151
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Dong YF, Chen ZZ, Zhao Z, Yang DD, Yan H, Ji J, Sun XL. Potential role of microRNA-7 in the anti-neuroinflammation effects of nicorandil in astrocytes induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:60. [PMID: 26961366 PMCID: PMC4785619 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is generally recognized that the inflammatory reaction in glia is one of the important pathological factors in brain ischemic injury. Our previous study has revealed that opening ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels could attenuate glial inflammation induced by ischemic stroke. However, the detailed mechanisms are not well known. METHODS Primary cultured astrocytes separated from C57BL/6 mice were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD); cellular injuries were determined via observing the changes of cellular morphology and cell viability. MicroRNA (miR) and messenger RNA (mRNA) level was validated by real-time PCR. The interaction between microRNA and the target was confirmed via dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Expressions of proteins and inflammatory cytokines were respectively assessed by western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS OGD resulted in astrocytic damage, which was prevented by K-ATP channel opener nicorandil. Notably, we found that OGD significantly downregulated miR-7 and upregulated Herpud2. Our further study proved that miR-7 targeted Herpud2 3'UTR, which encoded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress protein-HERP2. Correspondingly, our results showed that OGD increased the levels of ER stress proteins along with significant elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Pretreatment with nicorandil could remarkably upregulate miR-7, depress the ER-related protein expressions including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), and Caspase-12, and thereby attenuate inflammatory responses and astrocytic damages. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that opening K-ATP channels protects astrocytes against OGD-mediated neuroinflammation. Potentially, miR-7-targeted ER stress acts as a key molecular brake on neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Feng Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zheng-Zhen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Zhan Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Hui Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Juan Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Xiu-Lan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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152
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Kaminska B, Mota M, Pizzi M. Signal transduction and epigenetic mechanisms in the control of microglia activation during neuroinflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:339-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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153
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The Effects of Hypoxia and Inflammation on Synaptic Signaling in the CNS. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6010006. [PMID: 26901230 PMCID: PMC4810176 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal brain function is highly dependent on oxygen and nutrient supply and when the demand for oxygen exceeds its supply, hypoxia is induced. Acute episodes of hypoxia may cause a depression in synaptic activity in many brain regions, whilst prolonged exposure to hypoxia leads to neuronal cell loss and death. Acute inadequate oxygen supply may cause anaerobic metabolism and increased respiration in an attempt to increase oxygen intake whilst chronic hypoxia may give rise to angiogenesis and erythropoiesis in order to promote oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues. The effects of hypoxia on neuronal tissue are exacerbated by the release of many inflammatory agents from glia and neuronal cells. Cytokines, such as TNF-α, and IL-1β are known to be released during the early stages of hypoxia, causing either local or systemic inflammation, which can result in cell death. Another growing body of evidence suggests that inflammation can result in neuroprotection, such as preconditioning to cerebral ischemia, causing ischemic tolerance. In the following review we discuss the effects of acute and chronic hypoxia and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines on synaptic transmission and plasticity in the central nervous system. Specifically we discuss the effects of the pro-inflammatory agent TNF-α during a hypoxic event.
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154
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Amantea D, Bagetta G. Drug repurposing for immune modulation in acute ischemic stroke. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 26:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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155
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Shi Y, Zhang L, Pu H, Mao L, Hu X, Jiang X, Xu N, Stetler RA, Zhang F, Liu X, Leak RK, Keep RF, Ji X, Chen J. Rapid endothelial cytoskeletal reorganization enables early blood-brain barrier disruption and long-term ischaemic reperfusion brain injury. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10523. [PMID: 26813496 PMCID: PMC4737895 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism and long-term consequences of early blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption after cerebral ischaemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury are poorly understood. Here we discover that I/R induces subtle BBB leakage within 30–60 min, likely independent of gelatinase B/MMP-9 activities. The early BBB disruption is caused by the activation of ROCK/MLC signalling, persistent actin polymerization and the disassembly of junctional proteins within microvascular endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, the EC alterations facilitate subsequent infiltration of peripheral immune cells, including MMP-9-producing neutrophils/macrophages, resulting in late-onset, irreversible BBB damage. Inactivation of actin depolymerizing factor (ADF) causes sustained actin polymerization in ECs, whereas EC-targeted overexpression of constitutively active mutant ADF reduces actin polymerization and junctional protein disassembly, attenuates both early- and late-onset BBB impairment, and improves long-term histological and neurological outcomes. Thus, we identify a previously unexplored role for early BBB disruption in stroke outcomes, whereby BBB rupture may be a cause rather than a consequence of parenchymal cell injury. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) released from infiltrating immune cells are a major contributor to blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown following stroke. Here, the authors identify an early, MMP-independent BBB breakdown mechanism caused by rapid cytoskeletal rearrangements in endothelial cells, which could be inhibited by ADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejie Shi
