151
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ASAHINA M, FUJINAWA R, FUJIHIRA H, MASAHARA-NEGISHI Y, ANDOU T, TOZAWA R, SUZUKI T. JF1/B6F1 Ngly1 -/- mouse as an isogenic animal model of NGLY1 deficiency. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 97:89-102. [PMID: 33563880 PMCID: PMC7897899 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.97.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency is a congenital disorder caused by mutations in the NGLY1 gene. Because systemic Ngly1-/- mice with a C57BL/6 (B6) background are embryonically lethal, studies on the mechanism of NGLY1 deficiency using mice have been problematic. In this study, B6-Ngly1-/+ mice were crossed with Japanese wild mice-originated Japanese fancy mouse 1 (JF1) mice to produce viable F2 Ngly1-/- mice from (JF1×B6)F1 Ngly1-/+ mice. Systemic Ngly1-/- mice with a JF1 mouse background were also embryonically lethal. Hybrid F1 Ngly1-/- (JF1/B6F1) mice, however, showed developmental delay and motor dysfunction, similar to that in human patients. JF1/B6F1 Ngly1-/- mice showed increased levels of plasma and urinary aspartylglycosamine, a potential biomarker for NGLY1 deficiency. JF1/B6F1 Ngly1-/- mice are a useful isogenic animal model for the preclinical testing of therapeutic options and understanding the precise pathogenic mechanisms responsible for NGLY1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto ASAHINA
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- T-CiRA Discovery, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Reiko FUJINAWA
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Haruhiko FUJIHIRA
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Glycobiologics, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki MASAHARA-NEGISHI
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro ANDOU
- Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryuichi TOZAWA
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- T-CiRA Discovery, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadashi SUZUKI
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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152
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Son JW, Shin JJ, Kim MG, Kim J, Son SW. Keratinocyte-specific knockout mice models via Cre–loxP recombination system. Mol Cell Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-020-00115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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153
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Yoshimi K, Yamauchi Y, Tanaka T, Shimada T, Sato M, Mashimo T. Photoactivatable Cre knock-in mice for spatiotemporal control of genetic engineering in vivo. J Transl Med 2021; 101:125-135. [PMID: 32892213 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-00482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Cre-loxP recombination system has been extensively used to analyze gene function in vivo, spatiotemporal control of Cre activity is a critical limitation for easy and precise recombination. Here, we established photoactivatable-Cre (PA-Cre) knock-in (KI) mice at a safe harbor locus for the spatial and temporal regulation of Cre recombinase activity. The mice showed whole-body Cre recombination activity following light exposure for only 1 h. Almost no leaks of Cre recombination activity were detected in the KI mice under natural light conditions. Spot irradiation could induce locus-specific recombination noninvasively, enabling us to compare phenotypes on the left and right sides in the same mouse. Furthermore, long-term irradiation using an implanted wireless LED substantially improved Cre recombination activity, especially in the brain. These results demonstrate that PA-Cre KI mice can facilitate the spatiotemporal control of genetic engineering and provide a useful resource to elucidate gene function in vivo with Cre-loxP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Yoshimi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Division of Animal Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Division of Genome Engineering, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamauchi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Division of Animal Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | | | | | - Moritoshi Sato
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Division of Animal Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Division of Genome Engineering, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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154
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The development of genome editing tools as powerful techniques with versatile applications in biotechnology and medicine: CRISPR/Cas9, ZnF and TALE nucleases, RNA interference, and Cre/loxP. CHEMTEXTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40828-020-00126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe huge progress in whole genome sequencing (genomic revolution) methods including next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques allows one to obtain data on genome sequences of all organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to mammals, within hours to days (era of whole genome/exome sequencing) (Goodwin et al. in Nat Rev Genet 17:333–351, 2016; Levy and Myers in Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 17:95–115, 2016; Giani et al. in Comput Struct Biotechnol J 18:9–19, 2020). Today, within the era of functional genomics the highest goal is to transfer this huge amount of sequencing data into information of functional and clinical relevance (genome annotation project). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 10,000 diseases in humans are monogenic, i.e., that these diseases are caused by mutations within single genes (Jackson et al. in Essays Biochem 62:643–723, 2018). NGS technologies are continuously improving while our knowledge on genetic mutations driving the development of diseases is also still emerging (Giani et al. in Comput Struct Biotechnol J 18:9–19, 2020). It would be desirable to have tools that allow one to correct these genetic mutations, so-called genome editing tools. Apart from applications in biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture, it is still not concisely understood in basic science how genotype influences phenotype. Firstly, the Cre/loxP system and RNA-based technologies for gene knockout or knockdown are explained. Secondly, zinc-finger (ZnF) nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are discussed as targeted genome editing systems. Thirdly, CRISPR/Cas is presented including outline of the discovery and mechanisms of this adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea, structure and function of CRISPR/Cas9 and its application as a tool for genomic editing. Current developments and applications of CRISPR/Cas9 are discussed. Moreover, limitations and drawbacks of the CRISPR/Cas system are presented and questions on ethical concerns connected to application of genome editing tools are discussed.
