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Astarita G, Kendall AC, Dennis EA, Nicolaou A. Targeted lipidomic strategies for oxygenated metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1851:456-68. [PMID: 25486530 PMCID: PMC4323855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) through enzymatic or non-enzymatic free radical-mediated reactions can yield an array of lipid metabolites including eicosanoids, octadecanoids, docosanoids and related species. In mammals, these oxygenated PUFA mediators play prominent roles in the physiological and pathological regulation of many key biological processes in the cardiovascular, renal, reproductive and other systems including their pivotal contribution to inflammation. Mass spectrometry-based technology platforms have revolutionized our ability to analyze the complex mixture of lipid mediators found in biological samples, with increased numbers of metabolites that can be simultaneously quantified from a single sample in few analytical steps. The recent development of high-sensitivity and high-throughput analytical tools for lipid mediators affords a broader view of these oxygenated PUFA species, and facilitates research into their role in health and disease. In this review, we illustrate current analytical approaches for a high-throughput lipidomic analysis of eicosanoids and related mediators in biological samples. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance."
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Astarita
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Alexandra C Kendall
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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152
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Cooking with soyabean oil increases whole-blood α-linolenic acid in school-aged children: results from a randomized trial. Public Health Nutr 2015; 18:3420-8. [PMID: 25805397 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980015000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Supply of essential n-3 PUFA is limited worldwide. While fish-oil supplementation effectively improves n-3 PUFA status, it may not be a sustainable intervention. The use of α-linolenic acid (ALA)-rich cooking oils in the household may be a suitable alternative but its effect on PUFA status is unclear. We aimed to compare the effect of providing families with soyabean oil, an ALA-rich cooking oil, v. sunflower oil on whole-blood PUFA levels of children aged 11-18 years. DESIGN In a randomized, masked, parallel trial, we assigned families to receive a one-month supply of either soyabean or sunflower oil. Fatty acid concentrations were quantified in whole-blood samples obtained from the children before and at the end of the intervention. Changes in fatty acids were compared between treatment arms with use of linear regression for repeated measures. SUBJECTS Sixty low- and middle-income families. SETTING Bogotá, Colombia. RESULTS Soyabean oil significantly increased ALA concentrations by 0.05 percentage points of total serum fatty acids whereas sunflower oil decreased them by 0.12 percentage points (soyabean v. sunflower oil effect=0.17; 95% CI 0.11, 0.24). Concentrations of both n-3 and n-6 very-long-chain PUFA, including docosapentaenoic acid, DHA, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid, increased significantly in both intervention arms. Levels of oleic acid and palmitic acid decreased, irrespective of oil assignment. Total energy or energy intake from saturated fat did not change. CONCLUSIONS Replacing cooking oils at the household level is an effective intervention to improve essential PUFA status of children.
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Docosahexaenoic acid and adult memory: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120391. [PMID: 25786262 PMCID: PMC4364972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Subjective memory complaints are common with aging. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3) is a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) and an integral part of neural membrane phospholipids that impacts brain structure and function. Past research demonstrates a positive association between DHA plasma status/dietary intake and cognitive function. Objectives The current meta-analysis was designed to determine the effect of DHA intake, alone or combined with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 n-3), on specific memory domains: episodic, working, and semantic in healthy adults aged 18 years and older. A secondary objective was to systematically review/summarize the related observational epidemiologic literature. Methods A systematic literature search of clinical trials and observational studies that examined the relationship between n-3 LCPUFA on memory outcomes in healthy adults was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Studies of subjects free of neurologic disease at baseline, with or without mild memory complaints (MMC), were included. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to generate weighted group mean differences, standardized weighted group mean differences (Hedge’s g), z-scores, and p-values for heterogeneity comparing DHA/EPA to a placebo. A priori sub-group analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect of age at enrollment, dose level, and memory type tested. Results Episodic memory outcomes of adults with MMC were significantly (P<.004) improved with DHA/EPA supplementation. Regardless of cognitive status at baseline, > 1 g/day DHA/EPA improved episodic memory (P<.04). Semantic and working memory changes from baseline were significant with DHA but no between group differences were detected. Observational studies support a beneficial association between intake/blood levels of DHA/EPA and memory function in older adults. Conclusion DHA, alone or combined with EPA, contributes to improved memory function in older adults with mild memory complaints.
