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Hadfield SJ, Pachebat JA, Swain MT, Robinson G, Cameron SJ, Alexander J, Hegarty MJ, Elwin K, Chalmers RM. Generation of whole genome sequences of new Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum isolates directly from stool samples. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:650. [PMID: 26318339 PMCID: PMC4552982 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Cryptosporidium spp. has previously relied on propagation of the parasite in animals to generate enough oocysts from which to extract DNA of sufficient quantity and purity for analysis. We have developed and validated a method for preparation of genomic Cryptosporidium DNA suitable for WGS directly from human stool samples and used it to generate 10 high-quality whole Cryptosporidium genome assemblies. Our method uses a combination of salt flotation, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), and surface sterilisation of oocysts prior to DNA extraction, with subsequent use of the transposome-based Nextera XT kit to generate libraries for sequencing on Illumina platforms. IMS was found to be superior to caesium chloride density centrifugation for purification of oocysts from small volume stool samples and for reducing levels of contaminant DNA. Results The IMS-based method was used initially to sequence whole genomes of Cryptosporidium hominis gp60 subtype IbA10G2 and Cryptosporidium parvum gp60 subtype IIaA19G1R2 from small amounts of stool left over from diagnostic testing of clinical cases of cryptosporidiosis. The C. parvum isolate was sequenced to a mean depth of 51.8X with reads covering 100 % of the bases of the C. parvum Iowa II reference genome (Bioproject PRJNA 15586), while the C. hominis isolate was sequenced to a mean depth of 34.7X with reads covering 98 % of the bases of the C. hominis TU502 v1 reference genome (Bioproject PRJNA 15585). The method was then applied to a further 17 stools, successfully generating another eight new whole genome sequences, of which two were C. hominis (gp60 subtypes IbA10G2 and IaA14R3) and six C. parvum (gp60 subtypes IIaA15G2R1 from three samples, and one each of IIaA17G1R1, IIaA18G2R1, and IIdA22G1), demonstrating the utility of this method to sequence Cryptosporidium genomes directly from clinical samples. This development is especially important as it reduces the requirement to propagate Cryptosporidium oocysts in animal models prior to genome sequencing. Conclusion This represents the first report of high-quality whole genome sequencing of Cryptosporidium isolates prepared directly from human stool samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Hadfield
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology ABM, Singleton Hospital, Sgeti, Swansea, SA2 8QA, United Kingdom.
| | - Justin A Pachebat
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
| | - Martin T Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
| | - Guy Robinson
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology ABM, Singleton Hospital, Sgeti, Swansea, SA2 8QA, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon Js Cameron
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
| | - Jenna Alexander
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew J Hegarty
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
| | - Kristin Elwin
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology ABM, Singleton Hospital, Sgeti, Swansea, SA2 8QA, United Kingdom.
| | - Rachel M Chalmers
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology ABM, Singleton Hospital, Sgeti, Swansea, SA2 8QA, United Kingdom.
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Díaz P, Quílez J, Prieto A, Navarro E, Pérez-Creo A, Fernández G, Panadero R, López C, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P. Cryptosporidium species and subtype analysis in diarrhoeic pre-weaned lambs and goat kids from north-western Spain. Parasitol Res 2015. [PMID: 26212102 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Faecal specimens from diarrhoeic pre-weaned lambs (n = 171) and goat kids (n = 118) were collected in 37 sheep and 23 goat flocks, respectively, from NW Spain and microscopically examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Positive specimens were selected for molecular characterization. Presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts were significantly higher in specimens from goat kids (62.7%) than from lambs (31.6%). PCR products of the SSU rRNA locus were obtained for 108 isolates, and three Cryptosporidium species were identified. Cryptosporidium parvum was the most common species identified from both lambs (74.4%) and goat kids (93.8%). The remaining PCR products from lambs (25.6%) and goat kids (7.7%) were identified as Cryptosporidium Ubiquitum and Cryptosporidium xiaoi, respectively. Five C. parvum subtypes were identified; IIaA13G1R1, IIaA14G2R1, IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA16G3R1 were found in both host species, and IIdA17G1 was only detected in goat kids. Subtype IIaA15G2R1 was the most common and widely distributed. The present study provides the first description of subtypes IIaA13G1R1 in both small ruminant species, IIaA14G2R1 in sheep and IIaA16G3R1 in goats. Our results also reveal that diarrhoeic pre-weaned lambs and goat kids must be considered important reservoirs of Cryptosporidium species with zoonotic potential, such as C. parvum and C. ubiquitum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Quílez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Prieto
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Esther Navarro
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Creo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosario Panadero
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ceferino López
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díez-Baños
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Patrocinio Morrondo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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153