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Hongjian Pu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Leilei Mao
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Na Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Xiangrong Liu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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156
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Ueda H, Halder SK, Matsunaga H, Sasaki K, Maeda S. Neuroprotective impact of prothymosin alpha-derived hexapeptide against retinal ischemia-reperfusion. Neuroscience 2016; 318:206-18. [PMID: 26779836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) has robustness roles against brain and retinal ischemia or serum-starvation stress. In the ProTα sequence, the active core 30-amino acid peptide/P30 (a.a.49-78) is necessary for the original neuroprotective actions against ischemia. Moreover, the 9-amino acid peptide sequence/P9 (a.a.52-60) in P30 still shows neuroprotective activity against brain and retinal ischemia, though P9 is less potent than P30. As the previous structure-activity relationship study for ProTα may not be enough, the possibility still exists that any sequence smaller than P9 retains potent neuroprotective activity. When different P9- and P30-related peptides were intravitreally injected 24h after retinal ischemia in mice, the 6-amino acid peptide/P6 (NEVDEE, a.a.51-56) showed potent protective effects against ischemia-induced retinal functional deficits, which are equipotent to the level of P30 peptide in electroretinography (ERG) and histological damage in Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining. Further studies using ERG and HE staining suggested that intravitreal or intravenous (i.v.) injection with modified P6 peptide/P6Q (NEVDQE) potently inhibited retinal ischemia-induced functional and histological damage. In an immunohistochemical analysis, the ischemia-induced loss of retinal ganglion, bipolar, amacrine and photoreceptor cells were inhibited by a systemic administration with P6Q peptide 24h after the ischemic stress. In addition, systemic post-treatment with P6Q peptide significantly inhibited retinal ischemia-induced microglia and astrocyte activation in terms of increased ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) intensity, respectively, as well as their morphological changes, increased number and migration. Thus, this study demonstrates the therapeutic significance of modified P6 peptide P6Q (NEVDQE) derived from 6-amino acid peptide (P6) in ProTα against ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ueda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - S K Halder
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - H Matsunaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - K Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - S Maeda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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157
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Kuo P, Scofield BA, Yu I, Chang F, Ganea D, Yen J. Interferon-β Modulates Inflammatory Response in Cerebral Ischemia. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e002610. [PMID: 26747000 PMCID: PMC4859377 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a leading cause of death in the world. In >80% of strokes, the initial acute phase of ischemic injury is due to the occlusion of a blood vessel resulting in severe focal hypoperfusion, excitotoxicity, and oxidative damage. Interferon-β (IFNβ), a cytokine with immunomodulatory properties, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis for more than a decade. Its anti-inflammatory properties and well-characterized safety profile suggest that IFNβ has therapeutic potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the therapeutic effect of IFNβ in the mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion. We found that IFNβ not only reduced infarct size in ischemic brains but also lessened neurological deficits in ischemic stroke animals. Further, multiple molecular mechanisms by which IFNβ modulates ischemic brain inflammation were identified. IFNβ reduced central nervous system infiltration of monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, CD4(+) T cells, and γδ T cells; inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators; suppressed the expression of adhesion molecules on brain endothelial cells; and repressed microglia activation in the ischemic brain. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that IFNβ exerts a protective effect against ischemic stroke through its anti-inflammatory properties and suggest that IFNβ is a potential therapeutic agent, targeting the reperfusion damage subsequent to the treatment with tissue plasminogen activator.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/immunology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/prevention & control
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interferon-beta/pharmacology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neutrophil Infiltration/drug effects
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping‐Chang Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineFort WayneIN
| | - Barbara A. Scofield
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineFort WayneIN
| | - I‐Chen Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineFort WayneIN
| | - Fen‐Lei Chang
- Department of NeurologyIndiana University School of MedicineFort WayneIN
| | - Doina Ganea
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPA
| | - Jui‐Hung Yen
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineFort WayneIN
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158
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Innate Immunity and Inflammation Post-Stroke: An α7-Nicotinic Agonist Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29029-46. [PMID: 26690125 PMCID: PMC4691088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability, with limited treatment options available. Inflammation contributes to damage tissue in the central nervous system across a broad range of neuropathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, pain, Schizophrenia, and stroke. While the immune system plays an important role in contributing to brain damage produced by ischemia, the damaged brain, in turn, can exert a powerful immune-suppressive effect that promotes infections and threatens the survival of stroke patients. Recently the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, in particular its modulation using α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) ligands, has shown potential as a strategy to dampen the inflammatory response and facilitate functional recovery in stroke patients. Here we discuss the current literature on stroke-induced inflammation and the effects of α7-nAChR modulators on innate immune cells.
