201
|
Wang Y, Song Y, Rajagopalan P, An T, Liu K, Chou YY, Gutman B, Toga AW, Thompson PM. Surface-based TBM boosts power to detect disease effects on the brain: an N=804 ADNI study. Neuroimage 2011; 56:1993-2010. [PMID: 21440071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational anatomy methods are now widely used in clinical neuroimaging to map the profile of disease effects on the brain and its clinical correlates. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), many research groups have modeled localized changes in hippocampal and lateral ventricular surfaces, to provide candidate biomarkers of disease progression for drug trials. We combined the power of parametric surface modeling and tensor-based morphometry to study hippocampal differences associated with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in 490 subjects (97 AD, 245 MCI, 148 controls) and ventricular differences in 804 subjects scanned as part of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; 184 AD, 391 MCI, 229 controls). We aimed to show that a new multivariate surface statistic based on multivariate tensor-based morphometry (mTBM) and radial distance provides a more powerful way to detect localized anatomical differences than conventional surface-based analysis. In our experiments, we studied correlations between hippocampal atrophy and ventricular enlargement and clinical measures and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. The new multivariate statistics gave better effect sizes for detecting morphometric differences, relative to other statistics including radial distance, analysis of the surface tensor and the Jacobian determinant. In empirical tests using false discovery rate curves, smaller sample sizes were needed to detect associations with diagnosis. The analysis pipeline is generic and automated. It may be applied to analyze other brain subcortical structures including the caudate nucleus and putamen. This publically available software may boost power for morphometric studies of subcortical structures in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Wang
- School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
202
|
Abraham JD, Calvayrac-Pawlowski S, Cobo S, Salvetat N, Vicat G, Molina L, Touchon J, Michel BF, Molina F, Verdier JM, Fareh J, Mourton-Gilles C. Combined measurement of PEDF, haptoglobin and tau in cerebrospinal fluid improves the diagnostic discrimination between alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Biomarkers 2011; 16:161-71. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.536995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Daniel Abraham
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sandra Cobo
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Salvetat
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Vicat
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Molina
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Touchon
- Neurology Service, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard-François Michel
- Univ. Montpellier 2, Montpellier, F-34095 France; Inserm, U710, Montpellier, F-34095 France; EPHE, Paris, F-75007 France
| | - Franck Molina
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Verdier
- Univ. Montpellier 2, Montpellier, F-34095 France; Inserm, U710, Montpellier, F-34095 France; EPHE, Paris, F-75007 France
| | - Jeannette Fareh
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
203
|
Verpillot R, Esselmann H, Mohamadi MR, Klafki H, Poirier F, Lehnert S, Otto M, Wiltfang J, Jean-Louis V, Taverna M. Analysis of Amyloid-β Peptides in Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with LIF Detection. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1696-703. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102828f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Verpillot
- Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR-CNRS 8612, Laboratory of Proteins and Nanotechnologies in Separation Sciences, 92296, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Hermann Esselmann
- LVR-Hospital, Essen Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 174, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Hans Klafki
- LVR-Hospital, Essen Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 174, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Florence Poirier
- Proteomic Platform of IPSIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Stefan Lehnert
- University of Ulm, Department of Neurology, Steinhövelstr. 1, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- University of Ulm, Department of Neurology, Steinhövelstr. 1, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- LVR-Hospital, Essen Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 174, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Viovy Jean-Louis
- UMR 168, Institute Curie/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Taverna
- Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR-CNRS 8612, Laboratory of Proteins and Nanotechnologies in Separation Sciences, 92296, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are major world wide causes of morbidity and mortality. They form a heterogeneous group of diseases, ranging from rare monogenic inherited errors of metabolism to common multi-factorial dementias. Major research efforts focus on the development of disease modifying drugs for neurodegenerative diseases. As a result, there follows a need for reliable tools for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of therapy. Processes in the brain can be monitored by analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Several CSF biomarkers of pathological processes in the brain are now available. Such biomarkers may be used for both research and in the clinical setting. However, several difficult problems remain to be solved. More intensive collaboration between academia, industry and government is likely needed to develop treatments and biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. This article reviews the definitions, usage and current limitations of CSF biomarkers in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Mattsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Zetterström P, Andersen PM, Brännström T, Marklund SL. Misfolded superoxide dismutase-1 in CSF from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. J Neurochem 2011; 117:91-9. [PMID: 21226712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several of the superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) mutations linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) lead to synthesis of structurally defective molecules, suggesting that any cytotoxic conformational species common for all mutations should be misfolded. SOD1 can be secreted and evidence from ALS model systems suggests that extracellular SOD1 may be involved in cytotoxicity. Three ELISAs specifically reacting with different sequence segments in misfolded SOD1 species were used for analysis of CSF from 38 neurological controls and from 96 ALS patients, 57 of whom were sporadic cases and 39 familial, including 22 patients carrying SOD1 mutations. Misfolded SOD1 was found in all samples. There were, however, no significant differences between patients with and without mutations, and between all the ALS patients and the controls. The estimated concentration of misfolded SOD1 in the interstitium of the CNS is a 1000 times lower than that required for appreciable cytotoxicity in model systems. The results argue against a direct cytotoxic role of extracellular misfolded SOD1 in ALS. Misfolded SOD1 in CSF cannot be used as a biomarker of ALS in patients with and without mutations in the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per Zetterström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
206
|
