151
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Rose AAN, Siegel PM. Emerging therapeutic targets in breast cancer bone metastasis. Future Oncol 2010; 6:55-74. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie breast cancer pathology and progression has dramatically improved. Using this knowledge, we have identified additional targets and developed novel therapeutic interventions in breast cancer. Together, these translational research efforts are helping to usher us into an age of personalized cancer therapy. Metastasis to bone is a common and devastating consequence of breast cancer. Bisphosphonates, which represent the current gold standard in bone metastasis therapies, are being improved with newer and more efficacious generations of these compounds being developed. Breast cancer growth in the bone requires activation of various signaling pathways in both cancer cells and stromal cells, including those that are stimulated by TGF-β and RANKL, and mediated through the Src tyrosine kinase. Bone cells and cancer cells alike express promising targets for therapeutic intervention, including Cathepsin K, CXCR4 and GPNMB. In this article we discuss the molecular mechanisms behind these pro-metastatic molecules and review the most recent findings in the clinical development of their associated targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- April AN Rose
- Departments of Medicine, Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Ave. West, Room 513, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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152
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Pahl MV, Vaziri ND, Yuan J, Adler SG. Upregulation of monocyte/macrophage HGFIN (Gpnmb/Osteoactivin) expression in end-stage renal disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 5:56-61. [PMID: 19833906 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.03390509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Hematopoietic growth factor-inducible neurokinin 1 (HGFIN), also known as Gpnmb and osteoactivin, is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed in numerous cells, including osteoclasts, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It serves as an osteoblast differentiation factor, participates in bone mineralization, and functions as a negative regulator of inflammation in macrophages. Although measurable at low levels in monocytes, monocyte-to-macrophage transformation causes substantial increase in HGFIN expression. HGFIN is involved in systemic inflammation, bone demineralization, and soft tissue vascular calcification. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We explored HGFIN expression in monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages in 21 stable hemodialysis patients and 22 control subjects. RESULTS Dialysis patients exhibited marked upregulation of colony-stimulating factor and IL-6 and significant downregulation of IL-10 in intact monocytes and transformed macrophages. HGFIN expression in intact monocytes was negligible in control subjects but conspicuously elevated (8.6-fold) in dialysis patients. As expected, in vitro monocyte-to-macrophage transformation resulted in marked upregulation of HGFIN in cells obtained from both groups but much more so in dialysis patients (17.5-fold higher). Upregulation of HGFIN and inflammatory cytokines in the uremic monocyte-derived macrophages occurred when grown in the presence of either normal or uremic serum, suggesting the enduring effect of the in vivo uremic milieu on monocyte/macrophage phenotype and function. CONCLUSIONS Uremic macrophages exhibit increased HGFIN gene and protein expression and heightened expression of proinflammatory and a suppressed expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Further studies are needed to determine the role of heightened monocyte/macrophage HGFIN expression in the pathogenesis of ESRD-induced inflammation and vascular and soft tissue calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine V Pahl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, UCI Medical Center, 101 The City Drive, Building 53, Room 125, Rt 81, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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153
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Hata M, Takahara S, Tsuzaki H, Ishii Y, Nakata K, Akagawa KS, Satoh K. Expression of Th2-skewed pathology mediators in monocyte-derived type 2 of dendritic cells (DC2). Immunol Lett 2009; 126:29-36. [PMID: 19643136 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 07/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The information conveyed from dendritic cells (DCs) to naïve CD4(+) T cells has crucial influence on their differentiation toward effector T cells. In an effort to identify DC-derived molecules directly contributing to T cell differentiation, we searched for molecules distinctively expressed between two DC subtypes, which were differentiated from peripheral monocytes by cultivation with GM-CSF (for DC1) or IL-3 (for DC2) in the presence of IL-4 and had the ability to induce naïve T cells to differentiate into Th1 or Th2 cells, respectively. As the first step to address this issue, we subtracted DC1 transcripts from those of DC2 and compiled the gene profile dominantly expressed in DC2, whose products are known to reside in other than the nucleus. Intriguingly, many of them were molecules involved in Th2-skewed disease pathologies, such as FN1, ITGAE, GPNMB, PLAUR, FPRL2, LILRB4, SERPINE1, ALOX15, TBXAS1, NCF2, CCL3, IL1RN, SPARC, and STAB1, suggesting that DCs function not only as antigen presenting cells but also as producers of Th2 pathology specific milieus leading to disease deteriorations. We also found that expressions of CYP27A1, PPAP2B, RSAD2, and ABCC3 were up-regulated in DC2, implying their significant function in Th2-deviated states. The identification of differentially expressed genes between DC subtypes provides new insights into their functions and our comparative gene expression profile will be highly useful for the identification of DC-derived key molecules for T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsumi Hata
- The Fifth Frontier Project, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
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154
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Swanson KS, Belsito KR, Vester BM, Schook LB. Adipose tissue gene expression profiles of healthy young adult and geriatric dogs. Arch Anim Nutr 2009; 63:160-71. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390902733934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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155
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Hume DA. Macrophages as APC and the dendritic cell myth. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:5829-35. [PMID: 18941170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.5829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells have been considered an immune cell type that is specialized for the presentation of Ag to naive T cells. Considerable effort has been applied to separate their lineage, pathways of differentiation, and effectiveness in Ag presentation from those of macrophages. This review summarizes evidence that dendritic cells are a part of the mononuclear phagocyte system and are derived from a common precursor, responsive to the same growth factors (including CSF-1), express the same surface markers (including CD11c), and have no unique adaptation for Ag presentation that is not shared by other macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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156
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Abstract
Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) are found in large numbers in every organ of the body, where they contribute to innate and acquired immunity and homeostasis. This review considers the locations of MPS cells, surface markers that distinguish subsets of monocytes and macrophages, the pathways of MPS differentiation, and the growth factors and transcription factors that guide them. Although the number of MPS sub-populations that can be defined is infinite, the features that unite the MPS remain compelling. Those features clearly include antigen-presenting dendritic cells within the MPS and argue against any basis for separating them from macrophages.
