151
|
Abstract
Gloves can serve as barriers to decrease the transfer of microorganisms from hands to food. Glove changing by food vendors is particularly important when handling paper currency, as bills can carry and transmit microbes from person to person. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) To ascertain the extent to which gloves are changed after monetary transactions in food vendors at a major mall in New Jersey; and (2) to document the level of bacterial contamination and the presence of coliform bacteria on paper currency handled by these vendors. This study was conducted with two phases: Phase 1, in which 10 min of observation of food workers was completed followed by a monetary sample collection and testing, and Phase 2, in which 1 h of observations were conducted. During Phase 1, gloves were changed after 4 (2.3%) of the 174 transactions. All the dollar bills collected from all 17 vendors during Phase 1 exhibited bacterial contamination. The number of CFUs ranged from 1.18 × 107 to 1.13 × 1010, and bills collected from 6 of the 17 vendors (35.3%) tested positive for coliform bacteria. In Phase 2, gloves were changed after 3.35% of the 1193 transactions observed. This study makes the critical connection between the lack of compliance by food workers with the health code, and the contaminated money they may be handling while dispensing food.
Collapse
|
152
|
Brusa V, Costa M, Londero A, Leotta GA, Galli L. Characterization and Molecular Subtyping of Shiga Toxin–ProducingEscherichia coliStrains in Butcher Shops. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:253-259. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), La Plata, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Costa
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Londero
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A. Leotta
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lucía Galli
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Mishra A, Pang H, Buchanan RL, Schaffner DW, Pradhan AK. A System Model for Understanding the Role of Animal Feces as a Route of Contamination of Leafy Greens before Harvest. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02775-16. [PMID: 27836846 PMCID: PMC5203627 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02775-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of foodborne outbreaks in the United States associated with the consumption of leafy greens contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been reported during the period of July to November. A dynamic system model consisting of subsystems and inputs to the system (soil, irrigation, cattle, wild pig, and rainfall) simulating a hypothetical farm was developed. The model assumed two crops of lettuce in a year and simulated planting, irrigation, harvesting, ground preparation for the new crop, contamination of soil and plants, and survival of E. coli O157:H7. As predicted by the baseline model for crops harvested in different months from conventional fields, an estimated 13 out of 257 (5.05%) first crops harvested in July would have at least one plant with at least 1 CFU of E. coli O157:H7. Predictions indicate that no first crops would be contaminated with at least 1 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 for other months (April to June). The maximum E. coli O157:H7 concentration in a plant was higher in the second crop (27.10 CFU) than in the first crop (9.82 CFU). For the second crop, the probabilities of having at least one plant with at least 1 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 in a crop were predicted as 15/228 (6.6%), 5/333 (1.5%), 14/324 (4.3%), and 6/115 (5.2%) in August, September, October, and November, respectively. For organic fields, the probabilities of having at least one plant with ≥1 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 in a crop (3.45%) were predicted to be higher than those for the conventional fields (2.15%). IMPORTANCE This study is the first attempt toward developing a mathematical system model to understand the pathway of E. coli O157:H7 in the production of leafy greens. Results of the presented system model indicate that the seasonality of outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7-associated contamination of leafy greens was in good agreement with the prevalence of this pathogen in cattle and wild pig feces in a major leafy greens-producing region in California. On the basis of comparisons among the results of different scenarios, it can be recommended that the concentration of E. coli O157:H7 in leafy greens can be reduced considerably if contamination of soil with wild pig and cattle feces is mitigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Hao Pang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert L Buchanan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald W Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Abani K Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Transmission pathways for sporadic Shiga-toxin producing E. coli infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
155
|
Baranzoni GM, Fratamico PM, Boccia F, Bagi LK, Kim GH, Anastasio A, Pepe T. Evaluation of the performance of the IQ-Check kits and the USDA Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook methods for detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and STEC and Salmonella simultaneously in ground beef. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:809-816. [PMID: 27987365 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the performance of the IQ-Check kits and the USDA Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (MLG) methods for detection of the top seven Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) (O157:H7, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121 and O145) in ground beef and both STEC and Salmonella in co-inoculated samples. METHODS AND RESULTS Ground beef samples inoculated with ~10 CFU of STEC or both STEC and Salmonella Typhimurium were stored at 4°C for 72 h, followed by screening with the IQ-Check and BAX System kit (MLG) methods that employ different enrichment media. STEC and S. Typhimurium were detected after 12 and 18 h and their presence was confirmed by colony isolation. CONCLUSIONS Both methods were able to detect STEC in ground beef after 12 h of enrichment in samples inoculated with low levels of the pathogen. STEC and S. Typhimurium can be detected and isolated in co-inoculated ground beef samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The IQ-Check methods are comparable to the MLG methods for detection of STEC and simultaneous detection of STEC and S. Typhimurium in seeded ground beef after a short enrichment time, thus the IQ-Check method can be useful for the food industry for rapid detection of these pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Baranzoni
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - P M Fratamico
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - F Boccia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - L K Bagi
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - G-H Kim
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - A Anastasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - T Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Karmali MA. Emerging Public Health Challenges of Shiga Toxin–ProducingEscherichia coliRelated to Changes in the Pathogen, the Population, and the Environment. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 64:371-376. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