Perrin RJ, Craig-Schapiro R, Malone JP, Shah AR, Gilmore P, Davis AE, Roe CM, Peskind ER, Li G, Galasko DR, Clark CM, Quinn JF, Kaye JA, Morris JC, Holtzman DM, Townsend RR, Fagan AM. Identification and validation of novel cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for staging early Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16032. [PMID: 21264269 PMCID: PMC3020224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ideally, disease modifying therapies for Alzheimer disease (AD) will be applied during the 'preclinical' stage (pathology present with cognition intact) before severe neuronal damage occurs, or upon recognizing very mild cognitive impairment. Developing and judiciously administering such therapies will require biomarker panels to identify early AD pathology, classify disease stage, monitor pathological progression, and predict cognitive decline. To discover such biomarkers, we measured AD-associated changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome. METHODS AND FINDINGS CSF samples from individuals with mild AD (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] 1) (n = 24) and cognitively normal controls (CDR 0) (n = 24) were subjected to two-dimensional difference-in-gel electrophoresis. Within 119 differentially-abundant gel features, mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified 47 proteins. For validation, eleven proteins were re-evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Six of these assays (NrCAM, YKL-40, chromogranin A, carnosinase I, transthyretin, cystatin C) distinguished CDR 1 and CDR 0 groups and were subsequently applied (with tau, p-tau181 and Aβ42 ELISAs) to a larger independent cohort (n = 292) that included individuals with very mild dementia (CDR 0.5). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses using stepwise logistic regression yielded optimal biomarker combinations to distinguish CDR 0 from CDR>0 (tau, YKL-40, NrCAM) and CDR 1 from CDR<1 (tau, chromogranin A, carnosinase I) with areas under the curve of 0.90 (0.85-0.94 95% confidence interval [CI]) and 0.88 (0.81-0.94 CI), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Four novel CSF biomarkers for AD (NrCAM, YKL-40, chromogranin A, carnosinase I) can improve the diagnostic accuracy of Aβ42 and tau. Together, these six markers describe six clinicopathological stages from cognitive normalcy to mild dementia, including stages defined by increased risk of cognitive decline. Such a panel might improve clinical trial efficiency by guiding subject enrollment and monitoring disease progression. Further studies will be required to validate this panel and evaluate its potential for distinguishing AD from other dementing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Perrin
- Division of Neuropathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
207
|
Salemi J, Obregon DF, Cobb A, Reed S, Sadic E, Jin J, Fernandez F, Tan J, Giunta B. Flipping the switches: CD40 and CD45 modulation of microglial activation states in HIV associated dementia (HAD). Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:3. [PMID: 21223591 PMCID: PMC3030526 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial dysfunction is associated with the pathogenesis and progression of a number of neurodegenerative disorders including HIV associated dementia (HAD). HIV promotion of an M1 antigen presenting cell (APC) - like microglial phenotype, through the promotion of CD40 activity, may impair endogenous mechanisms important for amyloid- beta (Aβ) protein clearance. Further, a chronic pro-inflammatory cycle is established in this manner. CD45 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor which negatively regulates CD40L-CD40-induced microglial M1 activation; an effect leading to the promotion of an M2 phenotype better suited to phagocytose and clear Aβ. Moreover, this CD45 mediated activation state appears to dampen harmful cytokine production. As such, this property of microglial CD45 as a regulatory "off switch" for a CD40-promoted M1, APC-type microglia activation phenotype may represent a critical therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of neurodegeneration, as well as microglial dysfunction, found in patients with HAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Salemi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Neuroimmunology Laboratory, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33613, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Mollenhauer B, Esselmann H, Roeber S, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Trenkwalder C, Bibl M, Steinacker P, Kretzschmar HA, Wiltfang J, Otto M. Different CSF β-amyloid processing in Alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:691-7. [PMID: 21210287 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Decreased levels of β-amyloid (Aβ) 1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are characteristic for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are also evident in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Aβ plaques are thought to be responsible for this decrease in AD patients, whereas such Aβ plaques are rarely seen in CJD. To investigate the Aβ pattern in brain and CSF of neuropathologically confirmed CJD and AD patients we used an electrophoretic method to investigate Aβ peptide fractions which are not accessible to ELISA and immunohistochemistry. We analyzed Aβ peptides in the CSF of autopsy-confirmed CJD and AD patients and the corresponding brain homogenates using a quantitative urea-based Aβ electrophoresis immunoblot (Aβ-SDS-PAGE/immunoblot).The CSF Aβ1-42 decrease correlated with the brain Aβ load in AD, but not in CJD. There was no difference in the soluble fractions of brain homogenate in AD and CJD. We therefore conclude that different mechanisms in AD and CJD are responsible for the Aβ1-42 decrease in the CSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Kassel and Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
209
|
Kandimalla RJL, S P, BK B, Wani WY, Sharma DR, Grover V, Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Gill KD. Cerebrospinal fluid profile of amyloid β42 (Aβ42), hTau and ubiquitin in North Indian Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurosci Lett 2011; 487:134-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
210
|
Mizoi Y, Yamamoto T, Minami N, Ohkuma A, Nonaka I, Nishino I, Tamura N, Amano T, Araki N. Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy associated with dementia. Intern Med 2011; 50:2409-12. [PMID: 22001477 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.5577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report genetically confirmed heterozygote oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) accompanied by dementia, suggesting a possible causal association between OPMD and dementia. The proband first noticed bilateral ptosis, dysphagia, and proximal dominant muscle weakness in the lower extremities at age 53. Ten years later, she was found to have dementia with a score of 10/30 on the mini-mental state examination (MMSE). On PABPN1 gene analysis, the GCN repeat was expanded 17 times in one allele. In addition, the proband's younger brother exhibited myopathy and dementia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of genetically confirmed heterozygote OPMD associated with dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Mizoi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
Bekris LM, Galloway NM, Millard S, Lockhart D, Li G, Galasko DR, Farlow MR, Clark CM, Quinn JF, Kaye JA, Schellenberg GD, Leverenz JB, Seubert P, Tsuang DW, Peskind ER, Yu CE. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing genes and cerebrospinal fluid APP cleavage product levels in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 32:556.e13-23. [PMID: 21196064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this exploratory investigation was to determine if genetic variation within amyloid precursor protein (APP) or its processing enzymes correlates with APP cleavage product levels: APPα, APPβ or Aβ42, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of cognitively normal subjects or Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Cognitively normal control subjects (n = 170) and AD patients (n = 92) were genotyped for 19 putative regulatory tagging SNPs within 9 genes (APP, ADAM10, BACE1, BACE2, PSEN1, PSEN2, PEN2, NCSTN and APH1B) involved in the APP processing pathway. SNP genotypes were tested for their association with CSF APPα, APPβ, and Aβ42, AD risk and age-at-onset while taking into account age, gender, race and APOE ε4. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, a significant association was found between ADAM10 SNP rs514049 and APPα levels. In controls, the rs514049 CC genotype had higher APPα levels than the CA, AA collapsed genotype, whereas the opposite effect was seen in AD patients. These results suggest that genetic variation within ADAM10, an APP processing gene, influences CSF APPα levels in an AD specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Bekris