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BJÖRKMAN C, LINDSTRÖM L, OWESON C, AHOLA H, TROELL K, AXÉN C. Cryptosporidium infections in suckler herd beef calves. Parasitology 2015; 142:1108-14. [PMID: 25899555 PMCID: PMC4453919 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A study was carried out to investigate how common Cryptosporidium infections are in beef calves in Swedish suckler herds and to explore which species and subtypes that occur. We further aimed at identifying factors associated with shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts in this type of calf management. The study was conducted in two regions in Sweden and included 30 herds. Faecal samples were collected from calves younger than 3 months. A brief clinical examination was done and a questionnaire was used to collect data on management routines. Faeces were cleaned and concentrated and oocysts identified by epifuorescence microscopy. Cryptosporidium positive samples were analyzed at the 18S rRNA and GP60 genes to determine species and Cryptosporidium parvum subtype, respectively. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with infection. Oocysts were detected in 122 (36.7%) calves from 29 (97%) herds, at 400 to 2.4 × 107 OPG. The youngest positive calves were only 1 and 2 days old. There was no association between age and Cryptosporidium infection. Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium ryanae, C. parvum and Cryptosporidium ubiquitum were identified, with C. bovis being the major species. Two C. parvum subtypes, IIaA16G1R1 and IIdA27G1 were identified. Routines for cleaning calf pens and number of cows in calving pens were associated with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. BJÖRKMAN
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L. LINDSTRÖM
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C. OWESON
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H. AHOLA
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K. TROELL
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C. AXÉN
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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154
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Blanco MA, de Lucio A, Fuentes I, Carmena D. Cryptosporidium ubiquitum in Venezuela: First report in a paediatric patient with acute diarrhoea. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2015; 34:142-3. [PMID: 26130311 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Blanco
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioanalyses, University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Aida de Lucio
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fuentes
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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155
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Qi M, Cai J, Wang R, Li J, Jian F, Huang J, Zhou H, Zhang L. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis from yaks in the central western region of China. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:108. [PMID: 25994330 PMCID: PMC4438589 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are important causes of diarrheal diseases in humans and animals worldwide, and there is an increased interest in the role of animals in the mechanical transmission of these protozoa. To examine the role of yaks in this process, we examined the occurrence and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis in yaks in western China. RESULTS A total of 545 fecal specimens were collected from yaks from nine different counties in the central western region of China. The prevalence for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were 4.0 % (22/545) and 6.0 % (16/545), respectively. Mixed infections of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis were also detected in four specimens. The prevalence of both protozoa differed significantly between some age groups, with higher rates of infection in animals < 1 year old. Sequence analysis of the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene of the Cryptosporidium isolates identified the species as C. parvum (n = 12), C. bovis (n = 6), C. ryanae (n = 3), and C. ubiquitum (n = 1). Genotyping based on 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene from five C. parvum isolates identified all as IId with three isolates identified as IIdA15G1, one as IIdA18G1, and one as IIdA19G1. One C. ubiquitum isolate was identified as subtype VIIa. Amongst the G. duodenalis isolates, 16 were identified as assemblage E at the SSU rRNA gene. Four novel glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) subtypes and two triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) subtypes were found amongst the G. duodenalis assemblage E isolates. CONCLUSIONS The presence of C. parvum subtype IIdA15G1, IIdA18G1, and IIdA19G1 isolates further confirms the dominance of the C. parvum IId subtypes in China. These findings also indicate that yaks may be a source of zoonotic Cryptosporidium infection, and this is the first report of G. duodenalis in yaks. The data presented here provides the basis for further genotyping or subtyping studies of G. duodenalis in yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Jinzhong Cai
- Qinghai Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Xining, 810016, P. R. China.
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Huan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
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156
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Multilocus typing and population structure of Cryptosporidium from children in Zaragoza, Spain. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 31:190-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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157
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Development and Application of a gp60-Based Typing Assay for Cryptosporidium viatorum. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:1891-7. [PMID: 25832304 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00313-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan intestinal parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium take a major toll on human and animal health and are frequent causes of waterborne outbreaks. Several species and genotypes can infect humans, including Cryptosporidium viatorum, which, to date, has only been found in humans. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., critical to epidemiological analyses, is commonly based on gp60 gene analysis, which appears to require bespoke species- or group-specific PCR primers due to extensive genetic diversity across the genus. In this study, we amplified, sequenced, and characterized the gp60 gene of C. viatorum for the first time. Moreover, we developed and validated a gp60 typing assay for this species and applied it to 27 isolates originating from Asia, Africa, and Central America. A single subtype family, XVa, was identified containing multiple alleles.