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154
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Murphy RA, Winwood R. A meta-analysis is suited to nullify the effects of n-3 PUFAs on cognitive function. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:686-7. [PMID: 25733655 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Murphy
- From DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ (RAM, e-mail: ), and DSM Nutritional Products, Heanor, Derbyshire, United Kingdom (RW)
| | - Rob Winwood
- From DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ (RAM, e-mail: ), and DSM Nutritional Products, Heanor, Derbyshire, United Kingdom (RW)
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155
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Nielsen JB, Willerslev-Olsen M, Christiansen L, Lundbye-Jensen J, Lorentzen J. Science-Based Neurorehabilitation: Recommendations for Neurorehabilitation From Basic Science. J Mot Behav 2015; 47:7-17. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2014.931273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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156
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Pase MP, Grima N, Cockerell R, Stough C, Scholey A, Sali A, Pipingas A. The effects of long-chain omega-3 fish oils and multivitamins on cognitive and cardiovascular function: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 34:21-31. [PMID: 25565485 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.880660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fish oils and multivitamins are two of the most commonly used dietary supplements. Fish oil use may reduce vascular risk factors associated with cognitive decline, thus providing benefits to both heart and brain health. Multivitamins may also have direct effects on brain function. The present study investigated the effects of fish oil, with and without the addition of a multivitamin, on cognitive and cardiovascular function. METHODS In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind fashion, 160 healthy adults aged 50-70 years were randomized to receive either 3 g of fish oil (240 mg eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] + 240 mg docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) with a multivitamin, 6 g of fish oil (480 mg EPA + 480 mg DHA) with a multivitamin, or 6 g of fish oil without a multivitamin or a placebo. Cognitive performance, brachial blood pressure, and aortic (central) blood pressure were measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 16 weeks. RESULTS Treatment allocation had no effect on the primary cognitive outcomes at endpoint. Absolute increases in the red blood cell omega-3/6 ratio were associated with improvements in spatial working memory. The group receiving 6 g fish oil without the multivitamin displayed a significant decrease in aortic pulse pressure and aortic augmentation pressure, two measures of aortic blood pressure and aortic stiffness. CONCLUSIONS Fish oil decreased aortic pulse pressure and augmentation pressure. Reductions in aortic blood pressure were not accompanied by consistent improvements in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Pase
- a Centre for Human Psychopharmacology , Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn , AUSTRALIA
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157
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von Schacky C. Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease--an uphill battle. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 92:41-7. [PMID: 24935800 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In cardiology, results of recent large intervention trials with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplements were neutral. In contrast, in epidemiologic studies, an inverse relation between clinical events and intake of EPA+DHA was found which was steeper for higher levels of EPA+DHA. A standardized way of determining levels is the Omega-3 Index, which is the percentage of EPA+DHA of a total of 26 fatty acids measured in erythrocytes. According to current criteria, a low Omega-3 Index is a cardiovascular risk factor. What can explain this contradiction? Trial participants were recruited irrespective of their baseline status in EPA+DHA - an important predictor of events. Levels of EPA+DHA have a statistically normal distribution; together with the large inter-individual variability of levels' responding to increased intake, this created a large overlap of EPA+DHA levels between intervention and control groups. Moreover, trial participants were advised to take EPA+DHA supplements with breakfast, frequently a low fat meal, resulting in poor bioavailability. As a result, there is an urgent need for new intervention trials in cardiology, for which participants with a low baseline omega-3 index are recruited, and then treated with individually tailored doses of EPA+DHA to a prespecified target range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens von Schacky
- Medizinische Klinik I, Department Preventive Cardiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Omegametrix, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152 Martinsried, Germany(1).