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
212
|
Weih M, Degirmenci U, Kreil S, Lewczuk P, Schmidt D, Kornhuber J, Kuwert T. Perfusion Imaging with SPECT in the Era of Pathophysiology-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2010:109618. [PMID: 21197480 PMCID: PMC3010620 DOI: 10.4061/2010/109618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SPECT allows registration of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) which is altered in a characteristic temporoparietal pattern in Alzheimer's Dementia. Numerous studies have shown the diagnostic value of reduced cerebral blood flow and metabolic changes using perfusion SPECT and FDG-PEPT in AD diagnosis as well as in differential diagnosis against frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular disease. Recently more pathophysiology-based biomarkers in CSF and Amyloid-PET tracers have been developed that probably have a higher diagnostic accuracy than the more indirect rCBF changes seen in perfusion SPECT. In the paper review, we describe recent advances in AD biomarkers as well as improvements in the SPECT technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weih
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychiatry, University of Erlangen-Nuermberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
213
|
Xia N, Liu L, Harrington MG, Wang J, Zhou F. Regenerable and simultaneous surface plasmon resonance detection of aβ(1-40) and aβ(1-42) peptides in cerebrospinal fluids with signal amplification by streptavidin conjugated to an N-terminus-specific antibody. Anal Chem 2010; 82:10151-7. [PMID: 21073166 DOI: 10.1021/ac102257m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A major constituent in the deposit of the brain in a patient with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the aggregates/fibrils of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides containing 39-43 amino acids. The total Aβ levels and the concentration ratio between the most abundant Aβ(1-40) peptide and the more aggregation-prone Aβ(1-42) in body fluids (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid or CSF) have been suggested as possible criteria for early diagnosis of AD. By immobilizing capture antibodies specific to the two peptides in separate fluidic channels, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been used to quantify Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) present in CSF samples collected from AD patients and healthy donors. With signal amplification by streptavidin conjugated to an antibody that is selective to the common N-terminus of the Aβ peptides, concentrations as low as 20 pM can be readily measured. The range of Aβ peptide concentrations measurable by this method spans 4 orders of magnitude. The ability of regenerating the sensor surface for repeated measurements not only improves the reproducibility but also enhances the sample throughput. Our data reveal that the ratio of Aβ(1-40) concentration versus Aβ(1-42) concentration in CSF samples from AD patients is almost twice as high as that from healthy persons. In contrast to the commonly used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), SPR obviates the need of a more expensive and less stable enzyme conjugate and the use of carcinogenic substrate for the signal detection and allows the binding events to be monitored in real time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China 410083
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
214
|
Bermejo-Pareja F, Antequera D, Vargas T, Molina JA, Carro E. Saliva levels of Abeta1-42 as potential biomarker of Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. BMC Neurol 2010; 10:108. [PMID: 21047401 PMCID: PMC2987856 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simple, non-invasive tests for early detection of degenerative dementia by use of biomarkers are urgently required. However, up to the present, no validated extracerebral diagnostic markers for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) are available. The clinical diagnosis of probable AD is made with around 90% accuracy using modern clinical, neuropsychological and imaging methods. A biochemical marker that would support the clinical diagnosis and distinguish AD from other causes of dementia would therefore be of great value as a screening test. A total of 126 samples were obtained from subjects with AD, and age-sex-matched controls. Additionally, 51 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients were used as an example of another neurodegenerative disorder. We analyzed saliva and plasma levels of β amyloid (Aβ) using a highly sensitive ELISA kit. RESULTS We found a small but statistically significant increase in saliva Aβ42 levels in mild AD patients. In addition, there were not differences in saliva concentration of Aβ42 between patients with PD and healthy controls. Saliva Aβ40 expression was unchanged within all the studied sample. The association between saliva Aβ42 levels and AD was independent of established risk factors, including age or Apo E, but was dependent on sex and functional capacity. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that saliva Aβ42 levels could be considered a potential peripheral marker of AD and help discrimination from other types of neurodegenerative disorders. We propose a new and promising biomarker for early AD.
Collapse
|
215
|
McMillan PJ, Leverenz JB. From model system to clinical medicine: pathophysiologic links of common proteinopathies. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2010; 2:26. [PMID: 20854651 PMCID: PMC2983435 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical evidence suggests that Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), though distinct neurological disorders, have some common pathological features that may have an impact on the clinical characteristics of these diseases. However, the question of whether these disorders have a common pathophysiology remains. Clinton and colleagues recently reported a mouse model that exhibits the combined pathologies of AD, PD, and DLB, a finding that may shed some light on this issue. Using this mouse model, the authors demonstrate that the pathogenic proteins amyloid beta, tau, and alpha-synuclein interact synergistically to enhance the accumulation of one another and accelerate cognitive decline. These data indicate shared pathogenic mechanisms and suggest the possibility that therapeutic interventions successfully targeting one of these pathogenic proteins have implications for a number of related neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J McMillan
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Siderowf A, Xie SX, Hurtig H, Weintraub D, Duda J, Chen-Plotkin A, Shaw LM, Van Deerlin V, Trojanowski JQ, Clark C. CSF amyloid {beta} 1-42 predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2010; 75:1055-61. [PMID: 20720189 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181f39a78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive decline associated with Parkinson disease (PD) is common and highly disabling. Biomarkers that help identify patients at risk for cognitive decline would be useful additions to the clinical management of the disease. METHODS A total of 45 patients with PD were enrolled in this prospective cohort study and had at least 1 yearly longitudinal follow-up evaluation. CSF was collected at baseline and cognition was assessed at baseline and follow-up visits using the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS-2). CSF was tested for amyloid β 1-42 (Aβ(1-42)), p-tau(181p), and total tau levels using the Luminex xMAP platform. Mixed linear models were used to test for associations between baseline CSF biomarker levels and change in cognition over time. RESULTS Lower baseline CSF Aβ(1-42) was associated with more rapid cognitive decline. Subjects with CSF Aβ(1-42) levels ≤192 pg/mL declined an average of 5.85 (95% confidence interval 2.11-9.58, p = 0.002) points per year more rapidly on the DRS-2 than subjects above that cutoff, after adjustment for age, disease duration, and baseline cognitive status. CSF total tau and p-tau(181p) levels were not significantly associated with cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS Reduced CSF Aβ(1-42) was an independent predictor of cognitive decline in patients with PD. This observation is consistent with previous research showing that Alzheimer disease pathology contributes to cognitive impairment in PD. This biomarker may provide clinically useful prognostic information, particularly if combined with other risk factors for cognitive impairment in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Siderowf
