151
|
Brooks EP, Nichols JT. Shifting Zebrafish Lethal Skeletal Mutant Penetrance by Progeny Testing. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28892034 DOI: 10.3791/56200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish mutant phenotypes are often incompletely penetrant, only manifesting in some mutants. Interesting phenotypes that inconsistently appear can be difficult to study, and can lead to confounding results. The protocol described here is a straightforward breeding paradigm to increase and decrease penetrance in lethal zebrafish skeletal mutants. Because lethal mutants cannot be selectively bred directly, the classic selective breeding strategy of progeny testing is employed. This method also includes protocols for Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) genotyping zebrafish and staining larval zebrafish cartilage and bone. Applying the husbandry strategy described here can increase the penetrance of an interesting skeletal phenotype enabling more reproducible results in downstream applications. In addition, decreasing the mutant penetrance through this selective breeding strategy can reveal the developmental processes that most crucially require the function of the mutated gene. While the skeleton is specifically considered here, we propose that this methodology will be useful for all zebrafish mutant lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliott P Brooks
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - James T Nichols
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus;
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Wu YJ, Hsu MT, Ng MC, Amstislavskaya TG, Tikhonova MA, Yang YL, Lu KT. Fragile X Mental Retardation-1 Knockout Zebrafish Shows Precocious Development in Social Behavior. Zebrafish 2017; 14:438-443. [PMID: 28829283 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2017.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a generally hereditary form of human mental retardation that is caused by triplet repeat expansion (CGG) mutation in fragile X mental retardation 1 (fmr1) gene promoter and that results in the absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. The common symptoms of FXS patients include learning disabilities, anxiety, autistic behaviors, as well as other behavioral abnormalities. Our previous results demonstrated the behavioral abnormalities in fmr1 knockout (KO) zebrafish such as fear memory impairment and autism-like behavior. Here, we studied the functional role of fmr1 gene on the development of social behavior by behavioral experiments, including shoaling behavior, shoaling preference, light/dark test, and novel tank task. Our results demonstrated that precocious development of shoaling behavior is found in fmr1 KO zebrafish without affecting the shoaling preference on conspecific zebrafish. The shoaling behavior appeared after 14 days postfertilization (dpf), and the level of shoaling elevated in fmr1 KO zebrafish. Furthermore, the fmr1 KO zebrafish at 28 dpf expressed higher anxiety level in novel tank task. These results suggest that the change of shoaling behavior in fmr1 KO zebrafish may result from hyperactivity and an increase of anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ju Wu
- 1 Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Ting Hsu
- 1 Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chong Ng
- 2 Center for General Education, National Quemoy University , Quemoy, Taiwan
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- 3 Laboratory of Experimental Models of Neurodegenerative Processes, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine" (SRIPhBM) , Novosibirsk, Russia .,4 Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maria A Tikhonova
- 3 Laboratory of Experimental Models of Neurodegenerative Processes, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine" (SRIPhBM) , Novosibirsk, Russia .,4 Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yi-Ling Yang
- 5 Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chia-Yi University , Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Kwok-Tung Lu
- 1 Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Orger
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal;,
| | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
Vignet C, Parrott J. Maturation of behaviour in the fathead minnow. Behav Processes 2017; 138:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
155
|
Faustino AI, Tacão-Monteiro A, Oliveira RF. Mechanisms of social buffering of fear in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44329. [PMID: 28361887 PMCID: PMC5374490 DOI: 10.1038/srep44329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some humans thrive whereas others resign when exposed to threatening situations throughout life. Social support has been identified as an important modulator of these discrepancies in human behaviour, and other social animals also exhibit phenomena in which individuals recover better from aversive events when conspecifics are present - aka social buffering. Here we studied social buffering in zebrafish, by exposing focal fish to an aversive stimulus (alarm substance - AS) either in the absence or presence of conspecific cues. When exposed to AS in the presence of both olfactory (shoal water) and visual (sight of shoal) conspecific cues, focal fish exhibited a lower fear response than when tested alone, demonstrating social buffering in zebrafish. When separately testing each cue's effectiveness, we verified that the visual cue was more effective than the olfactory in reducing freezing in a persistent threat scenario. Finally, we verified that social buffering was independent of shoal size and coincided with a distinct pattern of co-activation of brain regions known to be involved in mammalian social buffering. Thus, this study suggests a shared evolutionary origin for social buffering in vertebrates, bringing new evidence on the behavioural, sensory and neural mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Faustino