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158
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Abstract
Declarative Memory consists of memory for events (episodic memory) and facts (semantic memory). Methods to test declarative memory are key in investigating effects of potential cognition-enhancing substances--medicinal drugs or nutrients. A number of cognitive performance tests assessing declarative episodic memory tapping verbal learning, logical memory, pattern recognition memory, and paired associates learning are described. These tests have been used as outcome variables in 34 studies in humans that have been described in the literature in the past 10 years. Also, the use of episodic tests in animal research is discussed also in relation to the drug effects in these tasks. The results show that nutritional supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids has been investigated most abundantly and, in a number of cases, but not all, show indications of positive effects on declarative memory, more so in elderly than in young subjects. Studies investigating effects of registered anti-Alzheimer drugs, cholinesterase inhibitors in mild cognitive impairment, show positive and negative effects on declarative memory. Studies mainly carried out in healthy volunteers investigating the effects of acute dopamine stimulation indicate enhanced memory consolidation as manifested specifically by better delayed recall, especially at time points long after learning and more so when drug is administered after learning and if word lists are longer. The animal studies reveal a different picture with respect to the effects of different drugs on memory performance. This suggests that at least for episodic memory tasks, the translational value is rather poor. For the human studies, detailed parameters of the compositions of word lists for declarative memory tests are discussed and it is concluded that tailored adaptations of tests to fit the hypothesis under study, rather than "off-the-shelf" use of existing tests, are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim J Riedel
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
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159
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Dodd FL, Kennedy DO, Riby LM, Haskell-Ramsay CF. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of caffeine and L-theanine both alone and in combination on cerebral blood flow, cognition and mood. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2563-76. [PMID: 25761837 PMCID: PMC4480845 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Evidence suggests interactive effects of the tea components caffeine and L-theanine on behaviour, yet no data exists exploring the impact of the two on cerebral blood flow (CBF). OBJECTIVES The current placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover study examined the effects of caffeine and L-theanine on CBF and extended previous cognitive and mood findings by using lower doses than previous studies of a similar methodology, which more closely reflect the ratios present in tea. METHODS Twelve habitual consumers and 12 non-habitual consumers of caffeine each received 75 mg caffeine, 50 mg L-theanine, 75 mg caffeine plus 50 mg L-theanine, and placebo in a counterbalanced order across four separate visits. CBF was measured via near-infrared spectroscopy with cognition and mood assessed at baseline and 30 min post-dose. Salivary caffeine and peripheral haemodynamics were co-monitored. RESULTS Caffeine reduced oxygenated haemoglobin (oxy-Hb), increased deoxygenated haemoglobin (deoxy-Hb), improved performance on attention tasks and increased overall mood ratings. Increases in deoxy-Hb following caffeine were more pronounced in non-consumers. Some evidence for increased deoxy-Hb remained when caffeine was combined with L-theanine, but this effect was attenuated and the effects of caffeine on oxy-Hb, cognition and mood were eradicated. CONCLUSIONS Combining L-theanine with caffeine, at levels and ratios equivalent to one to two cups of tea, eliminated the vasoconstrictive effect and behavioural effects of caffeine. This supports previous findings of an interaction between these substances, despite a lack of effects of L-theanine in isolation. However, at the levels tested here, this did not lead to a positive impact on behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. L. Dodd
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - D. O. Kennedy
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - L. M. Riby
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - C. F. Haskell-Ramsay
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
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160
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Salem N, Vandal M, Calon F. The benefit of docosahexaenoic acid for the adult brain in aging and dementia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 92:15-22. [PMID: 25457546 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A brief overview of the evidence for omega-3 fatty acids and, in particular, of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), involvement in cognition and in dementia is given. Two studies are presented in this regard in which the key intervention is a DHA supplement. The fist, the MIDAS Study demonstrated that DHA can be of benefit for episodic memory in healthy adults with a mild memory complaint. The second, the ADCS AD trial found no benefit of DHA in the primary outcomes but found an intriguing benefit for cognitive score in ApoE4 negative allele patients. This leads to a consideration of the mechanisms of action and role of ApoE and its modulation by DHA. Given the fundamental role of ApoE in cellular lipid transport and metabolism in the brain and periphery, it is no surprise that ApoE affects n-3 PUFA brain function as well. It remains to be seen to what extent ApoE4 deleterious effect in AD is associated with n-3 PUFA-related cellular mechanisms in the brain and, more specifically, whether ApoE4 directly impairs the transport of DHA into the brain, as has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Salem
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD, USA.