- Department of Neurology, 330 South 9th Street, Second Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
217
|
Saliency modulates global perception in simultanagnosia. Exp Brain Res 2010; 204:595-603. [PMID: 20593278 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
218
|
Anoop A, Singh PK, Jacob RS, Maji SK. CSF Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20721349 PMCID: PMC2915796 DOI: 10.4061/2010/606802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia that affects several million people worldwide. The major neuropathological hallmarks of AD are the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques that are composed of Aβ40 and Aβ42 and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), which is composed of hyperphosphorylated protein Tau. While the amyloid plaques and NFT could define the disease progression involving neuronal loss and dysfunction, significant cognitive decline occurs before their appearance. Although significant advances in neuroimaging techniques provide the structure and physiology of brain of AD cases, the biomarker studies based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma represent the most direct and convenient means to study the disease progression. Biomarkers are useful in detecting the preclinical as well as symptomatic stages of AD. In this paper, we discuss the recent advancements of various biomarkers with particular emphasis on CSF biomarkers for monitoring the early development of AD before significant cognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Anoop
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
219
|
Aβ1–42 Detection in CSF of Alzheimer's disease is influenced by temperature: Indication of reversible Aβ1–42 aggregation? Exp Neurol 2010; 223:371-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
220
|
Grossman I, Lutz MW, Crenshaw DG, Saunders AM, Burns DK, Roses AD. Alzheimer's disease: diagnostics, prognostics and the road to prevention. EPMA J 2010; 1:293-303. [PMID: 21124753 PMCID: PMC2987528 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-010-0024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents one of the leading healthcare challenges of the 21st century, with a projected worldwide prevalence of >107 million cases by 2025. While biomarkers have been identified, which may correlate with disease progression or subtype for the purpose of disease monitoring or differential diagnosis, a biomarker for reliable prediction of late onset disease risk has not been available until now. This deficiency in reliable predictive biomarkers, coupled with the devastating nature of the disease, places AD at a high priority for focus by predictive, preventive and personalized medicine. Recent data, discovered using phylogenetic analysis, suggest that a variable length poly-T sequence polymorphism in the TOMM40 gene, adjacent to the APOE gene, is predictive of risk of AD age-of-onset when coupled with a subject's current age. This finding offers hope for reliable assignment of disease risk within a 5-7 year window, and is expected to guide enrichment of clinical trials in order to speed development of preventative medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael W. Lutz
- Duke University, Box 90344, Durham, NC 27708-0120 USA
- Deane Drug Discovery Institute, Durham, NC USA
| | - Donna G. Crenshaw
- Duke University, Box 90344, Durham, NC 27708-0120 USA
- Deane Drug Discovery Institute, Durham, NC USA
| | - Ann M. Saunders
- Duke University, Box 90344, Durham, NC 27708-0120 USA
- Deane Drug Discovery Institute, Durham, NC USA
| | - Daniel K. Burns
- Cabernet Pharmaceuticals, Durham, NC USA
- Duke University, Box 90344, Durham, NC 27708-0120 USA
- Deane Drug Discovery Institute, Durham, NC USA
| | - Allen D. Roses
- Cabernet Pharmaceuticals, Durham, NC USA
- Duke University, Box 90344, Durham, NC 27708-0120 USA
- Deane Drug Discovery Institute, Durham, NC USA
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
An unbiased, staged, multicentre, validation strategy for Alzheimer's disease CSF tau levels. Exp Neurol 2010; 223:432-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
222
|
Zheng Y, He J, Hong T. Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in body fluids. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:490-6. [PMID: 20596916 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Various innovative diagnostic methods for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been developed in view of the increasing prevalence and consequences of later-life dementia. Biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood for AD are primarily based on the detection of components derived from amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Published reports on CSF and blood biomarkers in AD indicate that although biomarkers in body fluids may be utilized in the clinical diagnosis of AD, there are no specific markers that permit accurate and reliable diagnosis of early-stage AD or the monitoring of disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YanPeng Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
223
|
Fukumoto H, Tokuda T, Kasai T, Ishigami N, Hidaka H, Kondo M, Allsop D, Nakagawa M. High-molecular-weight beta-amyloid oligomers are elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer patients. FASEB J 2010; 24:2716-26. [PMID: 20339023 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-150359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that soluble amyloid-beta (Abeta) oligomers, rather than amyloid fibrils, are the principal pathogenic species in Alzheimer disease (AD). Here, we have developed a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for high-molecular-weight (HMW) Abeta oligomers. Analysis of Abeta oligomers derived from synthetic Abeta 1-42, by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), revealed that our ELISA specifically detected HMW Abeta oligomers of 40-200 kDa. Using this ELISA, we detected significantly higher (P<0.0001) signals in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 25 patients with AD or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), compared to 25 age-matched controls. As a test for discriminating between the AD/MCI and control groups, the area under the curve in receiver operating characteristic analysis for the CSF HMW Abeta oligomers was greater than that for CSF Abeta x-42. Furthermore, the CSF levels of HMW Abeta oligomers showed a negative correlation with Mini-Mental State Examination scores in the AD/MCI group. We conclude that the CSF HMW Abeta oligomers detected by our ELISA could be useful as a diagnostic marker for AD, and also as a potential surrogate marker for disease severity. Our results support the idea that soluble HMW Abeta oligomers play a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Fukumoto
