment). Steers were fed 1 of 4 diets: control without DDGS (CON), 25% (25DDGS), 30% (30DDGS), or 35% (35DDGS) wheat DDGS (DM basis). The CON diet consisted of 15% barley silage and 85% barley-based concentrate; the 3 wheat DDGS diets were formulated by substituting 20% barley grain and 5, 10, or 15% silage, respectively, with 25, 30, or 35% wheat DDGS so that the 35DDGS diet contained no silage. The diets were formulated such that wheat DDGS was substituted for both barley grain and barley silage to evaluate whether wheat DDGS can be fed as a source of both energy and fiber in feedlot finishing diets. Dry matter intake of steers fed 25DDGS was greater (P < 0.01), but final BW, ADG, and G:F were not different compared with steers fed CON diet. Carcass characteristics and liver abscess score were not different between CON and 25DDGS. Steers fed 25DDGS had longer eating time (min/d; P < 0.01), greater meal frequency (P < 0.04), but a slower eating rate (P < 0.04). Replacing barley silage with increasing amounts of wheat DDGS (from 25DDGS to 35DDGS) linearly reduced (P < 0.01) DMI. Final BW, ADG, and G:F were not affected by increasing amounts of wheat DDGS. Carcass traits were not different, whereas liver abscess scores linearly (P < 0.01) increased as more barley silage was replaced by wheat DDGS. Eating time (min/d) and duration of each meal linearly (P < 0.02) decreased, whereas eating rate (min/g of DM) linearly (P < 0.01) increased with increasing replacement of barley silage. Blood urea N was doubled (P < 0.01) compared with CON by inclusion of wheat DDGS. Results indicate that wheat DDGS can be used effectively in feedlot diets, decreasing the need for barley grain or silage without negatively affecting growth performance and carcass characteristics. A reduction in the amount of roughage required to maintain growth performance is a potential advantage in feedlot operations because forage is costly and often of limited availability. Thus, DDGS can be a possible alternative as long as they are available and cost effective; however, increased incidence of liver abscess and increased N content of manure need to be considered when greater amounts of wheat DDGS are included in finishing diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Z Yang
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada.
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193
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Segers JR, Stewart RL, Lents CA, Pringle TD, Froetschel MA, Lowe BK, McKeith RO, Stelzleni AM. Effect of long-term corn by-product feeding on beef quality, strip loin fatty acid profiles, and shelf life. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3792-802. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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194
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Effect of distillers grains moisture and inclusion level in livestock diets on greenhouse gas emissions in the corn-ethanol-livestock life cycle1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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195
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Uwituze S, Parsons GL, Karges KK, Gibson ML, Hollis LC, Higgins JJ, Drouillard JS. Effects of distillers grains with high sulfur concentration on ruminal fermentation and digestibility of finishing diets1,2. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2817-28. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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196
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Uwituze S, Parsons GL, Schneider CJ, Karges KK, Gibson ML, Hollis LC, Higgins JJ, Drouillard JS. Evaluation of sulfur content of dried distillers grains with solubles in finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn or dry-rolled corn1,2. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2582-91. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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197
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Effect of degradable intake protein supplementation in finishing diets containing dried distillers grains or wet distillers grains plus solubles on performance and carcass characteristics1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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198
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Quinn MJ, May ML, DiLorenzo N, Ponce CH, Smith DR, Parr SL, Galyean ML. Effects of roughage source and distillers grain concentration on beef cattle finishing performance, carcass characteristics, and in vitro fermentation1,2. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2631-42. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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199
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Li YL, McAllister TA, Beauchemin KA, He ML, McKinnon JJ, Yang WZ. Substitution of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles for barley grain or barley silage in feedlot cattle diets: Intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2491-501. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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200
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Sustainability of pasture-based livestock farming systems in the European Mediterranean context: Synergies and trade-offs. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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