157
|
Zhang D, Coronel-Aguilera CP, Romero PL, Perry L, Minocha U, Rosenfield C, Gehring AG, Paoli GC, Bhunia AK, Applegate B. The Use of a Novel NanoLuc -Based Reporter Phage for the Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33235. [PMID: 27624517 PMCID: PMC5021930 DOI: 10.1038/srep33235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid detection of the foodborne pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 is of vital importance for public health worldwide. Among detection methods, reporter phages represent unique and sensitive tools for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 from food as they are host-specific and able to differentiate live cells from dead ones. Upon infection, target bacteria become identifiable since reporter genes are expressed from the engineered phage genome. The E. coli O157:H7 bacteriophage ΦV10 was modified to express NanoLuc luciferase (Nluc) derived from the deep-sea shrimp Oplophorus gracilirostris. Once infected by the ΦV10 reporter phage, E. coli O157:H7 produces a strong bioluminescent signal upon addition of commercial luciferin (Nano-Glo(®)). Enrichment assays using E. coli O157:H7 grown in LB broth with a reporter phage concentration of 1.76 × 10(2) pfu ml(-1) are capable of detecting approximately 5 CFU in 7 hours. Comparable detection was achieved within 9 hours using 9.23 × 10(3) pfu ml(-1) of phage in selective culture enrichments of ground beef as a representative food matrix. Therefore we conclude that this NanoLuc reporter phage assay shows promise for detection of E. coli O157:H7 from food in a simple, fast and sensitive manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Patricia L. Romero
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lynda Perry
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Udit Minocha
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Carla Rosenfield
- Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andrew G. Gehring
- Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - George C. Paoli
- Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Arun K. Bhunia
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bruce Applegate
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Woods TA, Mendez HM, Ortega S, Shi X, Marx D, Bai J, Moxley RA, Nagaraja TG, Graves SW, Deshpande A. Development of 11-Plex MOL-PCR Assay for the Rapid Screening of Samples for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:92. [PMID: 27630828 PMCID: PMC5005322 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a serious threat to the health, with approximately half of the STEC related food-borne illnesses attributable to contaminated beef. We developed an assay that was able to screen samples for several important STEC associated serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O104, O111, O121, O145, O157) and three major virulence factors (eae, stx1, stx2) in a rapid and multiplexed format using the Multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-PCR (MOL-PCR) assay chemistry. This assay detected unique STEC DNA signatures and is meant to be used on samples from various sources related to beef production, providing a multiplex and high-throughput complement to the multiplex PCR assays currently in use. Multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-PCR (MOL-PCR) is a nucleic acid-based assay chemistry that relies on flow cytometry/image cytometry and multiplex microsphere arrays for the detection of nucleic acid-based signatures present in target agents. The STEC MOL-PCR assay provided greater than 90% analytical specificity across all sequence markers designed when tested against panels of DNA samples that represent different STEC serogroups and toxin gene profiles. This paper describes the development of the 11-plex assay and the results of its validation. This highly multiplexed, but more importantly dynamic and adaptable screening assay allows inclusion of additional signatures as they are identified in relation to public health. As the impact of STEC associated illness on public health is explored additional information on classification will be needed on single samples; thus, this assay can serve as the backbone for a complex screening system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis A Woods
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Heather M Mendez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM, USA; The New Mexico ConsortiumLos Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Sandy Ortega
- Translational Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - David Marx
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Rodney A Moxley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Steven W Graves
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Alina Deshpande
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Analytics, Intelligence and Technology Division Los Alamos, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Sadat Ebrahimi MM, Dohm N, Müller M, Jansen B, Schönherr H. Self-reporting hydrogels rapidly differentiate among enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and non-virulent Escherichia coli (K12). Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
160
|
Iguchi A, Iyoda S, Seto K, Nishii H, Ohnishi M, Mekata H, Ogura Y, Hayashi T. Six Novel O Genotypes from Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:765. [PMID: 27242776 PMCID: PMC4873512 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotyping is one of the typing techniques used to classify strains within the same species. O-serogroup diversification shows a strong association with the genetic diversity of O-antigen biosynthesis genes. In a previous study, based on the O-antigen biosynthesis gene cluster (O-AGC) sequences of 184 known Escherichia coli O serogroups (from O1 to O187), we developed a comprehensive and practical molecular O serogrouping (O genotyping) platform using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, named E. coli O-genotyping PCR. Although, the validation assay using the PCR system showed that most of the tested strains were successfully classified into one of the O genotypes, it was impossible to classify 6.1% (35/575) of the strains, suggesting the presence of novel O genotypes. In this study, we conducted sequence analysis of O-AGCs from O-genotype untypeable Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strains and identified six novel O genotypes; OgN1, OgN8, OgN9, OgN10, OgN12 and OgN31, with unique wzx and/or wzy O-antigen processing gene sequences. Additionally, to identify these novel O-genotypes, we designed specific PCR primers. A screen of O genotypes using O-genotype untypeable strains showed 13 STEC strains were classified into five novel O genotypes. The O genotyping at the molecular level of the O-AGC would aid in the characterization of E. coli isolates and will assist future studies in STEC epidemiology and phylogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Iguchi
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Sunao Iyoda
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuko Seto
- Division of Bacteriology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironobu Nishii
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of MiyazakiMiyazaki, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of MiyazakiMiyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|