- Pharmacology Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Yanagida K, Okochi M, Tagami S, Nakayama T, Kodama TS, Nishitomi K, Jiang J, Mori K, Tatsumi SI, Arai T, Ikeuchi T, Kasuga K, Tokuda T, Kondo M, Ikeda M, Deguchi K, Kazui H, Tanaka T, Morihara T, Hashimoto R, Kudo T, Steiner H, Haass C, Tsuchiya K, Akiyama H, Kuwano R, Takeda M. The 28-amino acid form of an APLP1-derived Abeta-like peptide is a surrogate marker for Abeta42 production in the central nervous system. EMBO Mol Med 2010; 1:223-35. [PMID: 20049724 PMCID: PMC3378133 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.200900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Surrogate markers for the Alzheimer disease (AD)-associated 42-amino acid form of amyloid-β (Aβ42) have been sought because they may aid in the diagnosis of AD and for clarification of disease pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains three APLP1-derived Aβ-like peptides (APL1β) that are generated by β- and γ-cleavages at a concentration of ∼4.5 nM. These novel peptides, APL1β25, APL1β27 and APL1β28, were not deposited in AD brains. Interestingly, most γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) and familial AD-associated presenilin1 mutants that up-regulate the relative production of Aβ42 cause a parallel increase in the production of APL1β28 in cultured cells. Moreover, in CSF from patients with pathological mutations in presenilin1 gene, the relative APL1β28 levels are higher than in non-AD controls, while the relative Aβ42 levels are unchanged or lower. Most strikingly, the relative APL1β28 levels are higher in CSF from sporadic AD patients (regardless of whether they are at mild cognitive impairment or AD stage), than those of non-AD controls. Based on these results, we propose the relative level of APL1β28 in the CSF as a candidate surrogate marker for the relative level of Aβ42 production in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Yanagida
- Psychiatry, Department of Integrated Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Morris JC, Roe CM, Grant EA, Head D, Storandt M, Goate AM, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Mintun MA. Pittsburgh compound B imaging and prediction of progression from cognitive normality to symptomatic Alzheimer disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 66:1469-75. [PMID: 20008650 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD), as detected by the amyloid-imaging agent Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) in cognitively normal older adults, is associated with risk of symptomatic AD. DESIGN A longitudinal cohort study of cognitively normal older adults assessed with positron emission tomography (PET) to determine the mean cortical binding potential for PiB and followed up with annual clinical and cognitive assessments for progression to very mild dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). SETTING The Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri. PARTICIPANTS One hundred fifty-nine participants with a mean age of 71.5 years with a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of 0 on a PET PiB scan at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Progression from CDR 0 to CDR 0.5 status (very mild dementia). RESULTS Twenty-three participants progressed to CDR 0.5 at follow-up assessment (range, 1-5 assessments after PET PiB). Of these, 9 also were diagnosed with DAT. Higher mean cortical binding potential values for PiB (hazard ratio, 4.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-19.01; P = .02) and age (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.28; P = .03) predicted progression to CDR 0.5 DAT. The CDR 0.5 DAT group showed decline in 3 cognitive domains (episodic memory, semantic memory, and visuospatial performance) and had volume loss in the parahippocampal gyrus (includes entorhinal cortex) compared with individuals who remained at CDR 0. CONCLUSION Preclinical AD as detected by PET PiB is not benign, as it is associated with progression to symptomatic AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Morris
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Kövesdi E, Lückl J, Bukovics P, Farkas O, Pál J, Czeiter E, Szellár D, Dóczi T, Komoly S, Büki A. Update on protein biomarkers in traumatic brain injury with emphasis on clinical use in adults and pediatrics. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2010; 152:1-17. [PMID: 19652904 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-009-0463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review summarizes protein biomarkers in mild and severe traumatic brain injury in adults and children and presents a strategy for conducting rationally designed clinical studies on biomarkers in head trauma. METHODS We performed an electronic search of the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE and Biomedical Library of University of Pennsylvania database in March 2008 using a search heading of traumatic head injury and protein biomarkers. The search was focused especially on protein degradation products (spectrin breakdown product, c-tau, amyloid-beta(1-42)) in the last 10 years, but recent data on "classical" markers (S-100B, neuron-specific enolase, etc.) were also examined. RESULTS We identified 85 articles focusing on clinical use of biomarkers; 58 articles were prospective cohort studies with injury and/or outcome assessment. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that only S-100B in severe traumatic brain injury has consistently demonstrated the ability to predict injury and outcome in adults. The number of studies with protein degradation products is insufficient especially in the pediatric care. Cohort studies with well-defined end points and further neuroproteomic search for biomarkers in mild injury should be triggered. After critically reviewing the study designs, we found that large homogenous patient populations, consistent injury, and outcome measures prospectively determined cutoff values, and a combined use of different predictors should be considered in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Kövesdi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, Rét u. 2., 7623, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
Abstract
The identification of individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is essential for the timely administration of treatment approaches aimed at slowing the onset or progression of the disease. As amnestic forms of mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) may represent preclinical AD, the search for specific diagnostic biomarkers that characterize those with aMCI is a key research objective. Using surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDITOF-MS), we screened the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Religious Orders Study participants with a clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI), aMCI, or mild/moderate AD for potential biomarkers. CSF was fractionated on immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) protein arrays preloaded with either gallium (IMAC-Ga), which binds phosphoproteins, or copper (IMAC-Cu) to isolate copper-binding proteins. SELDI TOF-MS analysis of the IMAC-Ga arrays revealed a phosphopeptide of 2490 Da that was selectively increased ~2-fold in aMCI and AD CSF compared to NCI. SELDI TOF-MS analysis of the IMAC-Cu arrays identified 2 proteins of 11.7 and 13.3 kDa that were both selectively increased ~1.5-1.6-fold in aMCI and AD CSF. Increasing levels of each protein were associated with poorer performance on the Mini Mental State Exam and higher Braak stage. Hence, increased CSF levels of these proteins may be potential biomarkers for preclinical AD and aid in the development of a CSF biomarker panel with high predictive value for identifying people who would most benefit from early therapeutic interventions to modify disease progression.
Collapse
|
228
|
Mollenhauer B, Trenkwalder C. Neurochemical biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of movement disorders. Mov Disord 2009; 24:1411-26. [PMID: 19412961 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the neurochemical analysis of neuronal proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has become increasingly accepted for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementia diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. CSF surrounds the central nervous system, and in the composition of CSF proteins one finds brain-specific proteins that are prioritized from blood-derived proteins. Levels of specific CSF proteins could be very promising biomarkers for central nervous system diseases. We need the development of more easily accessible biomarkers, in the blood. In neurodegenerative diseases with and without dementia, studies on CSF and blood proteins have investigated the usefulness of biomarkers in differential diagnosis. The clinical diagnoses of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration still rely mainly on clinical symptoms as defined by international classification criteria. In this article, we review CSF biomarkers in these movement disorders and discuss recent published reports on the neurochemical intra vitam diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders (including recent CSF alpha-synuclein findings).