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157
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Kompass KS, Agapova OA, Li W, Kaufman PL, Rasmussen CA, Hernandez MR. Bioinformatic and statistical analysis of the optic nerve head in a primate model of ocular hypertension. BMC Neurosci 2008; 9:93. [PMID: 18822132 PMCID: PMC2567987 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nonhuman primate model of glaucomatous optic neuropathy most faithfully reproduces the human disease. We used high-density oligonucleotide arrays to investigate whole genome transcriptional changes occurring at the optic nerve head during primate experimental glaucoma. RESULTS Laser scarification of the trabecular meshwork of cynomolgus macaques produced elevated intraocular pressure that was monitored over time and led to varying degrees of damage in different samples. The macaques were examined clinically before enucleation and the myelinated optic nerves were processed post-mortem to determine the degree of neuronal loss. Global gene expression was examined in dissected optic nerve heads with Affymetrix GeneChip microarrays. We validated a subset of differentially expressed genes using qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and immuno-enriched astrocytes from healthy and glaucomatous human donors. These genes have previously defined roles in axonal outgrowth, immune response, cell motility, neuroprotection, and extracellular matrix remodeling. CONCLUSION Our findings show that glaucoma is associated with increased expression of genes that mediate axonal outgrowth, immune response, cell motility, neuroprotection, and ECM remodeling. These studies also reveal that, as glaucoma progresses, retinal ganglion cell axons may make a regenerative attempt to restore lost nerve cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Kompass
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Olga A Agapova
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Paul L Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Carol A Rasmussen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - M Rosario Hernandez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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158
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He H, Li W, Chen SY, Zhang S, Chen YT, Hayashida Y, Zhu YT, Tseng SCG. Suppression of activation and induction of apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells by amniotic membrane extract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:4468-75. [PMID: 18614802 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Macrophages play a pivotal role in initiating, maintaining, and resolving host inflammatory/immune responses but may cause recalcitrant inflammation and tissue damage if not controlled. Clinically, amniotic membrane (AM) transplantation suppresses inflammation in ocular surface reconstruction. Experimentally, the authors and others have reported that AM facilitates macrophage apoptosis. However, it remains unclear whether such anti-inflammatory activity is retained in AM extract (AME). METHODS Herein the authors demonstrate in resting and activated (by interferon [IFN]-gamma, lipopolysaccharide [LPS], or IFN-gamma/LPS) murine monocyte/macrophage RAW264.7 cells that AME suppresses cell spreading and reduces actin filaments determined by phalloidin staining and Western blotting of Triton X-100 extracted cell lysate. RESULTS Western blot and immunocytochemistry staining showed AME downregulates the expression of such cell surface markers as CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility complex class 2 antigen. Cell growth/viability is inhibited whereas cell apoptosis is enhanced by AME. Accordingly, secreted proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6 are reduced, but anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is upregulated. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggest that, similar to amniotic membrane, AME retains anti-inflammatory activities and does so by downregulating activation and inducing apoptosis in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua He
- TissueTech, Inc and the Ocular Surface Center, Miami, Florida 33173, USA
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159
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Chang MK, Raggatt LJ, Alexander KA, Kuliwaba JS, Fazzalari NL, Schroder K, Maylin ER, Ripoll VM, Hume DA, Pettit AR. Osteal Tissue Macrophages Are Intercalated throughout Human and Mouse Bone Lining Tissues and Regulate Osteoblast Function In Vitro and In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1232-44. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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160
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Anderson MG, Nair KS, Amonoo LA, Mehalow A, Trantow CM, Masli S, John SWM. GpnmbR150X allele must be present in bone marrow derived cells to mediate DBA/2J glaucoma. BMC Genet 2008; 9:30. [PMID: 18402690 PMCID: PMC2373794 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-9-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Gpnmb gene encodes a transmembrane protein whose function(s) remain largely unknown. Here, we assess if a mutant allele of Gpnmb confers susceptibility to glaucoma by altering immune functions. DBA/2J mice have a mutant Gpnmb gene and they develop a form of glaucoma preceded by a pigment dispersing iris disease and abnormalities of the immunosuppressive ocular microenvironment. RESULTS We find that the Gpnmb genotype of bone-marrow derived cell lineages significantly influences the iris disease and the elevation of intraocular pressure. GPNMB localizes to multiple cell types, including pigment producing cells, bone marrow derived F4/80 positive antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the iris and dendritic cells. We show that APCs of DBA/2J mice fail to induce antigen induced immune deviation (a form of tolerance) when treated with TGFbeta2. This demonstrates that some of the immune abnormalities previously identified in DBA/2J mice result from intrinsic defects in APCs. However, the tested APC defects are not dependent on a mutant Gpnmb gene. Finally, we show that the Gpnmb mediated iris disease does not require elevated IL18 or mature B or T lymphocytes. CONCLUSION These results establish a role for Gpnmb in bone marrow derived lineages. They suggest that affects of Gpnmb on innate immunity influence susceptibility to glaucoma in DBA/2J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa USA.