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155
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Kermanizadeh A, Jacobsen NR, Murphy F, Powell L, Parry L, Zhang H, Møller P. A Review of the Current State of Nanomedicines for Targeting and Treatment of Cancers: Achievements and Future Challenges. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fiona Murphy
- Heriot Watt University School of Engineering and Physical Sciences Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Leagh Powell
- Heriot Watt University School of Engineering and Physical Sciences Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Lee Parry
- Cardiff University European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences Cardiff CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Laboratory of Chemical Biology Changchun 130022 China
| | - Peter Møller
- University of Copenhagen Department of Public Health Copenhagen DK1014 Denmark
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156
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Pryzhkova MV, Xu MJ, Jordan PW. Adaptation of the AID system for stem cell and transgenic mouse research. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102078. [PMID: 33202307 PMCID: PMC7784532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The auxin-inducible degron (AID) system is becoming a widely used method for rapid and reversible degradation of target proteins. This system has been successfully used to study gene and protein functions in eukaryotic cells and common model organisms, such as nematode and fruit fly. To date, applications of the AID system in mammalian stem cell research are limited. Furthermore, standard mouse models harboring the AID system have not been established. Here we have explored the utility of the H11 safe-harbor locus for integration of the TIR1 transgene, an essential component of auxin-based protein degradation system. We have shown that the H11 locus can support constitutive and conditional TIR1 expression in mouse and human embryonic stem cells, as well as in mice. We demonstrate that the AID system can be successfully employed for rapid degradation of stable proteins in embryonic stem cells, which is crucial for investigation of protein functions in quickly changing environments, such as stem cell proliferation and differentiation. As embryonic stem cells possess unlimited proliferative capacity, differentiation potential, and can mimic organ development, we believe that these research tools will be an applicable resource to a broad scientific audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Pryzhkova
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michelle J Xu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Philip W Jordan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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157
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Yang D, Liu HQ, Liu FY, Tang N, Guo Z, Ma SQ, An P, Wang MY, Wu HM, Yang Z, Fan D, Tang QZ. Critical roles of macrophages in pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 99:33-46. [PMID: 33130927 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are integral components of the mammalian heart that show extensive expansion in response to various internal or external stimuli. After the onset of sustained pressure overload (PO), the accumulation of cardiac macrophages through local macrophage proliferation and monocyte migration has profound effects on the transition to cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. In this review, we describe the heterogeneity and diversity of cardiac macrophages and summarize the current understanding of the important roles of macrophages in PO-induced cardiac remodeling. In addition, the possible mechanisms involved in macrophage modulation are also described. Finally, considering the significant effects of cardiac macrophages, we highlight their emerging role as therapeutic targets for alleviating pathological cardiac remodeling after PO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Qing Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Yuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qing Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng An
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ming Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.