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158
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Subtyping novel zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:1648-54. [PMID: 25762767 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03436-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I is an emerging zoonotic pathogen in humans. The lack of subtyping tools makes it impossible to determine the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology. To identify potential subtyping markers, we sequenced the genome of a human chipmunk genotype I isolate. Altogether, 9,509,783 bp of assembled sequences in 853 contigs were obtained, with an N50 of 117,886 bp and >200-fold coverage. Based on the whole-genome sequence data, two genetic markers encoding the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) and a mucin protein (ortholog of cgd1_470) were selected for the development of a subtyping tool. The tool was used for characterizing chipmunk genotype I in 25 human specimens from four U.S. states and Sweden, one specimen each from an eastern gray squirrel, a chipmunk, and a deer mouse, and 4 water samples from New York. At the gp60 locus, although different subtypes were seen among the animals, water, and humans, the 15 subtypes identified differed mostly in the numbers of trinucleotide repeats (TCA, TCG, or TCT) in the serine repeat region, with only two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the nonrepeat region. Some geographic differences were found in the subtype distribution of chipmunk genotype I from humans. In contrast, only two subtypes were found at the mucin locus, which differed from each other in the numbers of a 30-bp minisatellite repeat. Thus, Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I isolates from humans and wildlife are genetically similar, and zoonotic transmission might play a potential role in human infections.
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159
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Multicenter evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray gastrointestinal panel for etiologic diagnosis of infectious gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:915-25. [PMID: 25588652 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02674-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The appropriate treatment and control of infectious gastroenteritis depend on the ability to rapidly detect the wide range of etiologic agents associated with the disease. Clinical laboratories currently utilize an array of different methodologies to test for bacterial, parasitic, and viral causes of gastroenteritis, a strategy that suffers from poor sensitivity, potentially long turnaround times, and complicated ordering practices and workflows. Additionally, there are limited or no testing methods routinely available for most diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains, astroviruses, and sapoviruses. This study assessed the performance of the FilmArray Gastrointestinal (GI) Panel for the simultaneous detection of 22 different enteric pathogens directly from stool specimens: Campylobacter spp., Clostridium difficile (toxin A/B), Plesiomonas shigelloides, Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, enteroaggregative E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli (stx1 and stx2) (including specific detection of E. coli O157), Shigella spp./enteroinvasive E. coli, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, adenovirus F 40/41, astrovirus, norovirus GI/GII, rotavirus A, and sapovirus. Prospectively collected stool specimens (n = 1,556) were evaluated using the BioFire FilmArray GI Panel and tested with conventional stool culture and molecular methods for comparison. The FilmArray GI Panel sensitivity was 100% for 12/22 targets and ≥94.5% for an additional 7/22 targets. For the remaining three targets, sensitivity could not be calculated due to the low prevalences in this study. The FilmArray GI Panel specificity was ≥97.1% for all panel targets. The FilmArray GI Panel provides a comprehensive, rapid, and streamlined alternative to conventional methods for the etiologic diagnosis of infectious gastroenteritis in the laboratory setting. The potential advantages include improved performance parameters, a more extensive menu of pathogens, and a turnaround time of as short as 1 h.