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
- ISPA–Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, Lisboa 1149-041, Portugal
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Avenida Brasília, Lisboa 1400-038, Portugal
| | - André Tacão-Monteiro
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Avenida Brasília, Lisboa 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Rui F. Oliveira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
- ISPA–Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, Lisboa 1149-041, Portugal
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Avenida Brasília, Lisboa 1400-038, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Abstract
The striking patterns of collective animal behavior, including ant trails, bird flocks, and fish schools, can result from local interactions among animals without centralized control. Several of these rules of interaction have been proposed, but it has proven difficult to discriminate which ones are implemented in nature. As a method to better discriminate among interaction rules, we propose to follow the slow birth of a rule of interaction during animal development. Specifically, we followed the development of zebrafish, Danio rerio, and found that larvae turn toward each other from 7 days postfertilization and increase the intensity of interactions until 3 weeks. This developmental dataset allows testing the parameter-free predictions of a simple rule in which animals attract each other part of the time, with attraction defined as turning toward another animal chosen at random. This rule makes each individual likely move to a high density of conspecifics, and moving groups naturally emerge. Development of attraction strength corresponds to an increase in the time spent in attraction behavior. Adults were found to follow the same attraction rule, suggesting a potential significance for adults of other species.
Collapse
|
157
|
Nadler LE, Killen SS, McCormick MI, Watson SA, Munday PL. Effect of elevated carbon dioxide on shoal familiarity and metabolism in a coral reef fish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow052. [PMID: 27933164 PMCID: PMC5142050 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 is expected to more than double by the end of the century. The resulting changes in ocean chemistry will affect the behaviour, sensory systems and physiology of a range of fish species. Although a number of past studies have examined effects of CO2 in gregarious fishes, most have assessed individuals in social isolation, which can alter individual behaviour and metabolism in social species. Within social groups, a learned familiarity can develop following a prolonged period of interaction between individuals, with fishes preferentially associating with familiar conspecifics because of benefits such as improved social learning and greater foraging opportunities. However, social recognition occurs through detection of shoal-mate cues; hence, it may be disrupted by near-future CO2 conditions. In the present study, we examined the influence of elevated CO2 on shoal familiarity and the metabolic benefits of group living in the gregarious damselfish species the blue-green puller (Chromis viridis). Shoals were acclimated to one of three nominal CO2 treatments: control (450 µatm), mid-CO2 (750 µatm) or high-CO2 (1000 µatm). After a 4-7 day acclimation period, familiarity was examined using a choice test, in which individuals were given the choice to associate with familiar shoal-mates or unfamiliar conspecifics. In control conditions, individuals preferentially associated with familiar shoal-mates. However, this association was lost in both elevated-CO2 treatments. Elevated CO2 did not impact the calming effect of shoaling on metabolism, as measured using an intermittent-flow respirometry methodology for social species following a 17-20 day acclimation period to CO2 treatment. In all CO2 treatments, individuals exhibited a significantly lower metabolic rate when measured in a shoal vs. alone, highlighting the complexity of shoal dynamics and the processes that influence the benefits of shoaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Nadler
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mark I. McCormick