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158
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Ushakova VM, Morozova AY, Reznik AM, Kostyuk GP, Chekhonin VP. Molecular Biological Aspects of Depressive Disorders: A Modern View. Mol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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159
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Chin HJ, Lee SY, Lee D. Tamoxifen-inducible cardiac-specific Cre transgenic mouse using VIPR2 intron. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:31. [PMID: 32983955 PMCID: PMC7493340 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models through gene deletion are useful tools for analyzing gene function. To delete a gene in a certain tissue temporally, tissue-specific and tamoxifen-inducible Cre transgenic mice are generally used. Here, we generated transgenic mouse with cardiac-specific expression of Cre recombinase fused to a mutant estrogen ligand-binding domain (ERT2) on both N-terminal and C-terminal under the regulatory region of human vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VIPR2) intron and Hsp68 promoter (VIPR2-ERT2CreERT2). In VIPR2-ERT2CreERT2 transgenic mice, mRNA for Cre gene was highly expressed in the heart. To further reveal heart-specific Cre expression, VIPR2-ERT2CreERT2 mice mated with ROSA26-lacZ reporter mice were examined by X-gal staining. Results of X-gal staining revealed that Cre-dependent recombination occurred only in the heart after treatment with tamoxifen. Taken together, these results demonstrate that VIPR2-ERT2CreERT2 transgenic mouse is a useful model to unveil a specific gene function in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Chin
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodae-gil 52, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760 South Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodae-gil 52, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760 South Korea
| | - Daekee Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodae-gil 52, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760 South Korea
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160
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Optimization of tamoxifen-induced Cre activity and its effect on immune cell populations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15244. [PMID: 32943672 PMCID: PMC7499195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) inducible Cre recombinase system is an essential tool to study gene function when early ablation or overexpression can cause developmental defects or embryonic lethality. However, there remains a lack of consensus on the optimal route and dosage of TAM administration in vivo. Here, we assessed dosage and delivery of TAM for activation of Cre in immune cell subsets assessed longitudinally and spatially using transgenic mice with ubiquitously expressed Cre/ER and the Cre-inducible fluorescent reporter YFP. After comparing two TAM delivery methods (intraperitoneal versus oral gavage) and different doses, we found that 3 mg of TAM administered orally for five consecutive days provides maximal reporter induction with minimal adverse effects in vivo. Serum levels of TAM peaked 1 week after initiating treatment then slowly decreased, regardless of dosing and delivery methods. TAM concentration in specific tissues (liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus) was also dependent on delivery method and dose. Cre induction was highest in myeloid cells and B cells and substantially lower in T cells, and double-positive thymocytes had a notably higher response to TAM. In addition to establishing optimal dose and administration of TAM, our study reveals a disparate activity of Cre in different cell immune populations when using Cre/ER models.
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161
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Doshi A, Sadeghi F, Varadarajan N, Cirino PC. Small-molecule inducible transcriptional control in mammalian cells. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1131-1150. [PMID: 32862714 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1808583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tools for tuning transcription in mammalian cells have broad applications, from basic biological discovery to human gene therapy. While precise control over target gene transcription via dosing with small molecules (drugs) is highly sought, the design of such inducible systems that meets required performance metrics poses a great challenge in mammalian cell synthetic biology. Important characteristics include tight and tunable gene expression with a low background, minimal drug toxicity, and orthogonality. Here, we review small-molecule-inducible transcriptional control devices that have demonstrated success in mammalian cells and mouse models. Most of these systems employ natural or designed ligand-binding protein domains to directly or indirectly communicate with transcription machinery at a target sequence, via carefully constructed fusions. Example fusions include those to transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs), DNA-targeting proteins (e.g. dCas systems) fused to transactivating domains, and recombinases. Similar to the architecture of Type I nuclear receptors, many of the systems are designed such that the transcriptional controller is excluded from the nucleus in the absence of an inducer. Techniques that use ligand-induced proteolysis and antibody-based chemically induced dimerizers are also described. Collectively, these transcriptional control devices take advantage of a variety of recently developed molecular biology tools and cell biology insights and represent both proof of concept (e.g. targeting reporter gene expression) and disease-targeting studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Doshi
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick C Cirino
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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162
