151
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[Pathophysiology of immune thrombocytopenia]. Rev Med Interne 2010; 32:350-7. [PMID: 20557985 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia is an autoimmune disease characterized by a peripheral destruction of platelets. B lymphocytes play a key role but pathogenesis is more complex, involving humoral and cellular immunity associated with an inappropriate platelet production. In this article, we review the different pathogenic pathways, leading to new therapeutic strategies.
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152
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Tremblay ME, Closon A, D'Anjou G, Bussières JF. Guillain-Barré syndrome following H1N1 immunization in a pediatric patient. Ann Pharmacother 2010; 44:1330-3. [PMID: 20484170 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1p078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a case of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) following a dose of influenza A (H1N1) vaccine (Arepanrix). CASE SUMMARY An 11-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital after presenting with facial diplegia; abdominal, forehead, and thigh pain; and acute cervical pain. He had received the Arepanrix H1N1 subcutaneous vaccine 13 days before symptom onset. The neurologic examination also revealed a symmetric bilateral paralysis of the VIIth cranial nerve and intense pain, proximal weakness of the shoulder girdles and pelvis, and preserved deep tendon reflexes. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed an albuminocytologic dissociation. Therefore, a diagnosis of atypical GBS following vaccination against HINI influenza was made. DISCUSSION Based on the clinical evaluation, laboratory test results, neurologic features, and the exclusion of alternative diagnoses, the Naranjo probability scale revealed a probable relationship between the clinical manifestations of GBS and the vaccine against influenza A (H1N1) received by the patient. This is the first published case for the 2009 influenza pandemic in children. CONCLUSIONS While recent studies have found inconclusive results on the association between influenza vaccine and GBS, all suspected cases should be published for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Pharmacy Department, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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153
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Immunomodulation by Intravenous Immunoglobulin: Role of Regulatory T Cells. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30 Suppl 1:S4-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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154
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Gürcan HM, Keskin DB, Ahmed AR. Information for healthcare providers on general features of IGIV with emphasis on differences between commercially available products. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 9:553-9. [PMID: 20346419 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intravenous immunoglobulin (IGIV) has provided an essential replacement therapy for primary and secondary immunodeficiencies patients and prophylaxis of infectious diseases in them. It is also used in several autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders. An overview of IGIV with information on several commercially available IGIV products is discussed. DATA SOURCES Medline databases and literature provided by the manufacturer for each product presented in the manuscript. STUDY SELECTION From the vast body of information on IGIV, only those studies were selected that were pertinent to general features of IGIV (as presented below) or information provided by the manufacturer that facilitated comparing one product to the other. DATA EXTRACTION Data was extracted on production, and purification procedures, removal of infectious agents, physical and biochemical properties and issues of safety. Data was extracted only for products available in the US. DATA SYNTHESIS IGIV is prepared using pooled plasma. The purification of IGIV is a complex and multi-step process. There is a reciprocal relationship between the purity of IgG in the product and the recovery rate from the total plasma. It is quite possible that some of the biological mediators of the inflammatory and immune systems may be present in trace amounts. Screening and removal of blood borne pathogens is necessary and there are several different techniques available. The specifics of the administration are often variable and no consistent pattern or protocol has been used. When limited dosages are required IGIV may be administered subcutaneously. The side effects associated with IGIV are usually mild and self-limiting. CONCLUSION There are differences in products produced by different manufacturers. The current data does not provide sufficient detail or information to be able to make specific recommendations for the use of a given commercial preparation in a specific disease state. The use of IGIV is associated with certain common and uncommon side effects. The identification of risk factors that might predispose a patient to developing them have been studied and reported. In choosing a IGIV preparation the user may avoid features that may predispose to certain side effects. Equally important is monitoring of patients during and after the IGIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan M Gürcan
- Center for Blistering Diseases, Department of Medicine, New England Baptist Hospital, Boston, MA 02120, USA
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155