| | - Milene Vandal
- Center de recherche du center Hospitalier de l׳Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, QC, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Calon
- Center de recherche du center Hospitalier de l׳Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, QC, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada
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161
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Yi T, Li SM, Fan JY, Fan LL, Zhang ZF, Luo P, Zhang XJ, Wang JG, Zhu L, Zhao ZZ, Chen HB. Comparative analysis of EPA and DHA in fish oil nutritional capsules by GC-MS. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:190. [PMID: 25496531 PMCID: PMC4290138 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fish oil is a popular nutritional product consumed in Hong Kong. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the two main bioactive components responsible for the health benefits of fish oil. Market survey in Hong Kong demonstrated that various fish oil capsules with different origins and prices are sold simultaneously. However, these capsules are labelled with same ingredient levels, namely EPA 180 mg/g and DHA 120 mg/g. This situation makes the consumers very confused. To evaluate the quality of various fish oil capsules, a comparative analysis of the contents of EPA and DHA in fish oil is crucial. Methods A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed for identification and determination of EPA and DHA in fish oil capsules. A comprehensive validation of the developed method was conducted. Ten batches of fish oil capsules samples purchased from drugstores of Hong Kong were analyzed by using the developed method. Results The present method presented good sensitivity, precision and accuracy. The limits of detection (LOD) for EPA and DHA were 0.08 ng and 0.21 ng, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values of EPA and DHA for repeatability tests were both less than 1.05%; and the recovery for accuracy test of EPA and DHA were 100.50% and 103.83%, respectively. In ten fish oil samples, the contents of EPA ranged from 39.52 mg/g to 509.16 mg/g, and the contents of DHA ranged from 35.14 mg/g to 645.70 mg/g. Conclusion The present method is suitable for the quantitative analysis of EPA and DHA in fish oil capsules. There is a significant variation in the contents of the quantified components in fish oil samples, and there is not a linear relationship between price and contents of EPA and DHA. Strict supervision of the labelling of the fish oil capsules is urgently needed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-511X-13-190) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yi
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
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162
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Jiao J, Li Q, Chu J, Zeng W, Yang M, Zhu S. Effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on cognitive function throughout the life span from infancy to old age: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:1422-36. [PMID: 25411277 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.095315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND n-3 PUFAs play an important role in cognitive function. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the effect of n-3 PUFA supplements on cognitive development, function, and decline throughout the life span. DESIGN The study included randomized controlled trials and provided ≥3 mo of treatment. Potential studies were independently screened in duplicate, and study characteristics and outcomes were extracted. A meta-analysis was performed by using fixed- or random-effects models. The results are presented as standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% CIs. RESULTS Of the 3692 citations retrieved, 34 studies of a total of 12,999 participants (1031 infants, 1517 children, 3657 adults, and 6794 elderly individuals) were included. Compared with placebo, n-3 PUFA supplements significantly improved cognitive development in infants, including the Mental Development Index (SMD: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.52), the Psychomotor Development Index (0.27; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.45), and language (0.27; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.42), motor (0.29; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.43), and cognitive (0.31; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.45) abilities. However, n-3 PUFAs did not promote cognitive function in terms of composite memory, executive function, and processing speed domains in children, adults, or the elderly, except for the attention domain. No association was found between n-3 PUFA intake and improvements in cognitive performance in terms of recognition, immediate and delayed word recall, digit span backward and forward tests, rapid visual information processing, verbal fluency, and simple and choice reaction times. In addition, n-3 PUFA supplements were not associated with improvements in cognitive decline or with any effects on Alzheimer disease in elderly people. CONCLUSIONS n-3 PUFA supplements may significantly improve cognitive development in infants but do not improve cognitive performance in children, adults, or the elderly. n-3 PUFA intake, especially that of DHA supplements, may benefit cognitive development during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiao
- From the Chronic Disease Research Institute, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- From the Chronic Disease Research Institute, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Chu
- From the Chronic Disease Research Institute, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weijiang Zeng
- From the Chronic Disease Research Institute, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Yang
- From the Chronic Disease Research Institute, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shankuan Zhu
- From the Chronic Disease Research Institute, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Abstract
Stress refers to a reaction given a particular stimulus. Stress is a common problem in most modern societies. Stress creates greater physiologic demands. Unhealthy eating patterns will only result in an increased level of stress, followed by further health problems if in the future if the issues are not resolved. Prolonged stress increases the metabolic needs of the body and causes many other changes. The increased metabolism can also cause an increase in the use and excretion of many nutrients. Although stress alters nutrient needs, if marginally deficient in a nutrient, stress can make that deficiency even worse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gonzalez
- Nutrition Program, Department of Human Development, School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, GPO Box 365067, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA.