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Laumonnier Y, Karsten CM, Köhl G, Köhl J. Characterization of Anaphylatoxin Receptor Expression and C3a/C5a Functions in Anaphylatoxin Receptor Reporter Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 130:e100. [PMID: 32710701 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The anaphylatoxins (AT) C3a and C5a are effector molecules of C3 and C5 exerting multiple biologic functions through binding and activation of their cognate G protein-coupled receptors. C3a interacts with the C3a receptor (C3aR), whereas C5a and its primary degradation product C5a-desArg engage C5aR1 and C5aR2. In the past, analysis of AT expression has been hampered by cross reaction of antibodies designed to recognize the different AT receptors. Furthermore, assessment of effects mediated by cell-specific activation has been difficult. Here, floxed AT receptor reporter mice are described as tools to monitor AT receptor expression in cells and tissues and to study the functions of C3a and C5a by cell-specific deletion of their cognate AT receptors. © 2020 The Authors. Basic Protocol 1: Genotyping of floxed GFP-C5aR1 knockin mice Support Protocol 1: Genotyping of LysMcre-C5ar1-/- mice Basic Protocol 2: Genotyping of floxed tdTomato-C3aR and -tdTomato-C5aR2 knockin mice Support Protocol 2: Preparation of genomic DNA Basic Protocol 3: Determination of C5aR1, C5aR2, and C3aR expression using floxed AT receptor reporter mice Support Protocol 3: Determination of C3aR expression using a C3aR-specific antibody Support Protocol 4: Determination of C5aR1, C5aR2, and C3aR mRNA expression in floxed GFP-C5aR1, floxed tdTomato-C5aR2 or -tdTomato C3aR positive cells Basic Protocol 4: Analysis of C5aR1-driven ERK1/2 phosphorylation in GFP-C5aR1+ cells Basic Protocol 5: Assessment of C3aR functions in cells obtained from floxed tdTomato-C3aR knockin mice- Determination of C3aR internalization Alternate Protocol: C3a-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ Basic Protocol 6: C5aR2-driven IFN-γ production from NK cells Support Protocol 5: Isolation of splenic NK cells by FACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Laumonnier
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian M Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gabriele Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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163
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Ozguldez HO, Fan R, Bedzhov I. Placental gene editing via trophectoderm-specific Tat-Cre/loxP recombination. Development 2020; 147:dev.190371. [PMID: 32541013 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ways in which placental defects affect embryonic development are largely overlooked because of the lack of a trophoblast-specific approach for conditional gene ablation. To tackle this, we have established a simple, fast and efficient method for trophectodermal Tat-Cre/loxP recombination. We used the natural permeability barrier in mouse blastocysts in combination with off-the-shelf Tat-Cre recombinase to achieve editing of conditional alleles in the trophoblast lineage. This direct approach enables gene function analysis during implantation and placentation in mice, thereby crucially helping to broaden our understanding of human reproduction and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice O Ozguldez
- Embryonic Self-Organization research group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rui Fan
- Embryonic Self-Organization research group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan Bedzhov
- Embryonic Self-Organization research group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
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164
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Lei L, Huang Z, Feng J, Huang Z, Tao Y, Hu X, Zhang X. Loss of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 impairs the osteogenesis of mBMSCs by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:137. [PMID: 32216811 PMCID: PMC7098134 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2) plays a key role in bone formation, but its signaling pathway is not completely understood. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) takes part in maintaining bone homeostasis. The aim of this study is to reveal the role and mechanism of Ror2 in the osteogenic differentiation from mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) and to explore the effect of Stat3 on Ror2-mediated osteogenesis. Methods Ror2 CKO mice were generated via the Cre-loxp recombination system using Prrx1-Cre transgenic mice. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were performed to assess the expression of Stat3 and osteogenic markers in Ror2-knockdown mBMSCs (mBMSC-sh-Ror2). After being incubated in osteogenic induction medium for 3 weeks, Alizarin Red staining and western blot were used to examine the calcium deposit and osteogenic markers in Stat3 overexpression in mBMSC-sh-Ror2. Results Loss of Ror2 in mesenchymal or osteoblast progenitor cells led to a dwarfism phenotype in vivo. The mRNA expression of osteogenic markers (osteocalcin, osteopontin (OPN), and collagen I) in the ulna proximal epiphysis of Ror2 CKO mice was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The mRNA and protein expression of Stat3 and osteogenic markers (Runx2, osterix, and OPN) decreased in mBMSC-sh-Ror2 cells (P < 0.05). The overexpression of Stat3 in mBMSC-sh-Ror2 cells rescued the calcium deposit and expression of Runx2, osterix, and OPN to a level comparable to normal mBMSCs. Conclusions Ror2 was essential for skeleton development by regulating mBMSCs’ osteogenesis and osteoblast differentiation. Loss of Ror2 may impair the osteogenesis of mBMSCs by inhibiting Stat3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Lei
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuwei Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyi Feng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijing Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiwei Tao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China.