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Durandy A, Kaveri SV, Kuijpers TW, Basta M, Miescher S, Ravetch JV, Rieben R. Intravenous immunoglobulins--understanding properties and mechanisms. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 158 Suppl 1:2-13. [PMID: 19883419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) preparations are used currently for the treatment of autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. Despite numerous studies demonstrating efficacy, the precise mode of action of IVIg remains unclear. Paradoxically, IgG can exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, depending on its concentration. The proinflammatory activity of low-dose IVIg requires complement activation or binding of the Fc fragment of IgG to IgG-specific receptors (FcgammaR) on innate immune effector cells. In contrast, when administered in high concentrations, IVIg has anti-inflammatory properties. How this anti-inflammatory effect is mediated has not yet been elucidated fully, and several mutually non-exclusive mechanisms have been proposed. This paper represents the proceedings of a session entitled 'IVIg--Understanding properties and mechanisms' at the 6th International Immunoglobulin Symposium that was held in Interlaken on 26-28 March 2009. The presentations addressed how IgG may affect the cellular compartment, evidence for IVIg-mediated scavenging of complement fragments, the role of the dimeric fraction of IVIg, the anti-inflammatory properties of the minor fraction of sialylated IgG molecules, and the genetic organization and variation in FcgammaRs. These findings demonstrate the considerable progress that has been made in understanding the mechanisms of action of IVIgs, and may influence future perspectives in the field of Ig therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Durandy
- INSERM U768, Université Paris-Descartes, Hospital Necker, Paris, France
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156
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Arumugakani G, Wood PMD, Carter CRD. Frequency of Treg cells is reduced in CVID patients with autoimmunity and splenomegaly and is associated with expanded CD21lo B lymphocytes. J Clin Immunol 2009; 30:292-300. [PMID: 19997968 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Common variable immunodeficiency is a heterogeneous antibody deficiency syndrome with autoimmune and inflammatory complications in a significant proportion of patients. The study was designed to evaluate the role of T regulatory (Treg) cells in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients with autoimmunity. METHODS The number and frequency of Treg cells (CD4(+), CD25(hi), Foxp3(+)) were evaluated in patients and controls, and Foxp3 expression in different subgroups of CVID patients with common clinical manifestations was compared. RESULTS CVID patients had significantly fewer Treg cells than controls, and low frequency of Treg cells was associated with expansion of CD21(lo) B cells in patients. Patients with autoimmunity had significantly reduced frequency but normal numbers of regulatory T cells, whilst patients with splenomegaly had significant reduction in frequency and number of regulatory T cells. CONCLUSION Foxp3 is useful on its own or as an adjunct to classify CVID patients although the possibility of reduction in Treg cells as a secondary phenomenon cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj Arumugakani
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Beckett Wing, St.James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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157
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Mouthon L, Bussone G, Kaveri S. Indications et mécanismes d’action des immunoglobulines intraveineuses dans les pathologies auto-immunes et inflammatoires systémiques. Rev Med Interne 2009; 30:H14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(09)73168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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158
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Abstract
Current therapy for myasthenia gravis is directed towards generalized modulation and suppression of the immune system. These approaches have been extensively studied and are effective in many patients with myasthenia, but at the cost of significant adverse effects due to the global effects on the immune system. Future directions in therapy are geared towards focused immunotherapies that aim to improve outcomes while lessening the burden of side effects. This paper reviews both the current accepted treatments for myasthenia gravis as well as promising targeted therapies in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans D Katzberg
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Vera Bril
- University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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159
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Autoantibodies to the delta-opioid receptor function as opioid agonists and display immunomodulatory activity. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 217:65-73. [PMID: 19879656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we show that affinity purified human anti-delta opioid receptor (DOR) autoantibodies from IVIG are specific to DOR and possess agonistic properties displayed by their ability to dramatically decrease forskolin stimulated cAMP accumulation. Anti-DOR autoantibody also caused phosphorylation of the opioid receptor. Anti-DOR autoantibody treatment showed a significant reduction in CXCR4 gene expression as well as surface protein expression. In contrast, anti-DOR autoantibody treatment significantly upregulated CCR5 gene and protein expression. The presence of anti-DOR autoantibodies in IVIG and their potent immunomodulatory activity is further evidence to support the cross-talk between the neuroendocrine and immune systems.