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159
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Certo M, Endo Y, Ohta K, Sakurada S, Bagetta G, Amantea D. Activation of RXR/PPARγ underlies neuroprotection by bexarotene in ischemic stroke. Pharmacol Res 2015; 102:298-307. [PMID: 26546745 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification of novel drug targets for the treatment of ischemic stroke is currently an urgent challenge. Recent experimental findings have highlighted the neuroprotective potential of immunomodulatory strategies, based on polarization of myeloid cells toward non-inflammatory, beneficial phenotypes. Given the role of retinoid X receptors (RXR) in myeloid cells differentiation and polarization, here we have explored the neuroprotective potential of the RXR agonist bexarotene in mice subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. Acute administration of bexarotene significantly reduced blood brain barrier leakage, brain infarct damage and neurological deficit produced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice, without affecting cerebral blood flow. The rexinoid exerted neuroprotection with a wide time-window, being effective when administered up to 4.5h after the insult. The amelioration of histological outcome, as well as the ability of bexarotene to revert middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo)-induced spleen atrophy, was antagonised by BR1211, a pan-RXR antagonist, or by the selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ antagonist bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), highlighting the involvement of the RXR/PPARγ heterodimer in the beneficial effects exerted by the drug. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that bexarotene elevates Ym1-immunopositive N2 neutrophils both in the ipsilateral hemisphere and in the spleen of mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, pointing to a major role for peripheral neutrophil polarization in neuroprotection. Thus, our findings suggest that the RXR agonist bexarotene exerts peripheral immunomodulatory effects under ischemic conditions to be effectively repurposed for the acute therapy of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Certo
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Yasuyuki Endo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiminori Ohta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinobu Sakurada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy.
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160
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Amantea D, Certo M, Petrelli F, Tassorelli C, Micieli G, Corasaniti MT, Puccetti P, Fallarino F, Bagetta G. Azithromycin protects mice against ischemic stroke injury by promoting macrophage transition towards M2 phenotype. Exp Neurol 2015; 275 Pt 1:116-25. [PMID: 26518285 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To develop novel and effective treatments for ischemic stroke, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin in a mouse model system of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Intraperitoneal administration of azithromycin significantly reduced blood-brain barrier damage and cerebral infiltration of myeloid cells, including neutrophils and inflammatory macrophages. These effects resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of cerebral ischemic damage, and in a remarkable amelioration of neurological deficits up to 7 days after the insult. Neuroprotection was associated with increased arginase activity in peritoneal exudate cells, which was followed by the detection of Ym1- and arginase I-immunopositive M2 macrophages in the ischemic area at 24-48 h of reperfusion. Pharmacological inhibition of peritoneal arginase activity counteracted azithromycin-induced neuroprotection, pointing to a major role for drug-induced polarization of migratory macrophages towards a protective, non-inflammatory M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Michelangelo Certo
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Francesco Petrelli
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
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161
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Zanier ER, Marchesi F, Ortolano F, Perego C, Arabian M, Zoerle T, Sammali E, Pischiutta F, De Simoni MG. Fractalkine Receptor Deficiency Is Associated with Early Protection but Late Worsening of Outcome following Brain Trauma in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:1060-72. [PMID: 26180940 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An impaired ability to regulate microglia activation by fractalkine (CX3CL1) leads to microglia chronic sub-activation. How this condition affects outcome after acute brain injury is still debated, with studies showing contrasting results depending on the timing and the brain pathology. Here, we investigated the early and delayed consequences of fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) deletion on neurological outcome and on the phenotypical features of the myeloid cells present in the lesions of mice with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Wild type (WT) and CX3CR1(-/-) C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to sham or controlled cortical impact brain injury. Outcome was assessed at 4 days and 5 weeks after TBI by neuroscore, neuronal count, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Compared with WT mice, CX3CR1(-/-) TBI mice showed a significant reduction of sensorimotor deficits and lower cellular damage in the injured cortex 4 days post-TBI. Conversely, at 5 weeks, they showed a worsening of sensorimotor deficits and pericontusional cell death. Microglia (M) and macrophage (μ) activation and polarization were assessed by quantitative immunohistochemistry for CD11b, CD68, Ym1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-markers of M/μ activation, phagocytosis, M2, and M1 phenotypes, respectively. Morphological analysis revealed a decreased area and perimeter of CD11b(+) cells in CX3CR1(-/-) mice at 4 days post-TBI, whereas, at 5 weeks, both parameters were significantly higher, compared with WT mice. At 4 days, CX3CR1(-/-) mice showed significantly decreased CD68 and iNOS immunoreactivity, while at 5 weeks post-injury, they showed a selective increase of iNOS. Gene expression on CD11b(+) sorted cells revealed an increase of interleukin 10 and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) at 1 day and a decrease of IGF1 4 days and 5 weeks post-TBI in CX3CR1(-/-), compared with WT mice. These data show an early protection followed by a chronic exacerbation of TBI outcome in the absence of CX3CR1. Thus, longitudinal effects of myeloid cell manipulation at different stages of pathology should be investigated to understand how and when their modulation may offer therapeutic chances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa R Zanier
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ortolano
- 2 Neuroscience ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Perego
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
| | - Maedeh Arabian
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy .,3 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran
| | - Tommaso Zoerle
- 2 Neuroscience ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana Sammali
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy .,4 Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta , Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
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