| | - Jorge R Miranda-Massari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, GPO Box 365067, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA
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Jaremka LM, Derry HM, Bornstein R, Prakash RS, Peng J, Belury MA, Andridge RR, Malarkey WB, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Omega-3 supplementation and loneliness-related memory problems: secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial. Psychosom Med 2014; 76:650-8. [PMID: 25264972 PMCID: PMC4288961 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loneliness enhances risk for episodic memory declines over time. Omega-3 supplementation can improve cognitive function for people experiencing mild cognitive difficulties. Accordingly, we explored whether omega-3 supplementation would attenuate loneliness-related episodic memory problems. METHODS Participants (n = 138) from a parent randomized controlled trial were randomized to the placebo, 1.25 grams/d of omega-3, or 2.50 grams/d of omega-3 conditions for a 4-month period. They completed a baseline loneliness questionnaire and a battery of cognitive tests both at baseline and at the end of the randomized controlled trial. RESULTS After adjustment for baseline verbal episodic memory scores, lonelier people within the placebo condition had poorer verbal episodic memory postsupplementation, as measured by immediate (b = -0.28, t (117) = -2.62, p = .010) and long-delay (b = -0.06, t (116) = -2.07, p = .040) free recall, than their less lonely counterparts. This effect was not observed in the 1.25- and 2.50-grams/d supplementation groups (all p values > .10). The plasma omega-6:omega-3 ratio data mirrored these results. There were no loneliness-related effects of omega-3 supplementation on short-delay recall or the other cognitive tests (all p values > .32). CONCLUSION These results suggest that omega-3 supplementation attenuates loneliness-related verbal episodic memory declines over time and support the use of exploring novel interventions for treating episodic memory problems among lonely people. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00385723.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Jaremka
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
| | - Heather M. Derry
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University
| | - Robert Bornstein
- Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
| | | | - Juan Peng
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
| | | | | | - William B. Malarkey
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
| | - Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
- Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
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165
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An evidence-based method for examining and reporting cognitive processes in nutrition research. Nutr Res Rev 2014; 27:232-41. [PMID: 25268900 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422414000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive outcomes are frequently implemented as endpoints in nutrition research. To reduce the number of statistical comparisons it is commonplace for nutrition researchers to combine cognitive test results into a smaller number of broad cognitive abilities. However, there is a clear lack of understanding and consensus as to how best execute this practice. The present paper reviews contemporary models of human cognition and proposes a standardised, evidence-based method for grouping cognitive test data into broader cognitive abilities. Both Carroll's model of human cognitive ability and the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence provide empirically based taxonomies of human cognition. These models provide a cognitive 'map' that can be used to guide the handling and analysis of cognitive outcomes in nutrition research. Making use of a valid cognitive nomenclature can provide the field of clinical nutrition with a common cognitive language enabling efficient comparisons of cognitive outcomes across studies. This will make it easier for researchers, policymakers and readers to interpret and compare cognitive outcomes for different interventions. Using an empirically derived cognitive nomenclature to guide the creation of cognitive composite scores will ensure that cognitive endpoints are theoretically valid and meaningful. This will increase the generalisability of trial results to the general population. The present review also discusses how the CHC model of cognition can also guide the synthesis of cognitive outcomes in systematic reviews and meta-analysis.