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Sue-Ann Watson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Philip L. Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Liu X, Zhang Y, Lin J, Xia Q, Guo N, Li Q. Social Preference Deficits in Juvenile Zebrafish Induced by Early Chronic Exposure to Sodium Valproate. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:201. [PMID: 27812327 PMCID: PMC5071328 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to sodium valproate (VPA), a widely used anti-epileptic drug, is related to a series of dysfunctions, such as deficits in language and communication. Clinical and animal studies have indicated that the effects of VPA are related to the concentration and to the exposure window, while the neurobehavioral effects of VPA have received limited research attention. In the current study, to analyze the neurobehavioral effects of VPA, zebrafish at 24 h post-fertilization (hpf) were treated with early chronic exposure to 20 μM VPA for 7 h per day for 6 days or with early acute exposure to 100 μM VPA for 7 h. A battery of behavioral screenings was conducted at 1 month of age to investigate social preference, locomotor activity, anxiety, and behavioral response to light change. A social preference deficit was only observed in animals with chronic VPA exposure. Acute VPA exposure induced a change in the locomotor activity, while chronic VPA exposure did not affect locomotor activity. Neither exposure procedure influenced anxiety or the behavioral response to light change. These results suggested that VPA has the potential to affect some behaviors in zebrafish, such as social behavior and the locomotor activity, and that the effects were closely related to the concentration and the exposure window. Additionally, social preference seemed to be independent from other simple behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Liu
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Yinglan Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Lin
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoxi Xia
- Department of Life Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University Anhui, China
| | - Ning Guo
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Jouary A, Haudrechy M, Candelier R, Sumbre G. A 2D virtual reality system for visual goal-driven navigation in zebrafish larvae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34015. [PMID: 27659496 PMCID: PMC5034285 DOI: 10.1038/srep34015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals continuously rely on sensory feedback to adjust motor commands. In order to study the role of visual feedback in goal-driven navigation, we developed a 2D visual virtual reality system for zebrafish larvae. The visual feedback can be set to be similar to what the animal experiences in natural conditions. Alternatively, modification of the visual feedback can be used to study how the brain adapts to perturbations. For this purpose, we first generated a library of free-swimming behaviors from which we learned the relationship between the trajectory of the larva and the shape of its tail. Then, we used this technique to infer the intended displacements of head-fixed larvae, and updated the visual environment accordingly. Under these conditions, larvae were capable of aligning and swimming in the direction of a whole-field moving stimulus and produced the fine changes in orientation and position required to capture virtual prey. We demonstrate the sensitivity of larvae to visual feedback by updating the visual world in real-time or only at the end of the discrete swimming episodes. This visual feedback perturbation caused impaired performance of prey-capture behavior, suggesting that larvae rely on continuous visual feedback during swimming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Jouary
- École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Haudrechy
- École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Candelier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 8237, Laboratoire Jean Perrin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - German Sumbre
- École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), F-75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Horstick EJ, Mueller T, Burgess HA. Motivated state control in larval zebrafish: behavioral paradigms and anatomical substrates. J Neurogenet 2016; 30:122-32. [PMID: 27293113 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2016.1177048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the course of each day, animals prioritize different objectives. Immediate goals may reflect fluctuating internal homeostatic demands, prompting individuals to seek out energy supplies or warmth. At other times, the environment may present temporary challenges or opportunities. Homeostatic demands and environmental signals often elicit persistent changes in an animal's behavior to meet needs and challenges over extended periods of time. These changes reflect the underlying motivational state of the animal. The larval zebrafish has been established as an effective genetically tractable vertebrate system to study neural circuits for sensory-motor reflexes. Fewer studies have exploited zebrafish to study brain circuits that control motivated behavior. In part this is because appropriate conceptual frameworks, anatomical knowledge, and behavioral paradigms are not yet well established. This review sketches a general conceptual framework for studying motivated state control in animal models, how this applies to larval zebrafish, and the current knowledge on neuroanatomical substrates for state control in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Horstick
- a Division of Developmental Biology , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Thomas Mueller
- b Division of Biology , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA
| | - Harold A Burgess
- a Division of Developmental Biology , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Bethesda , MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
|