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160
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Imbach P, Lazarus AH, Kühne T. Intravenous immunoglobulins induce potentially synergistic immunomodulations in autoimmune disorders. Vox Sang 2009; 98:385-94. [PMID: 19821958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2009.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The increase in platelets in patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) by intravenous administration of human immunoglobulin concentrates (IVIG) reflects a therapeutic immunomodulatory intervention targeted at the disturbed immune response in many inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. These immunoglobulin concentrates contain large numbers of antibodies as well as trace levels of various other immunologically active molecules. Clinical and laboratory studies have documented various mechanisms of action of IVIG. The complex network of immunological reactions resulting from the infusion of IVIG includes changes in several cytokines, interactions with dendritic cells, T- and B- lymphocyte effects, macrophage effects, mediated by distinct Fc-gamma receptors. In addition, effects on complement components and apoptosis have also been observed. Synergism between the different elements of the immune response characterizes the beneficial effects of IVIG in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. They have immunopathogeneses and clinical manifestations which are difficult to define and therefore IVIG treatment indications remain heterogeneous. Dose finding studies are missing for most of the indications of the drug. In future research, defining the appropriate subgroups of patients should be undertaken. This may be accomplished by prospective registries collecting data on large numbers of patients with long-term follow-up. Controlled clinical and laboratory studies may follow based on new, validated patient selection criteria and focused on mechanisms of action, leading to more evidence-based indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Imbach
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty of University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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161
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Targeting Treg cells in situ: emerging expansion strategies for (CD4(+)CD25(+)) regulatory T cells. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009; 15:1239-43. [PMID: 19747630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of the ability of CD4(+)FoxP3(+) T cells (Treg) to influence the generation of peripheral immune responses has engendered enthusiasm for the development of strategies utilizing these cells to regulate immune responses in clinically important settings including transplantation, autoimmunity and cancer. A number of studies have reported effective regulation utilizing ex-vivo expansion approaches and subsequent transfer of Treg populations in experimental models. This commentary discusses recently emerging strategies to activate and expand Treg cells in situ which include antibodies, antigen presenting cells and the use of IL2 / anti-IL2 antibody complex. The development of reagents which can stimulate and / or remove Treg cells in situ would represent an important advance towards facilitating new opportunities to harness this compartment for the augmentation of 'wanted' or suppression of 'unwanted' immune responses. Simultaneous targeting of multiple molecules on Treg cells may ultimately enable more effective control of this regulatory sector.
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162
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MacMillan HF, Lee T, Issekutz AC. Intravenous immunoglobulin G-mediated inhibition of T-cell proliferation reflects an endogenous mechanism by which IgG modulates T-cell activation. Clin Immunol 2009; 132:222-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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163
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Melo KM, Carvalho KI, Bruno FR, Ndhlovu LC, Ballan WM, Nixon DF, Kallas EG, Costa-Carvalho BT. A decreased frequency of regulatory T cells in patients with common variable immunodeficiency. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6269. [PMID: 19649263 PMCID: PMC2715881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Common variable immunodeficiency disorder (CVID) is a heterogeneous syndrome, characterized by deficient antibody production and recurrent bacterial infections in addition abnormalities in T cells. CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential modulators of immune responses, including down-modulation of immune response to pathogens, allergens, cancer cells and self-antigens. Objective In this study we set out to investigate the frequency of Treg cells in CVID patients and correlate with their immune activation status. Materials and Methods Sixteen patients (6 males and 10 females) with CVID who had been treated with regular intravenous immunoglobulin and 14 controls were enrolled. Quantitative analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were performed by multiparametric flow cytometry using the following cell markers: CD38, HLA-DR, CCR5 (immune activation); CD4, CD25, FOXP3, CD127, and OX40 (Treg cells); Ki-67 and IFN-γ (intracellular cytokine). Results A significantly lower proportion of CD4+CD25highFOXP3 T cells was observed in CVID patients compared with healthy controls (P<0.05). In addition to a higher proportion of CD8+ T cells from CVID patients expressing the activation markers, CD38+ and HLA-DR+ (P<0.05), we observed no significant correlation between Tregs and immune activation. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that a reduction in Treg cells could have impaired immune function in CVID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Division of Experimental Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wassim M. Ballan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Division of Experimental Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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164
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Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) products are derived from pooled human plasma and have been used for the treatment of primary immunodeficiency disorders for more than 25 years. IVIG products are also effective in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders; however, the precise mechanism(s) of action is not known. Recent investigations suggest that IVIG has a much broader ability to regulate cellular immunity including innate and adaptive components. IVIG is also a recently recognized modifier of complement activation and injury. Here, we discuss these important advancements and how this knowledge applies to desensitization protocols and to the treatment of antibody-mediated rejection.