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165
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García-Tuñón I, Vuelta E, Lozano L, Herrero M, Méndez L, Palomero-Hernandez J, Pérez-Caro M, Pérez-García J, González-Sarmiento R, Sánchez-Martín M. Establishment of a conditional Nomo1 mouse model by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:1381-1391. [PMID: 31833031 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Nomo1 gene mediates a wide range of biological processes of importance in embryonic development. Accordingly, constitutive perturbation of Nomo1 function may result in myriad developmental defects that trigger embryonic lethality. To extend our understanding of Nomo1 function in postnatal stages and in a tissue-specific manner, we generated a conditional knockout mouse model of Nomo1. To achieve this, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology in C57Bl/6J mouse zygotes to generate a new mouse model in which exon 3 of the Nomo1 gene is specifically flanked (or floxed) by LoxP sites (Nomo1f/f). Nomo1f/f mouse embryonic fibroblasts were transduced with a Cre adenovirus and efficiently recombined between LoxP sites. Genomic and expression studies in Nomo1-transduced MEFs demonstrated that the Nomo1 exon 3 is ablated. Western blot assay showed that no protein or early truncated protein is produced. In vivo assay crossing Nomo1f/f mouse with a Msi1-CRE transgenic mouse corroborated the previous findings and it showed Nomo1 exon 3 deletion at msi1+ cell compartment. This short technical report demonstrates that CRISPR/Cas9 technology is a simple and easy method for creating conditional mouse models. The Nomo1f/f mouse will be useful to researchers who wish to explore the role of Nomo1 in any developmental stage or in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio García-Tuñón
- IBSAL (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elena Vuelta
- Servicio de Transgénesis, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura Lozano
- Servicio de Transgénesis, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Herrero
- Servicio de Transgénesis, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Lucía Méndez
- Servicio de Transgénesis, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Palomero-Hernandez
- Servicio de Transgénesis, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Pérez-Caro
- Banco de ADN, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jessica Pérez-García
- IBSAL (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- IBSAL (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Martín
- IBSAL (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain.
- Servicio de Transgénesis, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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166
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Navabpour S, Kwapis JL, Jarome TJ. A neuroscientist's guide to transgenic mice and other genetic tools. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:732-748. [PMID: 31843544 PMCID: PMC8049509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has produced an explosion in the number and variety of genetic tools available to neuroscientists, resulting in an unprecedented ability to precisely manipulate the genome and epigenome in behaving animals. However, no single resource exists that describes all of the tools available to neuroscientists. Here, we review the genetic, transgenic, and viral techniques that are currently available to probe the complex relationship between genes and cognition. Topics covered include types of traditional transgenic mouse models (knockout, knock-in, reporter lines), inducible systems (Cre-loxP, Tet-On, Tet-Off) and cell- and circuit-specific systems (TetTag, TRAP, DIO-DREADD). Additionally, we provide details on virus-mediated and siRNA/shRNA approaches, as well as a comprehensive discussion of the myriad manipulations that can be made using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, including single base pair editing and spatially- and temporally-regulated gene-specific transcriptional control. Collectively, this review will serve as a guide to assist neuroscientists in identifying and choosing the appropriate genetic tools available to study the complex relationship between the brain and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Navabpour
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Janine L Kwapis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College Park, PA, USA; Center for the Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders (CMIND), Pennsylvania State University, College Park, PA, USA.