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166
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Barberger-Gateau P. Nutrition and brain aging: how can we move ahead? Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:1245-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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167
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Stonehouse W. Does consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA enhance cognitive performance in healthy school-aged children and throughout adulthood? Evidence from clinical trials. Nutrients 2014; 6:2730-58. [PMID: 25054550 PMCID: PMC4113767 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain (LC) omega-3 PUFA derived from marine sources may play an important role in cognitive performance throughout all life stages. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the dominant omega-3 in the brain, is a major component of neuronal cell membranes and affects various neurological pathways and processess. Despite its critical role in brain function, human’s capacity to synthesize DHA de novo is limited and its consumption through the diet is important. However, many individuals do not or rarely consume seafood. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the current evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCT) in healthy school-aged children, younger and older adults to determine whether consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA improves cognitive performance and to make recommendations for future research. Current evidence suggests that consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA, particularly DHA, may enhance cognitive performance relating to learning, cognitive development, memory and speed of performing cognitive tasks. Those who habitually consume diets low in DHA, children with low literacy ability and malnourished and older adults with age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment seem to benefit most. However, study design limitations in many RCTs hamper firm conclusions. The measurement of a uniform biomarker, e.g., % DHA in red blood cells, is essential to establish baseline DHA-status, to determine targets for cognitive performance and to facilitate dosage recommendations. It is recommended that future studies be at least 16 weeks in duration, account for potential interaction effects of gender, age and apolipoprotein E genotype, include vegan/vegetarian populations, include measures of speed of cognitive performance and include brain imaging technologies as supportive information on working mechanisms of LC omega-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welma Stonehouse
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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168
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Joffre C, Nadjar A, Lebbadi M, Calon F, Laye S. n-3 LCPUFA improves cognition: the young, the old and the sick. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:1-20. [PMID: 24908517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to the implication of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurite outgrowth and to its high incorporation into the brain, this n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) is considered as crucial in the development and maintenance of the learning memory performance throughout life. In the present chapter we aimed at reviewing data investigating the relation between DHA and cognition during the perinatal period, young adult- and adulthood and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD). In Humans, dietary DHA supplementation from the perinatal period to adulthood does not reveal a clear and consistent memory improvement whereas it is the case in animal studies. The positive effects observed in animal models may have been enhanced by using n-3 PUFA deficient animal models as controls. In animal models of AD, a general consensus on the beneficial effects of n-3 LCPUFA in attenuating cognitive impairment was established. These studies make DHA a potential suitable micronutrient for the maintenance of cognitive performance at all periods of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Joffre
- Université Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - A Nadjar
- Université Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - M Lebbadi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, T2-05, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2.
| | - F Calon
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, T2-05, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2.
| | - S Laye
- Université Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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169
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Kitessa SM, Abeywardena M, Wijesundera C, Nichols PD. DHA-containing oilseed: a timely solution for the sustainability issues surrounding fish oil sources of the health-benefitting long-chain omega-3 oils. Nutrients 2014; 6:2035-58. [PMID: 24858407 PMCID: PMC4042577 DOI: 10.3390/nu6052035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefits of long-chain (≥C20) omega-3 oils (LC omega-3 oils) for reduction of the risk of a range of disorders are well documented. The benefits result from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); optimal intake levels of these bioactive fatty acids for maintenance of normal health and prevention of diseases have been developed and adopted by national and international health agencies and science bodies. These developments have led to increased consumer demand for LC omega-3 oils and, coupled with increasing global population, will impact on future sustainable supply of fish. Seafood supply from aquaculture has risen over the past decades and it relies on harvest of wild catch fisheries also for its fish oil needs. Alternate sources of LC omega-3 oils are being pursued, including genetically modified soybean rich in shorter-chain stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4ω3). However, neither oils from traditional oilseeds such as linseed, nor the SDA soybean oil have shown efficient conversion to DHA. A recent breakthrough has seen the demonstration of a land plant-based oil enriched in DHA, and with omega-6 PUFA levels close to that occurring in marine sources of EPA and DHA. We review alternative sources of DHA supply with emphasis on the need for land plant oils containing EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soressa M Kitessa
- CSIRO Animal, Foods and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Mahinda Abeywardena
- CSIRO Animal, Foods and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Chakra Wijesundera
- CSIRO Animal, Foods and Health Sciences, Werribee, Victoria, VIC 3030, Australia.
| | - Peter D Nichols
- Food Futures Flagship, Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia.
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170
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Randomized controlled trial examining the effects of fish oil and multivitamin supplementation on the incorporation of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids into red blood cells. Nutrients 2014; 6:1956-70. [PMID: 24830830 PMCID: PMC4042109 DOI: 10.3390/nu6051956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-groups clinical trial examined the effects of fish oil and multivitamin supplementation on the incorporation of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids into red blood cells. Healthy adult humans (n = 160) were randomized to receive 6 g of fish oil, 6 g of fish oil plus a multivitamin, 3 g of fish oil plus a multivitamin or a placebo daily for 16 weeks. Treatment with 6 g of fish oil, with or without a daily multivitamin, led to higher eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) composition at endpoint. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) composition was unchanged following treatment. The long chain LC n-3 PUFA index was only higher, compared to placebo, in the group receiving the combination of 6 g of fish oil and the multivitamin. Analysis by gender revealed that all treatments increased EPA incorporation in females while, in males, EPA was only significantly increased by the 6 g fish oil multivitamin combination. There was considerable individual variability in the red blood cell incorporation of EPA and DHA at endpoint. Gender contributed to a large proportion of this variability with females generally showing higher LC n-3 PUFA composition at endpoint. In conclusion, the incorporation of LC n-3 PUFA into red blood cells was influenced by dosage, the concurrent intake of vitamin/minerals and gender.