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165
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Tamminga R, Berchtold W, Bruin M, Buchanan GR, Kühne T. Possible lower rate of chronic ITP after IVIG for acute childhood ITP an analysis from registry I of the Intercontinental Cooperative ITP Study Group (ICIS). Br J Haematol 2009; 146:180-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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166
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Proulx DP, Aubin É, Lemieux R, Bazin R. Spontaneous internalization of IVIg in activated B cells. Immunol Lett 2009; 124:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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167
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Rissmann A, Pieper S, Adams I, Brune T, Wiemann D, Reinhold D. Increased blood plasma concentrations of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins in childhood autoimmune diseases. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009; 20:261-5. [PMID: 18761651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a multifunctional, immunosuppressive cytokine, is shown to be present in substantial amounts in commercially available intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations. To assess whether TGF-beta isoforms are changed in the plasma of paediatric patients with childhood autoimmune diseases after IVIG infusion, 17 patients who received over a period of 12 months overall 56 IVIG infusions (Endobulin) were enrolled in a study. High levels of TGF-beta1 (16.95 +/- 8.16 ng/ml) as well as TGF-beta2 (62.71 +/- 9.50 ng/ml) were detected in the used 56 IVIG probes. TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 plasma concentrations were measured prior and 120 min after IVIG infusions by specific TGF-beta ELISA. Interestingly, significant increased TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 plasma levels were found in patients after treatment with IVIG. This data suggest that a TGF-beta-mediated mechanism of action may accompany other molecular effects of IVIG therapy. The amount of the potent anti-inflammatory TGF-beta isoforms within the IVIG preparations may exert a differentiated view regarding the manifold indications of IVIG therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Rissmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Madgeburg D-39120, Germany
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168
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Galeotti C, Maddur M, Kazatchkine MD, Mouthon L, Kaveri SV. Immunoglobulines intraveineuses dans les maladies auto-immunes et inflammatoires : au-delà d’une simple substitution. Transfus Clin Biol 2009; 16:75-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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169
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Intravenous immunoglobulin as add on treatment with mycophenolate mofetil in severe myositis. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 9:124-7. [PMID: 19386287 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM). METHODS We performed an open study in PM and DM with active disease. Indications for treatment were: steroid-dependency, refractoriness to steroid and/or immunosuppressants, and life-threatening disease. IVIg was used at 2 g/kg in monthly cycles for six months and then each other month for other three cycles. MMF was slowly titrated to 30 mg/kg/day orally. Parameters employed to follow patients were the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale, the modified Rankin score, CK serum levels and daily prednisone dose. RESULTS Seven patients were studied (4PM, 3DM). All were females, with a mean age of 49 years. All of them achieved a complete remission and, at the last follow-up visit, significant differences in MRC score, modified Rankin score, CK levels, and the daily maintenance prednisone dose were documented. No relevant side effects were observed. CONCLUSION IVIg as add on treatment with MMF is effective in severe and refractory myositis, moreover as safe and steroid-sparing agent.
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170
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Lutz HU, Binder CJ, Kaveri S. Naturally occurring auto-antibodies in homeostasis and disease. Trends Immunol 2008; 30:43-51. [PMID: 19058756 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies with germline or close to germline configuration exist in vertebrates, and these so-called 'naturally occurring auto-antibodies' (NAb) are directed to self and altered self components. Such NAbs have been attracting increasing interest because several of them, including some in their recombinant forms, have therapeutic potential. Whereas a large number of IgM and IgG NAbs have tissue homeostatic roles, others modulate and regulate cellular and enzyme properties. This review describes some of these NAbs and emphasizes how these low-titer, low-affinity NAbs interact with self and altered self and show functional potency in homeostasis and regulation, in addition to in diseases such as infarction and systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans U Lutz
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, CH 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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171
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Gürcan HM, Keskin DB, Stern JNH, Nitzberg MA, Shekhani H, Ahmed AR. A review of the current use of rituximab in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 9:10-25. [PMID: 19000786 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rituximab is a human/murine chimeric monoclonal antibody primarily used for treating non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma. Recently it has also been used in the treatment of several autoimmune diseases. A literature review was conducted to determine the efficacy of rituximab in the treatment of some of these autoimmune diseases. Multiple mechanisms proposed for the rituximab mediated B cell depletion are also discussed. The efficacy of rituximab is well-established and it is FDA approved for treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, data on the use of rituximab is presented from 92 studies involving 1197 patients with the following diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis, Grave's disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pemphigus vulgaris, hemophilia A, cold agglutinin disease, Sjogren's syndrome, graft vs. host disease, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, cryoglobulinemia, IgM mediated neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, idiopathic membranous nephropathy, dermatomyositis, and opsoclonus myoclonus. The efficacy varies among different autoimmune diseases. The cumulative data would suggest that in the vast majority of studies in this review, RTX has a beneficial role in their treatment. While rituximab is very effective in the depletion of B cells, current research suggests it may also influence other cells of the immune system by re-establishing immune homeostasis and tolerance. The safety profile of RTX reveals that most reactions are infusion related. In patients with autoimmune diseases the incidence of serious and severe side effects is low. Systemic infection still remains a major concern and may result in death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan M Gürcan