Collapse
|
229
|
Perrin RJ, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM. Multimodal techniques for diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2009; 461:916-22. [PMID: 19829371 PMCID: PMC2810658 DOI: 10.1038/nature08538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease affects millions of people around the world. Currently, there are no treatments that prevent or slow the disease. Like other neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease is characterized by protein misfolding in the brain. This process and the associated brain damage begin years before the substantial neurodegeneration that accompanies dementia. Studies using new neuroimaging techniques and fluid biomarkers suggest that Alzheimer's disease pathology can be detected preclinically. These advances should allow the design of new clinical trials and early mechanism-based therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Perrin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Anne M. Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Cell-derived soluble oligomers of human amyloid-β peptides disturb cellular homeostasis and induce apoptosis in primary hippocampal neurons. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:1561-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
231
|
Beinhoff U, Tumani H, Riepe MW. Applying new research criteria for diagnosis of early Alzheimer's disease: sex and intelligence matter. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2009; 2009. [PMID: 20798761 PMCID: PMC2925096 DOI: 10.4061/2009/638145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be diagnosed according to new research criteria proposed recently (Dubois et al., 2007). Diagnosis is made on grounds of episodic memory deficits and one pathological biomarker: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or structural/functional imaging. Goal was to investigate the dependence of episodic memory function on material (verbal, visuospatial), gender and premorbid intellectual ability (IQ). The new research criteria of AD were applied retrospectively using data of 68 patients (Mini-Mental-Status Examination, MMSE ≥ 22) from a university memory clinic. Women with lower IQ performed worse on visuospatial episodic memory than women with higher IQ and men with the same IQ. Thus, women with lower IQ appear to be particularly vulnerable to visuospatial episodic memory deficits despite similar CSF tau values indicating a similar activity of the neurodegenerative process. Gender, premorbid IQ, and visuospatial material need to be considered in the assessment of episodic memory breakdown applying the newly proposed research criteria for the diagnosis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Beinhoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Old Age Psychiatry, Charité Medical University, 14050 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
The impact of genetic and environmental factors on the pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease: a multifactorial disorder? Int Rev Psychiatry 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/09540269509022988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
233
|
Mares J, Kanovsky P, Herzig R, Stejskal D, Vavrouskova J, Hlustik P, Vranova H, Burval S, Zapletalova J, Pidrman V, Obereigneru R, Suchy A, Vesely J, Podivinsky J, Urbanek K. New laboratory markers in diagnosis of alzheimer dementia. Neurol Res 2009; 31:1056-9. [PMID: 19589198 DOI: 10.1179/174313209x385536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of our work was to assess the role of tau protein, beta amyloid and cystatin C in diagnosis of Alzheimer dementia (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). METHODS The levels of tau protein, beta amyloid and cystatin C were assessed in a set of 79 patients with ND (38 men and 41 women; aged 22-90 years; mean, 61.6 +/- 15.6 years) and in a control group of 79 subjects with a healthy central nervous system (38 men and 41 women; aged 20-91 years; mean, 61.5 +/- 15.1 years). RESULTS When compared with the subjects in the control group, a statistically significant decrease in tau protein levels was found in patients with ND, an increase in tau protein levels in patients with AD and an increase in cystatin C cerebrospinal fluid/serum index in the ND + AD group. DISCUSSION Our work only confirmed the previously reported results in part. Although tau protein seems to be a quite reliable marker of AD, the role of beta amyloid in AD diagnosis remains at the least questionable. In the case of cystatin C, our results would seem to confirm the views of certain authors that cystatin C will probably not become a new 'revolutionary' marker contributing to differential diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Mares
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
234
|
Chou YY, Leporé N, Avedissian C, Madsen SK, Parikshak N, Hua X, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner MW, Toga AW, Thompson PM. Mapping correlations between ventricular expansion and CSF amyloid and tau biomarkers in 240 subjects with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and elderly controls. Neuroimage 2009; 46:394-410. [PMID: 19236926 PMCID: PMC2696357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to improve on the single-atlas ventricular segmentation method of (Carmichael, O.T., Thompson, P.M., Dutton, R.A., Lu, A., Lee, S.E., Lee, J.Y., Kuller, L.H., Lopez, O.L., Aizenstein, H.J., Meltzer, C.C., Liu, Y., Toga, A.W., Becker, J.T., 2006. Mapping ventricular changes related to dementia and mild cognitive impairment in a large community-based cohort. IEEE ISBI. 315-318) by using multi-atlas segmentation, which has been shown to lead to more accurate segmentations (Chou, Y., Leporé, N., de Zubicaray, G., Carmichael, O., Becker, J., Toga, A., Thompson, P., 2008. Automated ventricular mapping with multi-atlas fluid image alignment reveals genetic effects in Alzheimer's disease, NeuroImage 40(2): 615-630); with this method, we calculated minimal numbers of subjects needed to detect correlations between clinical scores and ventricular maps. We also assessed correlations between emerging CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease pathology and localizable deficits in the brain, in 80 AD, 80 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 80 healthy controls from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Six expertly segmented images and their embedded parametric mesh surfaces were fluidly registered to each brain; segmentations were averaged within subjects to reduce errors. Surface-based statistical maps revealed powerful correlations between surface morphology and 4 variables: (1) diagnosis, (2) depression severity, (3) cognitive function at baseline, and (4) future cognitive decline over the following year. Cognitive function was assessed using the mini-mental state exam (MMSE), global and sum-of-boxes clinical dementia rating (CDR) scores, at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Lower CSF Abeta(1-42) protein levels, a biomarker of AD pathology assessed in 138 of the 240 subjects, were correlated with lateral ventricular expansion. Using false discovery rate (FDR) methods, 40 and 120 subjects, respectively, were needed to discriminate AD and MCI from normal groups. 120 subjects were required to detect correlations between ventricular enlargement and MMSE, global CDR, sum-of-boxes CDR and clinical depression scores. Ventricular expansion maps correlate with pathological and cognitive measures in AD, and may be useful in future imaging-based clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yu Chou
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natasha Leporé
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christina Avedissian
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah K. Madsen
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neelroop Parikshak
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xue Hua
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leslie M. Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Department of Radiology, Medicine and Psychiatry, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Delrieu J, Voisin T, Andrieu S, Belliard S, Belmin J, Blanchard F, Ceccaldi M, Dartigues JF, Defontaines B, Lehericy S, Mekies C, Moreaud O, Naccache L, Nourhashemi F, Ousset PJ, Pasquier F, Payoux P, Puisieux F, Robert P, Touchon J, Vellas B, Dubois B. Mild Alzheimer's disease: a "position paper". J Nutr Health Aging 2009; 13:503-19. [PMID: 19536419 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-009-0101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Under the auspices of the Societe Francaise de Geriatrie et Gerontologie, a multi-disciplinary group of specialists in geriatrics, neurology, epidemiology, psychiatry, neuroradiology and nuclear medicine met with the aim of drawing up references on the methods for diagnosing and treating mild Alzheimer's disease. The critical analysis of international literature, conducted by Professor Bruno Vellas for the scientific committee, has served to support study of the latest knowledge in 2008. The multi-disciplinary group met on 14 and 15 May 2008 in order to set out the questions that this study must answer and to allocate draft studies. Thus, it has been possible to conduct a study focused on mild Alzheimer's disease, giving particular attention to diagnostic procedure, specific methods of treatment and the benefits of making a diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Delrieu
- Service de médecine interne gériatrique et gérontologie clinique, Gérontopôle, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan Casselardit, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
236
|