| | - Timothy J Jarome
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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167
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Zhi H, Kanaji T, Fu G, Newman DK, Newman PJ. Generation of PECAM-1 (CD31) conditional knockout mice. Genesis 2019; 58:e23346. [PMID: 31729819 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) is an adhesion and signaling receptor that is expressed on endothelial and hematopoietic cells and plays important roles in angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and regulation of cellular responsiveness. To better understanding the tissue specificity of PECAM-1 functions, we generated mice in which PECAM1, the gene encoding PECAM-1, could be conditionally knocked out. A targeting construct was created that contains loxP sites flanking PECAM1 exons 1 and 2 and a neomycin resistance gene flanked by flippase recognition target (FRT) sites that was positioned upstream of the 3' loxP site. The targeting construct was electroporated into C57BL/6 embryonic stem (ES) cells, and correctly targeted ES cells were injected into C57BL/6 blastocysts, which were implanted into pseudo-pregnant females. Resulting chimeric animals were bred with transgenic mice expressing Flippase 1 (FLP1) to remove the FRT-flanked neomycin resistance gene and mice heterozygous for the floxed PECAM1 allele were bred with each other to obtain homozygous PECAM1 flox/flox offspring, which expressed PECAM-1 at normal levels and had no overt phenotype. PECAM1 flox/flox mice were bred with mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the SRY-box containing gene 2 (Sox2Cre) promoter to delete the floxed PECAM1 allele in offspring (Sox2Cre;PECAM1 del/WT ), which were crossbred to generate Sox2Cre; PECAM1 del/del offspring. Sox2Cre; PECAM1 del/del mice recapitulated the phenotype of conventional global PECAM-1 knockout mice. PECAM1 flox/flox mice will be useful for studying distinct roles of PECAM-1 in tissue specific contexts and to gain insights into the roles that PECAM-1 plays in blood and vascular cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zhi
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Guoping Fu
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Debra K Newman
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Peter J Newman
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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168
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Yang J, Zhang X, Yi L, Yang L, Wang WE, Zeng C, Mi M, Chen X. Hepatic PKA inhibition accelerates the lipid accumulation in liver. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:69. [PMID: 31632452 PMCID: PMC6788098 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/aims Liver lipid accumulation induced by high-fat diet (HFD) is an early onset process of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). Protein kinase A (PKA) is known to be involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. However, the role of PKA in NAFLD has not been well tested in vivo due to the lack of optimal PKA deficient mouse model. Methods A novel PKA-specific inhibitor gene was conditionally overexpressed in mouse (PKAi mouse) liver using LoxP/Cre system. PKA activity in the liver extract was measured with a commercial assay kit. The PKAi and control mice of 8-week age, were subjected to HFD or chow diet (CD) for 2 months. Body weight, liver index, and triglyceride in the liver were measured. RNA sequencing was performed for the liver tissues and analyzed with Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment. Results PKAi-GFP protein was overexpressed in the liver and the PKA activation was significantly inhibited in the liver of PKAi mouse. When fed with CD, RNA sequencing revealed 56 up-regulated and 51 down-regulated genes in PKAi mice compared with control mice, which were mainly involved in lipid metabolism though no significant differences in the body weight, liver index, triglyceride accumulation were observed between PKAi and control mice. However, when fed with HFD for 2 months, the liver was enlarged more, and the accumulation of triglyceride in the liver was more severe in PKAi mice. When comparing the transcriptomes of CD-fed and HFD-fed control mice, GO enrichment showed that the genes down-regulated by HFD were mainly enriched in immune-related GO terms, and up-regulated genes were enriched in metabolism. When comparing the transcriptomes of CD-fed and HFD-fed PKAi mice, GO analysis showed that the down-regulated genes were enriched in metabolism, while the up-regulated genes were clustered in ER stress-related pathways. When comparing HFD-fed PKAi and HFD-fed control mice, the genes with lower expression level in PKAi mice were enriched in the lipoprotein synthesis, which might explain that more TG is accumulated in PKAi liver after HFD feeding. Conclusions Reduced PKA activity could be a factor promoting the TG accumulation in the liver and the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jining Yang
- 1Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- 2Department of Physiology & Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Long Yi
- 1Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yang
- 3Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Room 624 Kresge Hall, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Wei Eric Wang
- 4Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- 4Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mantian Mi
- 1Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongwen Chen
- 2Department of Physiology & Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
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Chen D, Wang CY. Targeting cancer stem cells in squamous cell carcinoma. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:152-165. [PMID: 31598386 PMCID: PMC6770277 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly aggressive tumor and the sixth
most common cancer worldwide. Current treatment strategies for HNSCC are surgery,
radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy or combinatorial therapies. However, the overall
5-year survival rate of HNSCC patients remains at about 50%. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a
small population among tumor cells, are able to self-renew and differentiate into
different tumor cell types in a hierarchical manner, similar to normal tissue. In HNSCC,
CSCs are proposed to be responsible for tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, drug
resistance, and recurrence. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular
characteristics of CSCs in HNSCC. We summarize current approaches used in the literature
for identification of HNSCC CSCs, and mechanisms required for CSC regulation. We also
highlight the role of CSCs in treatment failure and therapeutic targeting options for
eliminating CSCs in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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