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171
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Leckie RL, Manuck SB, Bhattacharjee N, Muldoon MF, Flory JM, Erickson KI. Omega-3 fatty acids moderate effects of physical activity on cognitive function. Neuropsychologia 2014; 59:103-11. [PMID: 24813150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Greater amounts of physical activity (PA) and omega-3 fatty acids have both been independently associated with better cognitive performance. Because of the overlapping biological effects of omega-3 fatty acids and PA, fatty acid intake may modify the effects of PA on neurocognitive function. The present study tested this hypothesis by examining whether the ratio of serum omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid levels would moderate the association between PA and executive and memory functions in 344 participants (Mean age=44.42 years, SD=6.72). The Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ), serum fatty acid levels, and performance on a standard neuropsychological battery were acquired on all subjects. A principal component analysis reduced the number of cognitive outcomes to three factors: n-back working memory, Trail Making test, and Logical Memory. We found a significant interaction between PA and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid serum levels on Trail Making performance and n-back performance, such that higher amounts of omega-3 levels offset the deleterious effects of lower amounts of PA. These effects remained significant in a subsample (n=299) controlling for overall dietary fat consumption. There were no significant additive or multiplicative benefits of higher amounts of both omega-3 and PA on cognitive performance. Our results demonstrate that a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids might mitigate the effect of lower levels of PA on cognitive performance. This study illuminates the importance of understanding dietary and PA factors in tandem when exploring their effects on neurocognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina L Leckie
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 210S. Bouquet St, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Stephen B Manuck
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 210S. Bouquet St, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Neha Bhattacharjee
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 210S. Bouquet St, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Matthew F Muldoon
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, 120 Lytton Avenue, Suite 100B, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Janine M Flory
- Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, 130 West Kingsbridge Road Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 210S. Bouquet St, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, 120 Lytton Avenue, Suite 100B, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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172
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Innis SM. Impact of maternal diet on human milk composition and neurological development of infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:734S-41S. [PMID: 24500153 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.072595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutrition has little or no effect on many nutrients in human milk; for others, human milk may not be designed as a primary nutritional source for the infant; and for a few, maternal nutrition can lead to substantial variations in human milk quality. Human milk fatty acids are among the nutrients that show extreme sensitivity to maternal nutrition and are implicated in neurological development. Extensive development occurs in the infant brain, with growth from ∼ 350 g at birth to 925 g at 1 y, with this growth including extensive dendritic and axonal arborization. Transfer of n-6 (omega-6) and n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids from the maternal diet into human milk occurs with little interconversion of 18:2n-6 to 20:4n-6 or 18:3n-3 to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and little evidence of mammary gland regulation to maintain individual fatty acids constant with varying maternal fatty acid nutrition. DHA has gained attention because of its high concentrations and roles in the brain and retina. Studies addressing DHA intakes by lactating women or human milk amounts of DHA at levels above those typical in the United States and Canada on infant outcomes are inconsistent. However, separating effects of the fatty acid supply in gestation or in the weaning diet from effects on neurodevelopment solely due to human milk fatty acids is complex, particularly when neurodevelopment is assessed after the period of exclusive human milk feeding. Information on infant fatty acid intakes, including milk volume consumed and energy density, will aid in understanding of the human milk fatty acids that best support neurological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Innis
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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173
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Metabotyping of docosahexaenoic acid - treated Alzheimer's disease cell model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90123. [PMID: 24587236 PMCID: PMC3937442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the significant amount of work being carried out to investigate the therapeutic potential of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the mechanism by which DHA affects amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP)-induced metabolic changes has not been studied. Objective To elucidate the metabolic phenotypes (metabotypes) associated with DHA therapy via metabonomic profiling of an AD cell model using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS). Methods The lysate and supernatant samples of CHO-wt and CHO-AβPP695 cells treated with DHA and vehicle control were collected and prepared for GC/TOFMS metabonomics profiling. The metabolic profiles were analyzed by multivariate data analysis techniques using SIMCA-P+ software. Results Both principal component analysis and subsequent partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed distinct metabolites associated with the DHA-treated and control groups. A list of statistically significant marker metabolites that characterized the metabotypes associated with DHA treatment was further identified. Increased levels of succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid and glycine and decreased levels of zymosterol, cholestadiene and arachidonic acid correlated with DHA treatment effect. DHA levels were also found to be increased upon treatment. Conclusion Our study shows that DHA plays a role in mitigating AβPP-induced impairment in energy metabolism and inflammation by acting on tricarboxylic acid cycle, cholesterol biosynthesis pathway and fatty acid metabolism. The perturbations of these metabolic pathways by DHA in CHO-wt and CHO-AβPP695 cells shed further mechanistic insights on its neuroprotective actions.