Jayadev S, Garden GA. Host and viral factors influencing the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 4:175-89. [PMID: 19373562 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) invades the central nervous system early in the course of infection and establishes a protected viral reservoir. However, neurocognitive consequences of HIV infection, known collectively as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), develop in only a small portion of infected patients. The precise mechanisms of pathogenesis involved in HIV-induced central nervous system injury are still not completely understood. In particular, most theories of HAND pathogenesis cannot account for either the selective vulnerability of specific neuronal populations to HIV-induced neurodegeneration or why only a subset of patients develop clinically detectable nervous system disease. Epidemiological and virological studies have identified a variety of host and viral factors that are associated with increased risk of developing HAND. Some host factors that predispose HIV-infected patients to HAND overlap with those associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting the possibility that common pathogenic mechanisms may participate in both diseases. Here, we will review reports of host and viral factors associated with HAND and place these studies in the context of the data employed to support current theories regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to HIV-induced neurodegeneration with additional focus on mechanisms common to AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurogenetics and Neurotherapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
237
|
Fagan AM, Head D, Shah AR, Marcus D, Mintun M, Morris JC, Holtzman DM. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid Abeta(42) correlates with brain atrophy in cognitively normal elderly. Ann Neurol 2009; 65:176-83. [PMID: 19260027 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) to have the greatest impact, it will likely be necessary to treat individuals in the "preclinical" (presymptomatic) stage. Fluid and neuroimaging measures are being explored as possible biomarkers of AD pathology that could aid in identifying individuals in this stage to target them for clinical trials and to direct and monitor therapy. The objective of this study was to determine whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for AD suggest the presence of brain damage in the preclinical stage of AD. METHODS We investigated the relation between structural neuroimaging measures (whole-brain volume) and levels of CSF amyloid-beta (Abeta)(40), Abeta(42), tau, and phosphorylated tau(181) (ptau(181)), and plasma Abeta(40) and Abeta(42) in well-characterized research subjects with very mild and mild dementia of the Alzheimer type (n = 29) and age-matched, cognitively normal control subjects (n = 69). RESULTS Levels of CSF tau and ptau(181), but not Abeta(42), correlated inversely with whole-brain volume in very mild and mild dementia of the Alzheimer type, whereas levels of CSF Abeta(42), but not tau or ptau(181), were positively correlated with whole-brain volume in nondemented control subjects. INTERPRETATION Reduction in CSF Abeta(42), likely reflecting Abeta aggregation in the brain, is associated with brain atrophy in the preclinical phase of AD. This suggests that there is toxicity associated with Abeta aggregation before the onset of clinically detectable disease. Increases in CSF tau (and ptau(181)) are later events that correlate with further structural damage and occur with clinical onset and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
238
|
Quantitative Analysis of β-Amyloid Peptides Expressed in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid by an Improved Method of Antibody-Assisted Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Int J Pept Res Ther 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-009-9174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
239
|
Dubois B. Actualités de la maladie d’Alzheimer. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2009; 67:116-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
240
|
[Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta and tau protein: biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease]. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2009; 65:901-5. [PMID: 19160984 DOI: 10.2298/vsp0812901m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Introduction of acetylcholine esterase inhibitors as a symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has additionally highlighted the importance of diagnostic markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for early AD diagnosis: low level of 42 amino acid form of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta42), and levels of tau protein (T-tau) and phosphorylated tau protein (P-tau). The aim of this study was to diagnostic potential of CSF biomarkers T-tau, P-tau and Abeta42 as biochemical markers for AD. METHODS Lumbar puncture was performed in 63 patients with AD and 26 control subjects who passed orthopedic surgery. The Innotest, ELISA sandwich test (Innogenetics - Belgium) was used for measuring the levels of T-tau, P-tau and Abeta342. RESULTS The patients and the control group did not differ in age, education and sex. Mean levels of CSF T-tau and P-tau were significantly higher in the patients with AD (p < 0.001) compared to the control group, in contrast to significantely lower CSF Abeta42 in AD group (p < 0.001). A significant progressive decrease of Abeta42, as well as significant progressive increase of T-tau and P-tau was found among AD subgroups (according to MMSE staging) and controls. CONCLUSION The obtained results suggest that these biomarkers may be supportive in the diagnosis of AD, especially in the early course of the disease and could be used in the routine clinical practice considering the approaching target therapeutics.
Collapse
|
241
|
Mares J, Kanovsky P, Herzig R, Stejskal D, Vavrouskova J, Hlustik P, Vranova H, Burval S, Zapletalova J, Pidrman V, Obereigneru R, Suchy A, Vesely J, Podivinsky J, Urbanek K. The assessment of beta amyloid, tau protein and cystatin C in the cerebrospinal fluid: laboratory markers of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurol Sci 2009; 30:1-7. [PMID: 19153649 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-008-0005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To assess the role of tau protein, beta-amyloid(1-42) and cystatin C in the diagnostics of Alzheimer dementia (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases (ND) by comparing to the control groups (CG). The levels of tau protein, beta-amyloid(1-42) and cystatin C were assessed in the set of 69 patients (AD + ND, 33 males, 36 females, aged 22-90, mean 60.5 + 16.1 years), and in a control group of 69 subjects without the affection of the central nervous system (CGAD + CGND, 33 males, 36 females, aged 20-91, mean 60.5 + 16.0 years). Statistically significant increased tau protein levels (P = 0.0001) and index tau/beta-amyloid(1-42) levels (P = 0.0002) were shown in the group of AD patients, compared to the group of ND patients. One-way ANOVA analysis with Bonferonni post hoc test did not show any significant differences of the cystatin C values between any of the compared groups. ROC analysis showed at least one tie between the positive actual state group (AD) and the negative actual state group (ND) by CSF cystatin C and at least one tie between the positive actual state group and the negative actual state group by CSF tau protein. Our study confirmed previously reported results only in part. While tau protein seems to be quite a reliable marker of AD, the role of beta-amyloid(1-42) and cystatin C in AD diagnosis remains at least questionable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mares
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
242
|
Welge V, Fiege O, Lewczuk P, Mollenhauer B, Esselmann H, Klafki HW, Wolf S, Trenkwalder C, Otto M, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J, Bibl M. Combined CSF tau, p-tau181 and amyloid-β 38/40/42 for diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:203-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-008-0177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
243
|
Huberle E, Rupek P, Lappe M, Karnath HO. Perception of global gestalt by temporal integration in simultanagnosia. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:197-204. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
244
|
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is the most common cause of dementia, yet its clinical diagnosis remains uncertain until an eventual postmortem histopathology examination. Currently, therapy for patients with Alzheimer disease only treats the symptoms; however, it is anticipated that new disease-modifying drugs will soon become available.Diagnostic tools for detecting Alzheimer disease at an incipient stage that can reliably differentiate the disease from other forms of dementia are of key importance for optimal treatment. Biomarkers have the potential to aid in a correct diagnosis, and great progress has been made in the discovery and development of potentially useful biomarkers in recent years. This includes single protein biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid, as well as multi-component biomarkers, and biomarkers based on gene expression. Novel biomarkers that use blood and urine, the more easily available clinical samples, are also being discovered and developed. The plethora of potential biomarkers currently being investigated may soon provide biomarkers that fulfill different functions, not only for diagnostic purposes but also for drug development and to follow disease progression.