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161
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Sheng MHC, Wergedal JE, Mohan S, Lau KHW. Osteoactivin is a novel osteoclastic protein and plays a key role in osteoclast differentiation and activity. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1451-8. [PMID: 18381073 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study presents gene expression, protein expression, and in situ immunohistochemical evidence that osteoclasts express high levels of osteoactivin (OA), which had previously been reported to be an osteoblast-specific protein in bone. OA expression in osteoclasts was up-regulated upon receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand-induced differentiation. Suppression of functional activity of OA with neutralizing antibody reduced cell size, number of nuclei, fusion, and bone resorption activity of osteoclasts. OA was co-immunoprecipitated with integrin beta3 and beta1, indicating that OA co-localizes with integrin beta3 and/or beta1 in a hetero-polymeric complex in osteoclasts. These findings indicate that OA is a novel osteoclastic protein and plays a role in osteoclast differentiation and/or activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda H-C Sheng
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.
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162
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Metz RL, Patel PS, Hameed M, Bryan M, Rameshwar P. Role of human HGFIN/nmb in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 9:R58. [PMID: 17845721 PMCID: PMC2242655 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction HGFIN, previously identified as nmb, and its homolog osteoactivin are single transmembrane proteins that are expressed in differentiated immune cells. These proteins exhibit properties that could potentiate tumorigenesis or decrease invasiveness. These seemingly opposing roles of HGFIN suggest that this protein might be central to malignancies and might also behave as a tumor suppressor. Consistent with the reported roles for HGFIN is the fact that this gene is regulated by p53 through multiple binding sites in the 5' flanking region, and is expressed in osteoblasts. Methods This study used siRNA to knock-out HGFIN in non-tumorigenic breast cells and ectopically expressed HGFIN in breast cancer cells. In addition, in situ hybridization studies analyzed primary breast tissues from archived breast surgeries. Reporter gene assays studied the untranslated exon 1 of HGFIN. Results HGFIN expression led to reduced cell growth of breast cancer cells and reduced migration. At the molecular level, reporter gene analyses determined the untranslated exon 1 to be a negative regulator of the upstream enhancing effect. Ectopic expression of wild-type p53 in breast cancer cells that expressed endogenous mutant p53 resulted in increased HGFIN reporter gene activities. Conclusion As the majority of cancer cells have mutations in p53, further studies on the relationship between p53 and HGFIN expression, and its role in tumor genesis and bone invasion, might uncover novel therapy targets for breast and other cancers. The results show a central role for p53 in HGFIN expression, which appears to determine the behavior of the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Metz
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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163
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Microphthalmia transcription factor regulates the expression of the novel osteoclast factor GPNMB. Gene 2008; 413:32-41. [PMID: 18313864 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 01/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) regulates bone homeostasis by inducing expression of critical genes associated with osteoclast function. Gpnmb is a macrophage-enriched gene that has also been shown to be expressed in osteoblasts. Here, we have shown gpnmb to be highly induced in maturing murine osteoclasts. Microarray expression profile analysis identified gpnmb as a potential target of MITF in RAW264.7 cells, subclone C4 (RAW/C4), that overexpress this transcription factor. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified a MITF-binding site (M-box) in the gpnmb promoter that is conserved in different mammalian species. Anti-MITF antibody supershifted the DNA-MITF complex for the promoter site while MITF binding was abolished by mutation of this site. The gpnmb promoter was transactivated by co-expression of MITF in reporter gene assays while mutation of the gpnmb M-box prevented MITF transactivation. The induction of gpnmb expression during osteoclastogenesis was shown to exhibit similar kinetics to the known MITF targets, acp5 and clcn7. GPNMB expressed in RAW/C4 cells exhibited distinct subcellular distribution at different stages of osteoclast differentiation. At days 5 and 7, GPNMB protein co-localised with the osteoclast/macrophage lysosomal/endocytic marker MAC-3/LAMP-2, suggesting that GPNMB resides in the endocytic pathway of mature macrophages and is possibly targeted to the plasma membrane of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. The inclusion of gpnmb in the MITF regulon suggests a role for GPNMB in mature osteoclast function.
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