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174
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Barberger-Gateau P, Samieri C, Feart C, Cunnane SC. Nutrition and Cognitive Decline in Older Persons: Bridging the Gap Between Epidemiology and Intervention Studies. PHARMA-NUTRITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06151-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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175
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Ryan A, Macdonald A, Walker E. The Treatment of Adolescents With Schizotypal Personality Disorder and Related Conditions: A Practice-Oriented Review of the Literature. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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176
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies fairly convincingly suggest that higher intakes of fatty fish and n-3 fatty acids are associated with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). DHA in plasma is normally positively associated with DHA intake. However, despite being associated with lower fish and DHA intake, unexpectedly, plasma (or brain) DHA is frequently not lower in AD. This review will highlight some metabolic and physiological factors such as ageing and apoE polymorphism that influence DHA homeostasis. Compared with young adults, blood DHA is often slightly but significantly higher in older adults without any age-related cognitive decline. Higher plasma DHA in older adults could be a sign that their fish or DHA intake is higher. However, our supplementation and carbon-13 tracer studies also show that DHA metabolism, e.g. transit through the plasma, apparent retroconversion and β-oxidation, is altered in healthy older compared with healthy young adults. ApoE4 increases the risk of AD, possibly in part because it too changes DHA homeostasis. Therefore, independent of differences in fish intake, changing DHA homeostasis may tend to obscure the relationship between DHA intake and plasma DHA which, in turn, may contribute to making older adults more susceptible to cognitive decline despite older adults having similar or sometimes higher plasma DHA than in younger adults. In conclusion, recent development of new tools such as isotopically labelled DHA to study DHA metabolism in human subjects highlights some promising avenues to evaluate how and why DHA metabolism changes during ageing and AD.
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177
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Parletta N, Cooper P, Gent DN, Petkov J, O'Dea K. Effects of fish oil supplementation on learning and behaviour of children from Australian Indigenous remote community schools: a randomised controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89:71-9. [PMID: 23756346 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for brain function. We recruited 409 children aged 3-13 years (M=8.27, SD=2.17) for a randomised controlled trial supplementing with placebo or fish oil capsules (providing 750mg docosahexaenoic plus eicosapentaenoic acids, and 60mg gamma linolenic acid/school day) for 20 school weeks (Phase 1) followed by one-way crossover to fish oil (Phase 2). Children undertook assessments of reading, spelling and non-verbal cognitive development (Draw-A-Person) at baseline, 20 and 40 weeks. Teachers completed Conners Behaviour Rating Scales (CBRS). The treatment group showed improvements in Draw-A-Person compared with the placebo during Phase 1 (p=0.029), with strongest effects in Indigenous 7-12 year olds (p=0.008). The placebo group showed significant within-group improvements after switching to treatment (p<0.001). There was no treatment effect for reading or spelling, and CBRS data were unable to be analysed. These findings may be understood in the context that sustained school attendance and nutrition interact to produce school-related achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Parletta
- School of Population Health, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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178
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Pase MP, Stough C. Describing a taxonomy of cognitive processes for clinical trials assessing cognition. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:509-10. [PMID: 23873682 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.065532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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179
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180
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Dangour AD, Allen E. Do omega-3 fats boost brain function in adults? Are we any closer to an answer? Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:909-10. [PMID: 23535110 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.061168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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181
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Astarita G, Langridge J. An Emerging Role for Metabolomics in Nutrition Science. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2013; 6:181-200. [DOI: 10.1159/000354403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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