Collapse
|
245
|
Craig-Schapiro R, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM. Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 35:128-40. [PMID: 19010417 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a battery of neuropsychological tests is often used in making a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), definitive diagnosis still relies on pathological evaluation at autopsy. The identification of AD biomarkers may allow for a less invasive and more accurate diagnosis as well as serve as a predictor of future disease progression and treatment response. Importantly, biomarkers may also allow for the identification of individuals who are already developing the underlying pathology of AD such as plaques and tangles yet who are not yet demented, i.e. "preclinical" AD. Attempts to identify biomarkers have included fluid and imaging studies, with a number of candidate markers showing significant potential. More recently, better reagent availability and novel methods of assessment have further spurred the search for biomarkers of AD. This review will discuss promising fluid and imaging markers to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Craig-Schapiro
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
246
|
Bibl M, Lewczuk P, Esselmann H, Mollenhauer B, Klafki HW, Welge V, Wolf S, Trenkwalder C, Otto M, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J. CSF amyloid-β 1-38 and 1-42 in FTD and AD: Biomarker performance critically depends on the detergent accessible fraction. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:1548-56. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
247
|
Lee JM, Blennow K, Andreasen N, Laterza O, Modur V, Olander J, Gao F, Ohlendorf M, Ladenson JH. The brain injury biomarker VLP-1 is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer disease patients. Clin Chem 2008; 54:1617-23. [PMID: 18703769 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.104497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) can be made only by histopathological examination of brain tissue, prompting the search for premortem disease biomarkers. We sought to determine if the novel brain injury biomarker, visinin-like protein 1 (VLP-1), is altered in the CSF of AD patients compared with controls, and to compare its values to the other well-studied CSF biomarkers 42-amino acid amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta(1-42)), total Tau (tTau), and hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau). METHODS Using ELISA, we measured concentrations of Abeta(1-42), tTau, pTau, and VLP-1 in CSF samples from 33 AD patients and 24 controls. We compared the diagnostic performance of these biomarkers using ROC curves. RESULTS CSF VLP-1 concentrations were significantly higher in AD patients [median (interquartile range) 365 (166) ng/L] compared with controls [244 (142.5) ng/L]. Although the diagnostic performance of VLP-1 alone was comparable to that of Abeta, tTau, or pTau alone, the combination of the 4 biomarkers demonstrated better performance than each individually. VLP-1 concentrations were higher in AD subjects with APOE epsilon4/epsilon4 genotype [599 (240) ng/L] compared with epsilon3/epsilon4 [376 (127) ng/L] and epsilon3/epsilon3 [280 (115.5) ng/L] genotypes. Furthermore, VLP-1 values demonstrated a high degree of correlation with pTau (r = 0.809) and tTau (r = 0.635) but not Abeta(1-42) (r = -0.233). VLP-1 was the only biomarker that correlated with MMSE score (r = -0.384, P = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that neuronal injury markers such as VLP-1 may have utility as biomarkers for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Moo Lee
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
248
|
Aluise CD, Sowell RA, Butterfield DA. Peptides and proteins in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid as biomarkers for the prediction, diagnosis, and monitoring of therapeutic efficacy of Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1782:549-58. [PMID: 18760351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects millions of persons worldwide. Earlier detection and/or diagnosis of AD would permit earlier intervention, which conceivably could delay progression of this dementing disorder. In order to accomplish this goal, reliable and specific biomarkers are needed. Biomarkers are multidimensional and have the potential to aid in various facets of AD such as diagnostic prediction, assessment of disease stage, discrimination from normally cognitive controls as well as other forms of dementia, and therapeutic efficacy of AD drugs. To date, biomarker research has focused on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), two bodily fluids believed to contain the richest source of biomarkers for AD. CSF is the fluid surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), and is the most indicative obtainable fluid of brain pathology. Blood plasma contains proteins that affect brain processes from the periphery, as well as proteins/peptides exported from the brain; this fluid would be ideal for biomarker discovery due to the ease and non-invasive process of sample collection. However, it seems reasonable that biomarker discovery will result in combinations of CSF, plasma, and other fluids such as urine, to serve the aforementioned purposes. This review focuses on proteins and peptides identified from CSF, plasma, and urine that may serve as biomarkers in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Aluise
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Bibl M, Wiltfang J. Diagnostic and prognostic needs in neurodegenerative disorders: focus on proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2008; 5:153-6. [PMID: 18466046 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
250
|
Portelius E, Zetterberg H, Gobom J, Andreasson U, Blennow K. Targeted proteomics in Alzheimer's disease: focus on amyloid-beta. Expert Rev Proteomics 2008; 5:225-37. [PMID: 18466053 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.2.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis and monitoring of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) have long depended on clinical examination of individuals with end-stage disease. However, upcoming anti-AD therapies are optimally initiated when individuals show very mild signs of neurodegeneration. There is a developing consensus for cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-beta (Abeta) as a core biomarker for the mild cognitive impairment stage of AD. Abeta is directly involved in the pathogenesis of AD or tightly correlated with other primary pathogenic factors. It is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by proteolytic processing that depends on the beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 and the gamma-secretase complex, and is degraded by a broad range of proteases. This review summarizes targeted proteomic studies of Abeta in biological fluids and identifies clinically useful markers of disrupted Abeta homeostasis in AD. The next 5 years will see a range of novel assays developed on the basis of these results. From a longer perspective, establishment of the most effective combinations of different biomarkers and other diagnostic modalities may be foreseen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|