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160
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Mi R, Wang X, Huang Y, Zhou P, Liu Y, Chen Y, Chen J, Zhu W, Chen Z. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium in goats across four provincial level areas in China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111164. [PMID: 25343501 PMCID: PMC4208816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the prevalence, species and subtypes of Cryptosporidium in goats from Guangdong Province, Hubei Province, Shandong Province, and Shanghai City of China. Six hundred and four fecal samples were collected from twelve goat farms, and the overall infection rate was 11.4% (69/604). Goats infected with Cryptosporidium were found in eleven farms across four provincial areas, and the infection rate ranged from 2.9% (1/35) to 25.0% (9/36). Three Cryptosporidium species were identified. Cryptosporidium xiaoi (45/69, 65.2%) was the dominant species, followed by C. parvum (14/69, 20.3%) and C.ubiquitum (10/69, 14.5%). The infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was varied with host age and goat kids were more susceptible to be infected than adult goats. Subtyping C.parvum and C.ubiquitum positive samples revealed C. parvum subtype IIdA19G1 and C. ubiquitum subtype XIIa were the most common subtypes. Other C. parvum subtypes were detected as well, such as IIaA14G2R1, IIaA15G1R1, IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA17G2R1. All of these subtypes have also been detected in humans, suggesting goats may be a potential source of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. This was the first report of C. parvum subtypes IIaA14G2R1, IIaA15G1R1 and IIaA17G2R1 infecting in goats and the first molecular identification of C.parvum and its subtypes in Chinese goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal-borne Food Safety Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal-borne Food Safety Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal-borne Food Safety Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal-borne Food Safety Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal-borne Food Safety Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal-borne Food Safety Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Lvxiang Town Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Jinshan District, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Tengzhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Technology Service Center, Tengzhou, China
| | - Zhaoguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal-borne Food Safety Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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161
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Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs. Parasitology 2014; 141:1667-85. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYCryptosporidiumis increasingly recognized as one of the major causes of moderate to severe diarrhoea in developing countries. With treatment options limited, control relies on knowledge of the biology and transmission of the members of the genus responsible for disease. Currently, 26 species are recognized as valid on the basis of morphological, biological and molecular data. Of the nearly 20Cryptosporidiumspecies and genotypes that have been reported in humans,Cryptosporidium hominisandCryptosporidium parvumare responsible for the majority of infections. Livestock, particularly cattle, are one of the most important reservoirs of zoonotic infections. Domesticated and wild animals can each be infected with severalCryptosporidiumspecies or genotypes that have only a narrow host range and therefore have no major public health significance. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing techniques will significantly improve our understanding of the taxonomy and transmission ofCryptosporidiumspecies, and the investigation of outbreaks and monitoring of emerging and virulent subtypes. Important research gaps remain including a lack of subtyping tools for manyCryptosporidiumspecies of public and veterinary health importance, and poor understanding of the genetic determinants of host specificity ofCryptosporidiumspecies and impact of climate change on the transmission ofCryptosporidium.
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162
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Robertson LJ, Utaaker KS, Goyal K, Sehgal R. Keeping parasitology under the One Health umbrella. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:369-72. [PMID: 25022215 PMCID: PMC7128114 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The One Health concept is no longer new, but remains an accepted concept in modern disease control – where the interactions between animal health, human health, and the environment in which we live are recognised as being of importance. However, emerging infectious diseases often garner the greatest attention and resources. Parasitic infections, many of which are zoonotic but cannot truly be considered as emerging, must ensure that they retain their place under the One Health umbrella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology Laboratory, Section for Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kjersti Selstad Utaaker
- Parasitology Laboratory, Section for Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kapil Goyal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
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Wang Y, Yang W, Cama V, Wang L, Cabrera L, Ortega Y, Bern C, Feng Y, Gilman R, Xiao L. Population genetics of Cryptosporidium meleagridis in humans and birds: evidence for cross-species transmission. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:515-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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164
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Wang R, Li G, Cui B, Huang J, Cui Z, Zhang S, Dong H, Yue D, Zhang L, Ning C, Wang M. Prevalence, molecular characterization and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. in goats in Henan and Chongqing, China. Exp Parasitol 2014; 142:11-6. [PMID: 24721256 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To estimate the prevalence and public health significance of cryptosporidiosis in goats in China, 1265 fecal samples from seven farms in Henan province and Chongqing city were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The overall infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was 3.48% (44/1256). Significant difference was observed among age groups, with the post weaned kids having the highest infection rate (4.58%; ρ<0.01). Cryptosporidium spp. were characterized by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and DNA sequence analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. The SSU rRNA-based PCR identified three Cryptosporidium species, including Cryptosporidium ubiquitum (24/44) in Henan and Chongqing, and Cryptosporidium andersoni (16/44) and Cryptosporidium xiaoi (4/44) in Henan. Among which, the C. ubiquitum and C. andersoni were first identified in goats thus far and were found in all age groups except no C. andersoni being found in the postparturition nannies, whereas the C. xiaoi was detected in pre-weaned kids and pregnant nannies. Subtyping C. ubiquitum by DNA sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene suggested the isolates identified all belonged to zoonotic XIIa subtype 2. Thus, the dominant C. ubiquitum found in this study and the XIIa subtype 2 has been found in humans indicated goats are a potential source for zoonotic infections with the C. ubiquitum. More studies are needed for better understanding of differences in the transmission and public health significance of cryptosporidiosis in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guoquan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Bin Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhaohui Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Haiju Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Daoyou Yue
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ming Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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165
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Longitudinal prevalence, oocyst shedding and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium species in sheep across four states in Australia. Vet Parasitol 2014; 200:50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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