- Center for Blistering Diseases, New England Baptist Hospital, Boston, MA 02120, USA
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172
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173
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Tha-In T, Bayry J, Metselaar HJ, Kaveri SV, Kwekkeboom J. Modulation of the cellular immune system by intravenous immunoglobulin. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:608-15. [PMID: 18926775 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is therapeutically used in a variety of immune-mediated diseases. The beneficial effects of IVIg in auto-antibody-mediated diseases can be explained by neutralization, accelerated clearance and prevention of Fcgamma-receptor binding of auto-antibodies. However, the means by which IVIg exerts therapeutic effects in disorders mediated by cellular immunity have remained enigmatic. Clinical improvements, followed by IVIg treatment, often extend beyond the half-life of infused IgG, thereby indicating that IVIg modifies the cellular immune compartment for a prolonged period. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of different, mutually non-exclusive mechanisms of action of IVIg on cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. These mechanisms might explain the beneficial effects of IVIg in certain autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyalak Tha-In
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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174
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Abstract
We have identified at least 2 highly promiscuous major histocompatibility complex class II T-cell epitopes in the Fc fragment of IgG that are capable of specifically activating CD4(+)CD25(Hi)FoxP3(+) natural regulatory T cells (nT(Regs)). Coincubation of these regulatory T-cell epitopes or "Tregitopes" and antigens with peripheral blood mononuclear cells led to a suppression of effector cytokine secretion, reduced proliferation of effector T cells, and caused an increase in cell surface markers associated with T(Regs) such as FoxP3. In vivo administration of the murine homologue of the Fc region Tregitope resulted in suppression of immune response to a known immunogen. These data suggest that one mechanism for the immunosuppressive activity of IgG, such as with IVIG, may be related to the activity of regulatory T cells. In this model, regulatory T-cell epitopes in IgG activate a subset of nT(Regs) that tips the resulting immune response toward tolerance rather than immunogenicity.
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175
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Taylor JL, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Pozzi A, Izzo AA. Lack of alpha-1 integrin alters lesion morphology during pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2008; 88:444-52. [PMID: 18639492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is the granuloma, a highly dynamic immune structure that contains the bacilli during chronic infection. Here, we examined if alpha1beta1 integrin is required in the development and maintenance of the granulomatous structure during pulmonary infection using the alpha1 integrin knockout (alpha1-null) mouse. The alpha1beta1 integrin is expressed on activated macrophages and T cells, and interacts with collagen molecules in the extracellular matrix (ECM), and thus may play a role in the granulomatous process. Following pulmonary infection with virulent M. tuberculosis, lungs of alpha1-null infected mice had striking differences in granuloma structure, as well as distinct and markedly thickened alveolar septae. By day 180, there were regions of cell death within granulomatous lesions, characterized by cellular debris in these mice. To determine if this molecule was necessary for T cell trafficking within the lungs, the expression of CD4, CD44 and CD62L was monitored. The number of activated and IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells increased in the lungs of alpha1-null mice during the chronic phase of infection, although they had decreased concentrations of TNF-alpha and MMP-9. These results suggest that while alpha1beta1 integrin is not required for trafficking or maintenance of T cells in M. tuberculosis infected lungs, it does play a role in granuloma structure and integrity during the chronic phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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176
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Abstract
The role of Treg in immune regulation is the topic of this Viewpoint series in the European Journal of Immunology (EJI); the question to be discussed in this section is the effector function of Treg in immune regulation. In this manuscript, we take on the following three postulates outlined by Rolf Zinkernagel on the role of Treg in the control of immunity. First, the immune response is regulated primarily by the antigen and not by Treg. Second, immune non-responsiveness results from the deletion of specific receptor-bearing T cells. Third, there is no definitive proof of the existence of specialized Treg that know what is needed for an equilibrated immune response. Herein, we discuss data demonstrating the existence of specialized Treg and therefore arguing against the validity of the first two postulates. However, based on the reactive nature of the immune system, we agree with Rolf's third postulate in that Treg cannot know ahead of time an ideal set-point for immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Quintana
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02446, USA.
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Vani J, Elluru S, Negi VS, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kazatchkine MD, Bayary J, Kaveri SV. Role of natural antibodies in immune homeostasis: IVIg perspective. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7:440-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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178
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Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) consist of IgG concentrated from pooled plasma of numerous donors. Their contents is variable, depending in part on the method of preparation. Natural antibodies and natural autoantibodies are prominent in these preparations and their function. Among these, are the idiotype (Id)/anti-Id dimers. Attention has recently been paid to Fc-gamma receptors and sialylation of the IgG from IVIg.
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179
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Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Ephrem et al demonstrate that IVIg expands CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) and enhances their function in vivo and in vitro. Their findings shed new light on the elusive mechanism of action of IVIg in ameliorating autoimmune diseases.
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180
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